This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and their classification. It defines hemodynamics as the forces the heart generates to circulate blood through the cardiovascular system. Edema is swelling caused by excess fluid in the tissues, and can be generalized or localized, pitting or non-pitting, and caused by transudate or exudate. Edema becomes evident when interstitial fluid increases by 1.5 to 2 liters. Hyperemia refers to increased blood volume in tissues and can be active/arterial from exercise or inflammation, while congestion is impaired venous flow from conditions like heart failure or obstruction. Hemorrhage is blood loss either internally or externally through physical trauma, injuries, or blood clot

1. HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS
The health and well-being of cells & tissues
depend not only on an intact circulation to
deliver nutrients but also on normal fluid
hemostasis.

2. HEMODYNAMICS
An important part of cardiovascular physiology
dealing with the forces the pump (the heart) has to
develop to circulate blood through the
cardiovascular system.

3. EDEMA
• palpable swelling produced by expansion
of the interstitial fluid volume
• medical term for swelling caused by fluid
in the small spaces that surround the
body's tissues and organs
• it becomes eviden with the interstitial fluid
increases by 1.5 to 2 liters

5. CLASSIFICATION OF EDEMA
• According to site:
a. generalized (anasarca)
b. localized
• According to consistency:
a. pitting (soft edema)
b. non-pitting (hard edema)
• According to pathophysiological mechanism
a. transudate (low protein content)
b. exudate (high protein content)

18. HYPEREMIA and CONGESTION
• both refers to local increase in the volume
of the blood in particular tissue
HYPEREMIA (ACTIVE / ARTERIAL)
CONGESTION (PASSIVE / VENOUS)

21. ACTIVE HYPEREMIA
• active increase in the volume of blood in
the tissues
• CAUSES:
a. physiological - muscular exercise
blushing
b. pathological - acute inflammation

22. CONGESTION
• impaired venous flow from the tissues
such as cardiac failure, venous obstruction
• cause is always pathological

23. HEMORRHAGE
• loss of blood or blood escape from circulatory
system
• bleeding can occur internally and externally
• causes:
a. physical trauma - stabbing, gunshot,
vehicular accident
b. inadequacies of blood clotting - too few
or poorly functioning platelets, missing or
low amount of clotting factors