This document summarizes key characteristics of different phyla in the animal kingdom. It describes how animals in the phylum Arthropoda have an exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and includes the classes Insecta, Arachnida, Crustacea, and Myriapoda. It then discusses characteristics of vertebrates, including having a backbone and including the classes Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. Finally, it provides examples of distinguishing features of different animal groups.
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Kingdom animalia
1.
2. Animals are ingestive
heterotrophs
That means they eat
their food
They are multicellular
The Animal Kingdom is
divided into many Phyla
This chart is a phylogenetic tree of the Phyla in the
Animal Kingdom
It shows the evolutionary or DNA relationships
We are only going to look at some of these phyla
3. The animals in this Phylum all have:
1. A strong exoskeleton made of Chitin
This is an outside hard covering that acts as
protection and is where muscles attach to
cause movement
This crab has a particularly
strong exoskeleton.
The claws are part of the
exoskeleton and have strong
muscles inside them
4. 2. many pairs of jointed legs or
appendages
(These can be modified for other functions)
This Lobster is on its
back: look at the
paired legs which are
made of segments
joined together.
The appendages at
the back are used for
swimming
6. 3 pairs of
jointed legs
Two pairs of
wings
Spiracles for gaseous
exchange
Compound
eyes
Head thorax abdomen
Three body segments
Pair of
segmented
antennae
9. Can you see the Insect features on these insects?
What features are common to all Arthropods?
Most insects live on land.
They have a water proof
cuticle to prevent them
drying out.
11. Arachnids have:
Four pairs of
jointed legs
Pedipalps
that are
sensory
organs
Chelicerae or fangs that contain
poison to kill prey
All arachnids are carnivores
abdomen
Head and
thorax form a
cephalothorax
12. Spiders also have :
Spinnerets that make
silk for a web
8 eyes on
the head
Can you see the other
features?
Now label the diagram in your notes
13. Most crustaceans live in an aquatic
environment (in water)
So they have gills for gaseous exchange
and are adapted for swimming
14. Crustaceans have:
More than 4 pairs of jointed legs
Two pairs of antennae
Note how these have one pair facing forward and
the other backwards
15. Notice how the appendages are adapted for different functions.
The cephalothorax is covered in a carapace
16. Make a large labelled drawing of this Shrimp in
your exercise book
17. This group includes centipedes and
millipedes
They all live on land,
usually hiding in dark,
damp places
18. They all have elongated bodies with many
segments
There is at least one pair of jointed legs on
each segment
And they have a pair of antennae on the
head
19. Centipedes have one
pair of legs per
segment and
flattened bodies.
They are all
carnivores.
Millipedes are round with 2
pairs of legs on each
segment. They are
herbivores. Most feed on
detritus or dead plant matter
20. This Phylum is also called the vertebrates
The animals in this group have an internal
skeleton with a backbone (vertebral
column) that protects the spinal chord
There are 5 classes. Can you name
them?
22. Fish are divided into Cartilaginous Fish
(sharks and rays)
and Bony Fish
23. Cartilaginous fish have a skeleton of cartilage.
Their gills are open and the mouth is underneath (ventral)
If you rub a shark’s skin you will find it is made of rough
scales
Sharks are excellent
predators.
Note the teeth and
stream-line body
They also have
excellent “smell”
24. Bony Fish have a skeleton made of bone
The operculum covers the gills and
helps move water over the gills for
gaseous exchange
They have a lateral line
which detects pressure
changes so is used to
interpret speed and direction
Fins are used to alter
direction
The skin is covered
in scales
26. Roll is controlled
by the median
fins: dorsal and
pelvic
Yaw is controlled by
the median fins –
dorsal, pelvic and the
caudal fin
Pitch is controlled by the paired fins, particularly the pelvic fins
The caudal fin brings about propulsion when it moves sideways
28. Amphibians must spend some of their life
cycle in water
Aquatic species have gills but those that
move onto land have to have lungs and a
mucus layer over the skin to prevent drying
The limbs are adapted for walking or
hopping on land or for swimming, and
sometimes for both!
32. Most reptiles live on land and lay their eggs in
dry soil
The eggs have a leathery waterproof shell –
remember in amphibians the eggs were in a
jelly-like substance in water.
33. To prevent them drying
out Reptiles have
scales made of Keratin
They have good
hearing and smell. The
tongue can also be
used to pick up
molecules in the air and
detect or smell them
34.
35. Birds are homeothermic which means they
keep their body temperature constant
All the animals we have seen so far are
poikilothermic, this means their body
temperature is the same as the
environment
36. To insulate the body birds are covered in
feathers made of keratin
Some feathers are soft and used for
insulation but others are firm and used
for flight
The feet have no feathers but have
scales like a reptile
You should know
the parts of a
feather
37. All birds have beaks: note how different they are. Can
you work out what these birds eat?
39. Birds lay their eggs in a
nest and some have
excellent parental care.
Some young hatch with
no feathers and need to
be well looked after,
others are more
developed and can feed
themselves
42. We are mammals
Mammals give birth to live young
This means fertilisation and implantation
are internal
The placenta is an adaptation for internal
development
Nutrients go through this
The umbilical cord carries
the nutrients
43. The young suckle – that is they feed on
milk made in the mother’s mammary
glands until they are ready to eat on their
own
44. Mammals are
homoeothermic and are
insulated with hair over the
body
Hair can form whiskers
which are sensory features
Some aquatic mammals
have lost their hair, others
have extra hair with oil on
it to make the water run off
45. Mammals are the only
animals with external
ears
They can help
determine where
sound is coming from
They can also show
aggression or
submission
In elephants the ears
are used to help cool
the body
46. Mammals can live in:
Water- dolphins have lost their
hair but have all other mammal
features
Land – this Oryx needs
very little water
Air - can you see the
ears and fur on this
bat? The wings are
webs between the
“fingers”