Cellular respiration is a catabolic process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and other macromolecules to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells. The process involves four main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules while producing a small amount of ATP.

1. 1
CellularCellular
RespirationRespiration

2. 2
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
 A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (Ocatabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O22 )) requiring
process that uses energyenergy extracted from
macromolecules (glucose)macromolecules (glucose) to produce energyenergy
(ATP)(ATP) and water (Hwater (H22 O).O).
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucoseglucose ATP

3. 3
Question:Question:
 In what kinds organisms does cellularIn what kinds organisms does cellular
respiration take place?respiration take place?

4. 4
Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals
 Plants - AutotrophsPlants - Autotrophs: self-producers.
 Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.

5. 5
MitochondriaMitochondria
 OrganelleOrganelle where cellular respirationcellular respiration takes
place.
Inner
membrane
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane space
Matrix
Cristae

6. 6
Redox ReactionRedox Reaction
 Transfer of one or more electrons from
one reactant to another.
 Two types:Two types:
1.1. OxidationOxidation
2.2. ReductionReduction

7. 7
Oxidation ReactionOxidation Reaction
 The lossloss of electrons from a
substance.
 Or the gaingain of oxygenoxygen.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucose ATP
OxidationOxidation

8. 8
Reduction ReactionReduction Reaction
 The gaingain of electrons to a
substance.
 Or the lossloss of oxygenoxygen.
glucose ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
ReductionReduction

9. 9
Breakdown of CellularBreakdown of Cellular
RespirationRespiration
 Four main parts (reactions).Four main parts (reactions).
1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria.
2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phase
a. migration from cytosol to matrix.

10. 10
Breakdown of CellularBreakdown of Cellular
RespirationRespiration
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
a. mitochondrial matrix
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative PhosphorylationOxidative Phosphorylation
a. Also called Chemiosmosis
b. inner mitochondrial membrane.

11. 11
1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
 Occurs in the cytosol just outside of
mitochondria.
 Two phases (10 steps):Two phases (10 steps):
A. Energy investment phaseA. Energy investment phase
a. Preparatory phase (first 5 steps).
B. Energy yielding phaseB. Energy yielding phase
a. Energy payoff phase (second 5
steps).

12. 12
1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
A. Energy Investment Phase:A. Energy Investment Phase:
Glucose (6C)
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C)
(G3P or GAP)
2 ATP - used
0 ATP - produced
0 NADH - produced
2ATP
2ADP + P
C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C

13. 13
1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
B. Energy Yielding PhaseB. Energy Yielding Phase
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C)
(G3P or GAP)
Pyruvate (2 - 3C)
(PYR)
0 ATP - used
4 ATP - produced
2 NADH - produced
4ATP
4ADP + P
C-C-C C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
GAP GAP
(PYR) (PYR)

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17. 17
1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
 Total Net YieldTotal Net Yield
2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR)
2 - ATP (Substrate-level
Phosphorylation)
2 - NADH

18. 18
Substrate-Level
Phosphorylation
 ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a
phosphate groupphosphate group from a substrate to
ADP.
Enzyme
Substrate
O-
C=O
C-O-
CH2
P P P Adenosine
ADP(PEP)
Example:
PEP to PYR
P PP
ATP
O-
C=O
C=O
CH2
Product
(Pyruvate)
Adenosine

19. 19
FermentationFermentation
 Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen”“NO Oxygen” is
present (called anaerobic).(called anaerobic).
 Remember: glycolysisglycolysis is part of
fermentationfermentation.
 Two Types:Two Types:
1.1. Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

20. 20
Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
 Plants and FungiPlants and Fungi →→ beer and winebeer and wine
glucose
Glycolysis
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
2 Pyruvic
acid
2ATP2ATP
2ADP
+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
C
C
2 Ethanol2 Ethanol
2CO2CO22
releasedreleased
2NADH 2 NAD+

21. 21
Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
 End Products: Alcohol fermentationEnd Products: Alcohol fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - CO2
2 - Ethanol’s

22. 22
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
 Animals (pain in muscle after aAnimals (pain in muscle after a
workout).workout).
2 Lactic2 Lactic
acidacid
2NADH 2 NAD+
C
C
C
Glucose
Glycolysis
C
C
C
2 Pyruvic
acid
2ATP2ATP
2ADP
+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
C
C
C
C
C
C

23. 23
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
 End Products: Lactic acid fermentationEnd Products: Lactic acid fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - Lactic Acids

24. 24
2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phase
 Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic).Oxygen is present (aerobic).
 2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported
through the mitochondria membrane to the
matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
molecules.
Cytosol
C
C
C
2 Pyruvate
2 CO2 CO22
2 Acetyl CoA2 Acetyl CoA
C-CC-C
2NADH2NADH2 NAD+
Matrix

25. 25
2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phase
 End Products:End Products: grooming phasegrooming phase
2 - NADH2 - NADH
2 - CO2 - CO22
2- Acetyl CoA (2C)2- Acetyl CoA (2C)

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28. 28
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid
Cycle)Cycle)
 Location:Location: mitochondrial matrix.
 Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic
acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C).
 It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to
oxidize 1 glucose molecule.
Mitochondrial
Matrix

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30. 30
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid
Cycle)Cycle)
Krebs
Cycle
1 Acetyl CoA (2C)
3 NAD+
3 NADH3 NADH
FAD
FADHFADH22
ATPATP ADP + P
(one turn)(one turn)
OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)
2 CO2

31. 31
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid
Cycle)Cycle)
Krebs
Cycle
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
6 NAD+
6 NADH6 NADH
2 FAD
2 FADH2 FADH22
2 ATP2 ATP 2 ADP + P
(two turns)(two turns)
OAA (4C)
Citrate (6C)
4 CO2

32. 32
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid
Cycle)Cycle)
 Total net yield (2 turns2 turns of krebs
cycle)
1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2. 6 - NADH
3. 2 - FADH2
4. 4 - CO2

33. 33
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative PhosphorylationOxidative Phosphorylation
((ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis))
 Location:Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.
 Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins)ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP
Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP.
 ETC pumps H+
(protons) across
innermembrane (lowers pH in
innermembrane space).
Inner
Mitochondrial
Membrane

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35. The reactants in cellular
respiration are:
35
CO2
&
O2
CO2
&
C6H12O6
O2
&
C6H12O6
ATP
&
H2O
25% 25%25%25%
1. CO2 & O2
2. CO2 & C6H12O6
3. O2 & C6H12O6
4. ATP & H2O
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

36. In glycolysis you need ___ATP
and make ____ ATP
36
2,2
2,4
4
,2
4,4
25% 25%25%25%
1. 2 , 2
2. 2 , 4
3. 4 , 2
4. 4 , 4
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

37. The phase of glycolysis
where you use 2 ATP.
37
Energy
Yieldin...
Energy
Investm
...Energy
Product...Energy
Com
plet...
25% 25%25%25%
1. Energy Yielding
2. Energy Investment
3. Energy Production
4. Energy
Completion
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

38. Glycolysis results in 2 ATP
and ________.
38
2NADH
&
2
pyr...
2NADH
&
4
ATP
2NADH+&
2
py...2NAHH+&
4
AT...
25% 25%25%25%
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
1. 2 NADH & 2 pyruvate
2. 2 NADH & 4 ATP
3. 2 NADH+
& 2 pyruvate
4. 2 NAHH+
& 4 ATP

39. The process of making ATP by adding Phosphate from a molecule to ADP
39
ATP
synthase
Oxidative
Phos...
ETC
Substrate
leve...
25% 25%25%25%
1. ATP synthase
2. Oxidative
Phosphorylation
3. ETC
4. Substrate level
phosphorylation
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

40. Water and what are made in
cellular respiration?
40
CO
2&
ATP
CO2
&
C6H12O6
O2
&
C6H12O6
O2
&
ATP
25% 25%25%25%
1. CO2 &ATP
2. CO2 & C6H12O6
3. O2 & C6H12O6
4. O2 & ATP
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

41. Where does respiration
occur?
41
Nucleus
Chloroplasts
M
itochondria
Cytoplasm
25% 25%25%25%
1. Nucleus
2. Chloroplasts
3. Mitochondria
4. Cytoplasm
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

42. What types of organisms use
cellular respiration?
42
Allplants
AllAnim
als
AllEukaryotes
AllProkaryote...
25% 25%25%25%
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1. All plants
2. All Animals
3. All Eukaryotes
4. All Prokaryotes

43. A molecule that loses electrons
is:
43
Oxidized
Reduced
Neutralized
M
olecularized
25% 25%25%25%
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1. Oxidized
2. Reduced
3. Neutralized
4. Molecularized

44. What is the definition of
glycolysis?
44
M
akingsugar
M
aking
ATP
Splittingsuga...
SplittingATP
25% 25%25%25%
1. Making sugar
2. Making ATP
3. Splitting sugar
4. Splitting ATP
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

45. Where does glycolysis
occur?
45
M
itochondrial...
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Cytosol
25% 25%25%25%
1. Mitochondrial
matrix
2. Chloroplast
3. Nucleus
4. Cytosol
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

46. 46
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative PhosphorylationOxidative Phosphorylation
((ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis))
 The H+ then move via diffusiondiffusion (Proton
Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to
make ATP.
 All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during
this stage of cellular respirationcellular respiration.
 Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.
 Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC
at a lower level than NADH).

47. 47
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative PhosphorylationOxidative Phosphorylation
((ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis))
Inner
membrane
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane space
Matrix
Cristae

48. 48
4.4. ETC and Oxidative PhosphorylationETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
((Chemiosmosis forChemiosmosis for NADHNADH))
NADH
+ H+
ATP
Synthase
1H+
2H+
3H+
higher Hhigher H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
ADP +
ATP
lower Hlower H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
(Proton Pumping)
P
E T C
NAD+
2H+
+ 1/2O2 H2O
Intermembrane SpaceIntermembrane Space
MatrixMatrix
Inner
Mitochondrial
Membrane

49. What occurs after glycolysis if
there is no O2 present?
49
Kreb’sCycle
ETC
Ferm
entation
Oxidative
phos...
8%
0%
88%
4%
1. Kreb’s Cycle
2. ETC
3. Fermentation
4. Oxidative
phosphorylation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

50. What organisms undergo
alcoholic fermentation?
50
Plants
Fungi
Both
1
&
2
Neither1nor...
8%
0%
92%
0%
1. Plants
2. Fungi
3. Both 1 & 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

51. What product of alcoholic
fermentation gave it its name?
51
ATP
CO2
Ethanol
LacticAcid
4%
12%
77%
8%
1. ATP
2. CO2
3. Ethanol
4. Lactic Acid
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

52. What organisms undergo
lactic acid fermentation?
52
Plants
Fungi
Anim
als
None
oftheab...
0% 0%
100%
0%
1. Plants
2. Fungi
3. Animals
4. None of the above
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

53. Where does the Kreb’s
Cycle occur?
53
M
itochondrial...
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Cytosol
25% 25%25%25%
1. Mitochondrial
matrix
2. Chloroplast
3. Nucleus
4. Cytosol
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

54. 54
4.4. ETCETC andand Oxidative PhosphorylationOxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis for(Chemiosmosis for FADH2)
FADH2
+ H+
ATP
Synthase
1H+
2H+
higher Hhigher H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
ADP +
ATP
lower Hlower H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
(Proton Pumping)
P
E T C
FAD+
2H+
+
1/2O2
H2O
Intermembrane SpaceIntermembrane Space
MatrixMatrix
Inner
Mitochondrial
Membrane

55. 55
TOTAL ATP YIELDTOTAL ATP YIELD
1. 04 ATP - substrate-level
phosphorylation
2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative
phosphorylation
38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD
ATPATP

56. 56
Eukaryotes
(Have Membranes)
 Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
36 ATP - TOTAL

57. 57
Maximum ATP Yield for
Cellular Respiration
(Eukaryotes)
36 ATP (maximum per glucose)
Glucose
Glycolysis
2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP
2 ATP
(substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2NADH
2NADH
6NADH
Krebs
Cycle
2FADH2
2 ATP
(substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2 Pyruvate
2 Acetyl CoA
ETC and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Cytosol
Mitochondria

58. 58
ProkaryotesProkaryotes
(Lack Membranes)(Lack Membranes)
 Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
38 ATP - TOTAL

59. 59
Question:Question:
 In addition to glucose, what otherIn addition to glucose, what other
various food molecules are use invarious food molecules are use in
Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration?

60. 60
Catabolism of VariousCatabolism of Various
Food MoleculesFood Molecules
 Other organic molecules used for fuel.
1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides
2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids
3. Proteins: amino acids

61. If O2 is present after
glycolysis this is made.
61
ATP
Lactic
Acid
AcetylCoA
Pyruvate
29%
19%
43%
10%
1. ATP
2. Lactic Acid
3. Acetyl CoA
4. Pyruvate
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

62. The Krebs cycle makes CO2,
FADH2 and:
62
ATP
and
O2
ATP
and
NADH
NADH
and
O2
Pyruvate
and
O...
17%
8%
0%
75%
1. ATP and O2
2. ATP and NADH
3. NADH and O2
4. Pyruvate and O2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

63. What enzyme makes ATP in
the ETC
63
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
1. ETC synthase
2. ATP synthase
3. Enolase
4. Hexokinase

64. Why do protons (H+
) move
across the inner membrane
64
Osm
osis
Electron
Flow
Diffusion
Active
transpo...
8% 8%
65%
19%
1. Osmosis
2. Electron Flow
3. Diffusion
4. Active transport
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

65. Each NADH yields _______ ATP
65
1
2
3
4
0%
16%
60%
24%
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

66. Each FADH2 yields ____ATP
66
1
2
3
4
0% 4%0%
96%
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

67. How many ATP are made in
cellular respiration?
67
4
30
38
44
11%
4%
85%
0%
1. 4
2. 30
3. 38
4. 44
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

68. Which process produces more
ATP?
68
Substrate
leve...
Oxidative
phos...
74%
26%
1. Substrate level
phosphorylation
2. Oxidative
phosphorylation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

69. 69