This document discusses various metabolic pathways involved in photosynthesis and cellular respiration, including: - Photosynthesis involves the light-dependent and light-independent reactions to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH while the Calvin cycle fixes carbon. - Respiration includes glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and the Krebs cycle further oxidizes pyruvate. The electron transport chain uses oxygen to produce large amounts of ATP. - An energy balance sheet is provided showing the ATP yield from glycolysis, the intermediate step, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration of one glucose molecule.

1. BIOENERGETIC
energy flow through livings
storing or consuming ATP
energy transformations in living
energy transductions in living
PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION PHOTORESPIRATION
 Anabolic Reaction  Anabolic Reaction Catabolic Reaction
 Endergonic Reaction  Endergonic Reaction Exergonic Reaction
 Use CO2 & produce O2  Use O2 & produce CO2  Use O2 & produce CO2
 Occur during day time  Occur during day time Occur day/night time
 Stomata Open  Stomata Open in plants  Stomata Close in plants
 Rubisco carboxylase participate  Rubisco oxygenase participate Phosphofructokinase
 Produce 3-C sugar Calvin Cycle  Produce 2-C compound Utilize 6-C compound
 Produce sugar and ATP  Produce ATP  Not Produce sugar & ATP
 Chloroplast participate  Mitochondria participate  Chloroplast, peroxisome &
Mitochondria participate Take place in algae, green
bacteria and all plants
 Take place in all cellular
life / living cells  Take place in some plants
like maze, sugar cane, rice
& cactus

2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Plants Stem Leaf Mesophyll Palisade Chloroplast
Grana
Thylakoid
Thylakoid
Membrane
PhotosystemAntenna
Complex
CarotenoidChlorophyll bChlorophyll aMg
Mg ++
Photolysis
Light Reaction ATP, NADH STROMADark Reaction
CO2
Triose Triose
GLUCOSE
O2
Mg
Sun
Photon
P
e -
e -
H2O

3. Chloroplast
Grana
Thylakoid
Thylakoid Space
Thylakoid Lumen
Thylakoid Membrane Photosystem Reaction Centre
Antenna complex
Primary e acceptor
Photosystem I
Reaction Centre
Antenna complex
Primary e acceptor
Photosystem II
Reaction Centre
Antenna complex
Primary e acceptor
P 680 P 700Carotenoid
Ch b
Ch a
SUN
Stroma
SUN
P 680
P 700
Hillreaction is the light-driven transfer of electrons from water to Hill reagents (non-physiological oxidants)
in a direction against the chemical potential gradient in photosynthesis. Robin Hill discovered in 1937.
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SOLARIZATION

4. Thylakoid
Space
PS II PS I
PQ Cyt PC Fd
NADP
ase
NADPH
H2O
H+ O
Stroma
H+
ATP ase
ATP
Cyclic
Phosphorylation
Non-Cyclic Photo-Phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
LIGHT REACTION
Pyrrole
PHYTOL
PORPHYRIN
(Basic Structure)
Mg Mg++ e e
H2O 2H+ e e + O
OXIDATION
Photolysis
Oxidizing Agent
O2
Photolysis
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION Z-Scheme PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION OXIDATION PHASE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
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REDUCED
LIGHT PHASE
Source of e

5. 3-C
3-C
3-C
3-C
3-C
6-C
9-C
5-C
4-C
7-C
10-C
5-C 5-C 5-C
3(5-C) + 3 CO2
3 (6 C)
6 (3 C) 5 (3 C)
(3 C) (3 C)
(6 – C) Glucose
1st Calvin
Cycle
RuBP
Rubisco Carboxylase
3 C
Calvin Cycle C 3 Cycle
Reduction Phase
Light Independent
Light Reaction
Dependent
Dark Phase
REGENERATION
REDUCED
OXIDIZED
CARBOXYLATION

6. FIRST CALVIN CYCLE SECOND CALVIN CYCLE TotalRequired
CO2 3 3 6
RuBP 3 3(5-C) 15 - C 3 3(5-C) 15 - C 6, 6(5-C), 30 C
6 C 3 3(6-C) 18 - C 3 3(6-C) 18 - C 6, 3(6-C), 36 C
3 C 6 6(3-C) 18 - C 6 6(3-C) 18 - C 12, 6(3-C), 36 C
3 C
Recycle
5 5(3-C) 15 - C 5 5(3-C) 15 - C 10, 10(3-C), 30 C
ATP 6 + 3 = 9 6 + 3 = 9 18
NADPH 6 6 12
ENERGY BALANCE SHEET OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light Required
Water used = 12
Light Reactions = 12
O atoms produce = 12
Non – Cyclic reactions = 12
NADH produced = 12
PS II participate = 12
Plastoquinone participate = 12
Photolysis = 12
680 Participate = 12
ETC (respiration)of NADH will be = 12
Cyclic Photophosphorylation = 6
CO2 required = 3+3 = 6
For 1 CO2 water required = 2For 1 Glucose Molecule
Calvin Cycles = 2 Triose required = 2
ATP required = 6+3 = 9 x 2 = 18
NADH required = 6+6 = 12
Designed by
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch
H2O : CO2 1: 2
H2O : Calvin cycle 2: 1
12 : 6
O2 : CO2 1: 1
I Glucose Require Total ATP = 2 (6+3) + 2 (6NADH) = 18 + 36 = 54 ATP
Glucose : RuBP 1: 6
H2O : CO2: NADPH: ATP
12 : 6 : 12 : 18
6 : 3 : 6 : 9
CO2: NADPH: ATP
1 : 2 : 3

7. Triose Triose
GLUCOSE
ATP, NADH
Light Required
Water used = 12
Light Reactions = 12
O atoms produce = 12
Non – Cyclic reactions = 12
NADH produced = 12
PS II participate = 12
Plastoquinone participate = 12
Photolysis = 12
680 Participate = 12
ETC (respiration) of will be = 12
Cyclic reaction = 6
CO2 required = 3+3 = 6
For 1 CO2 water required = 2
Net Yield of H2O in Photosynthesis = 0
Aerobic Product of Glucose = 10 NADH
2 FADH, 6 CO2, 2 ATP, 2GTP

8. PS II PS I
ETC
Calvin
Cycle
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
GLUCOSE
Pyruvic Acid Pyruvic Acid
Kreb‘s
Cycle
Kreb‘s
Cycle
NADH
ETC
CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRIA
CYTOPLASM
GLYCOLYSIS
CYTOCHROME
ENDOSYMBIOSIS

9. Glucose
To the electron
transport chain
Glycolysis:
2 Pyruvic acid
• Where  Cytoplasm
• NO O2 required
• Energy Yield net gain of 2 ATP at expense of 2 ATP
• 6-C glucose  2 molecule of 3-C pyruvates
• Free e- and H+ combine with NAD+  NADH + H+
(nicotinamide dinucleotide)
• Out
2 pyruvate; 2(3-C)
2NADH
ETC = 2
ATP by ETC = 6
net gain ATP = 2
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway

10. ATP use
ATP use
2 NADH
2 ATP
2 ATP
PREPARATORY PHASE
PAYOFFPHASE
2 E T C
6 ATP
Mitochondria
2 ATP2 ATP
4 ATP
Without O2
10 ATP
Total ATP = 10-2= 8 ATP
Net ATP = 2
SUBSTRATE PHOSPHORYLATION

11. • Intermediate in mitochondria
• Pyruvate (3-C)  Acetic acid (2-C)
• 3rd C forms CO2
• Acetic acid combines with Coenzyme A
to form ACETYL-CoA
• Out
CO2 (as waste) = 1 x 2 = 2
NADH = 1x2 = 2
ETC = 1 x 2 = 2
ATP by ETC = 6
Acetyl-CoA = 1x 2 = 2OXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLATION

12. Kreb’s Cycle Citric Acid Cycle TCA Cycle
SUBSTRATE PHOSPHORYLATION

13. Decarboxylase
Dehydrogenase
Decarboxylase
Fumarase
Citric Acid
Tricarboxylic
Acid Cycle
TCA
Cycle

14. 1 Glucose 2 Triose 2 Pyruvic Acid 2 Acetyl Co A 2 Kreb’s Cycle 12 ETC
GLYCOLYSIS PYRUVATE OXIDATION KREBS CYCLE ETCPARAMETERS
ATP use 2 0 0 0
Total
ATP
-2
ATP Produce 4 0 1 x 2 0 4 + 2 = 6
Net gain ATP 2 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION, FERMENTATION 2
NADH 2 1x 2 = 2 3x 2 = 6 10 10x3=30
FADH 0 0 1 x 2 = 2 2 2x2 = 4
CO2 0 1x 2 = 2 2 x 2 = 4
Acetyl Oxidize = 3 NADH
or Citrate Oxidize 1 FADH
1 GTP = 1 ATP
4
ATP by ETC
11
12
ketoglutarate Oxidize
= 2 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP
3
ATP 8
9
Succinate Oxidize
= 1 NADH, 1 FADH 2 5
Fumarase, Malate Oxidize
= 1 NADH 1 3
Designed by
Dr. Tahir Abbas
Baloch
Pyruvate Oxidize = 4 NADH
1 FADH
1 GTP = 1 ATP
ETC = 5 times
ATP produce = 12+2+1 = 15
ATP by ETC = 12 + 2 = 14
Total ETC = 2 + 2 + 3x2 + 1x2 =12
Total ATP by ETC = 34

15. Where inner membrane of mitochondria
Energy Yield Total of 34 ATP
O2 combines with 2 H+ to form H2O
Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
ATP Production
ATP synthase
Channel
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
Intermembrane
Space
Mitochondrion
• Glycolysis 2 Times
• Intermediate2 Times
• Krebs Cycle 4x2 Time
• Total ETC  12 Time
• ETC  34 ATP
• Total 38 ATP
NADH = 10
FADH = 2
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

16. ATP ATP ATP3 ATP
2 ATP
Glycolysis = 2 NADH, Pyruvate Oxidation 1x2 NADH, Krebs cycle = 3 x2 NADH, Total NADH = 2+2+6=10 NADH x 3 ATP = 30 ATP
FADH = 1 x 2 = 2
ATP = 2 x 2 = 4 ATP
TOTAL ETC = 12
1 x2 FADH = 4 ATP
e acceptor
Terminal
Oxidation
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

17. Intermediate Reaction
NADH = 1 x 2 = 2 x 3 = 6 ATP
CO2 = 1 x2 = 2 CO2
Krebs Cycle
NADH = 3 x 2 = 6 x 3 = 18 ATP
FADH = 1 x 2 = 2 x 2 = 4 ATP
CO2 = 2 x2 = 4 CO2
Glycolysis
NADH = 1 x 2 = 2 x 3 = 6 ATP
ATP = 2
Total ATP
2 + 6 + 4 + 18 + 6 = 36 ATP
GTP = ATP = 2 direct from Krebs Cycle
ETC = 2 + 6 + 2 + 2 = 12
ATP from ETC = 6 + 18 + 4 + 6 = 34
For 1 Glucose Molecule:
GLYCOLYSIS = 1 Phosphorylation = 4
Dephosphorylation = 2
Dehydration = 2
Dehydrogenation = 12
INTERMEDIATE STEP = 2 Oxidation = 12
KREB’s CYCLE = 2
ETC = 12
For 1 Glucose Molecule:
Light Reaction = 12 Water use = 12 Photolysis = 12
O atom produce = 12 ATP produce non cyclic = 12
NADPH produce = 12
Dark Reaction = 2 or 6 CO2 use = 6 REDUCTION = 6

18. 2 NADH
ENERGY BALANCE SHEET RESPIRATION
Glycolysis
ATP use = 2
ATP produce = 4
NADH ‘’ = 2
Intermediate Step
Oxidation of Pyruvate
NADH produce = 1x2 = 2
CO2 produce = 1 x2 = 2
Kreb’s Cycle
NADH produced = 3x2 = 6
FADH produce = 1x2 = 2
CO2 produced = 2x2 = 4
GTP produce = 1x2= 2 ATP
ETC for Aerobic
Respiration
2+2+6+2=12
From NADH = 10x3= 30 ATP
From FADH = 2x2 = 4 ATP
Total ATP = 30+4+2= 36ATP

19. Process Step
No
ATP
use
Direct ATP
Produced
NADH FADH ETC CO2
produce
H2O Total
ATP
GLYCOLYSIS 1 ATP
GLYCOLYSIS 3 ATP
GLYCOLYSIS 6 2 NADH 6 ATP
GLYCOLYSIS 7 2 ATP 4- 2=2
GLYCOLYSIS 9 2 H2O
produce
GLYCOLYSIS 10 2 ATP
INTERMEDIATE 1 2 NADH 6 ATP 2CO2
KREB’s CYCLE 2 2 H2O
use
KREB’s CYCLE 5 2 NADH 6 ATP 2CO2
KREB’s CYCLE 6 2 NADH 6 ATP 2CO2
KREB’s CYCLE 7 2 GTP
KREB’s CYCLE 8 2FADH 4 ATP
KREB’s CYCLE 9 2 H2O
use
KREB’s CYCLE 10 2 NADH 6 ATP
TOTAL 2 use
ATP
6 ATP
produce
10 ETC
Cristae
2 ETC
Cristae
34 ATP 6 produce 38 ATP
Designed by Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

20. Plants have adaptations to limit
the effects of photorespiration:
1. C4 plants 2. CAM plants
 Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants
 plants adaptation to arid conditions.
 15% of plants
(grasses,corn,sugarcane)
 5% of plants (cactus and ice plants)
 Stomates closed during day
 Stomates open during the night
 Light reaction - during the day
 Calvin Cycle - when CO2 is present
Photorespiration, C2 Cycle, Glycolate Pathway
 C2 cycle have consumption of ATP
 There is no net conservation of energy in C2 cycle.
Photorespiration is wasteful process occurs
due to oxygenase RuBisCo enzyme in plants.
Major Part

22. C4 Plants
Mesophyll Cell
CO2
C-C-C
PEP
C-C-C-C
Malate-4C sugar
ATP
Bundle Sheath Cell
C-C-C
Pyruvic Acid
C-C-C-C
CO2
C3
Malate
Transported
glucose
Vascular
Tissue
C₄ carbon fixation or the Hatch–Slack pathway is a photosynthetic process in
some plants. It is the first step in extracting carbon from carbon dioxide to be
able to use it in sugar and other biomolecules.
It is one of three known processes for carbon fixation.

23. CAM Plants
Night (Stomates Open) Day (Stomates Closed)
Vacuole
C-C-C-C
Malate
C-C-C-C
Malate Malate
C-C-C-C
CO2
CO2
C3
C-C-C
Pyruvic acid
ATP
C-C-C
PEP
glucose
• Cam plants close
their stomata in
the hottest part
of the day to
conserve water
CAM plants close their
stomata during the day and
take up CO2 at night, when
the air temperature is lower.
Water loss can be lowered
by an order of magnitude.
CAM photosynthesis, is a
carbon fixation pathway
that evolved in
some plants as an
adaptation to arid
conditions

34. Aerobic 38x5 = 190 ATP
Anaerobic 2x5 = 10 ATP
CO2 Aerobic 6 x5 = 30
CO2 Anaerobic 2x5=10

35. 12
3
4
5
6
7
10x3
+ H2O
1 g sugar = 4 cal (38 ATP)
1 g Protein = 4 cal
1 g fat = 9 cal
1 ATP = 7.3 Kcal

36. ATP
Compensation Point
Fuel of Cell= Glucose
NADH

37. Kreb’s cycle
1 NADH = 3ATPc
Phosphoenol Pyruvic Acid
Kreb’sCycle = 3 CO2
Removal of H2O

38. Kreb’s Cycle
=3 NADH + FADH + GTP
Pyruvate Oxidize = 4 NADH
1 FADH
1 GTP = 1 ATP
ETC = 5 times
ATP produce = 12+2+1 = 15
Total ETC = 2 + 2 + 3x2 + 1x2 =12
Total ATP by ETC = 34, 34 + 2 GTP
Total ATP by ETC = 34

40. When 1 g of glucose respires
38 ATP molecules are generated.
The terminal group of ATP has 10
kcal, 38 ATP yield 380 kcal energy.
380 kcal
Under standard conditions, E react = -686 kcal/mol
stored in the chemical bonds of the 38 ATP .

41. The mass of a biological
sample after water removed,
used to measure biomass .

42. limiting factors for photosynthesis are
light, temperature, and carbon dioxide
Sun is the Ultimate
Source of Energy,
bringing light and
heat to the earth, we
rarely spare a
thought for that bright
object in the sky.
Cori cycle (lactic
acid cycle), is a
metabolic pathway;
lactate produced by
anaerobic muscles
is converted to
glucose in liver.
38 ATP glucose : 2 NADH in
glycolysis (3 ATP) + 8 NADH in
Krebs cycle (3 ATP) + 2
FADH2 (2 ATP) + 2 ATP Krebs
cycle + 2 ATP in glycolysis
= 6 + 24 + 4 + 2 + 2 = 38 ATP

43. 38 ATP produced from a single
glucose molecule:
2 NADH produced in glycolysis
(3 ATP each)
8 NADH produced in Krebs
cycle (3 ATP each) + 2
FADH2 produced (2 ATP each)
+ 2 ATP produced in the Krebs
cycle + 2 ATP produced in
glycolysis = 6 + 24 + 4 + 2 + 2 =
38 ATP
Cytochromes proteins have
heme as a cofactor.
ratio of CO2 evolved & O2
consumed by cell in a given time.

44. Annual plant that completes its life cycle,
within one growing season, and then dies
Biennial plant that takes two years to
complete its biological life cycle.
Perennial plant is a plant that lives more
than two years.
ATP is a reservoir of potential
chemical energy as a
common intermediate in metabolism,
linking energy.
ATP has two high-energy phosphate bonds
and is the main form of energy currency in the cell
Organic fuel, glucose, a
biofuel cell and directly
generates bioelectricity.

48. DAP, Diammonium phosphate, used as a fertilizer and flame retardant
THANKS
Glycolysis: The net ATP yield is 2 ATP. NADH+H
shuttles its electrons and protons to produce
3 ATP in the ETC.