Carbohydrates and lipids are both organic macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates, such as starch and glycogen, are used for energy storage and structure in plants and animals. Lipids, including fats and oils, provide dense energy storage and make up cell membranes. Both molecule types are insoluble in water and made of long chains of monomers like glucose or fatty acids.

1. Carbohydrates and Lipids Honors Biology

2. The sugar in your soda and the starch and fiber in your bread , fruit and vegetables are all carbohydrates . You consume more carbohydrates than any other organic biomolecule .

3. A carbohydrate is an organic macromolecule. QUESTION: Do you remember what ORGANIC means??? QUESTION: Do you remember a synonym for “macromolecule?” Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

4. Short-term energy storage Fiber  In Animals In Plants  Energy storage Structure of Cell Wall

5. Carbohydrate Formula: C 6 H 12 O 6 Notice the ratio of 1:2:1 for carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

6. Notice the ratio of 1:2:1? For every one carbon there are two hydrogens and one oxygen! C 2 H 4 O 2 C 3 H 4 O 5 C 3 H 6 O 3 CH 4 O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 C 36 H 72 O 36 C 2 H 4 O 2 C 3 H 6 O 3 C 6 H 12 O 6 C 36 H 72 O 36

7. Short-term energy storage in animals (glycogen) Used to create energy (glucose) in all organisms Plant cell walls (cellulose) and plant energy storage (starch) What is dietary fiber? Parts of a plant that we eat but cannot digest. Fiber acts like a broom in our gut, cleaning out decaying food particles. Celery, popcorn, and whole wheat are high in fiber

8. All carbohydrates can be categorized by size Three main sizes of carbohydrates— Mono saccharides (“ one sugar”) Di saccharides (“ two sugars”) Poly saccharides (“ many sugars”)

9. Glucose Building block of all carbohydrates It is also called a single or simple sugar . Six-sided, diamond-like shape Polysaccharides are composed of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide molecules bound together .

10. Glucose is the primary energy source for most organisms . Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of the glucose molecule. The energy is released during cellular respiration in organisms . Thousands of glucose molecules make up the starches found in the foods you eat .

11. Sucrose Glucose Fructose + “ two sugars” Sugar Monosaccharides

12. Polysaccharides are made of long chains of glucose molecules. Glycogen and starch are broken down into glucose molecules during digestion The glucose molecules then go to your cells where they are broken down to release energy during cellular respiration.

13. Glucose molecules are created by plants during photosynthesis. The glucose molecules are bound together in long chains to make starch. Starch, a polysaccharide, is stored in plants until the plant needs to use it. When you eat starchy foods, like potatoes, you break the starch down into glucose. Your body will bind glucose molecules together to make glycogen. Glycogen, a polysaccharide, is stored in your muscles and liver for later use by you!

14. Starch Energy storage in plants! Grains

15. Glycogen Energy storage in you! Carbs stored in muscles

16. Ever wonder why plants have stiff and rigid stems and leaves? Every plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose. Cellulose is a tough polysaccharide that most organisms cannot digest. The chemical bonds in cellulose make it hard to digest.

17. Structure in plant cell walls! Cellulose

18. What is the C:H:O ratio found in all carbohydrates? True or false: Glycogen is used to store energy in plants. True or false: Starch is a source of dietary fiber True or false: Glucose is a disaccharide True or false: Polysaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides bound together

19. Nonpolar, organic molecules Composed of hydrogen (H), carbon (C), and oxygen (O) Lipids consist of two types of molecules - glycerol & fatty acids

20. Glycerol - an alcohol - Serves as backbone of the molecule

21. 3 Fatty acids Long hydrocarbon chains

22. All lipids are insoluble in water Lipids are a more efficient energy storage system than carbohydrates – become FAT STORAGE Energy stored in bonds of lipids – fats store 2.5 times as much energy per unit as carbs Major component of cell membrane Cell membrane = Phospholipid bilayer

23. Phospholipids have a hydrophyllic end and a hydrophobic end “ Hydrophobic” – water fearing “ Hydrophillic” – water loving These ends give the membrane many of its properties!!!

24. Would it be more efficient to store energy as glycogen or as fat ? Why??? Why are lipids considered an organic molecule? What does it mean to be hydrophobic ? What is the name of the lipid that makes up the cell membrane?

25. Saturated fats have long chains with no double-bonds Unsaturated fats have double bonds between hydrogen and carbon

26. Triglycerides: composed of 3 molecules of fatty acids and 1 molecule of glycerol

27. Oils - lipids that are liquid at room temperature – Unsaturated fats Fats - lipids that are solid at room temperature – saturated fats

28. Waxes – lipid that gives many substances a waterproofing cover Examples: surface of plant leaves, ear wax Steroids – lipids that cause changes within an organism Examples: nerve tissue,plant poisons, hormones, and venoms