1) Cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen in mitochondria. It has two main stages - glycolysis and the Krebs cycle/electron transport chain. 2) Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. It occurs in chloroplasts and has two stages - the light-dependent reactions which capture energy from sunlight, and the light-independent reactions which use that energy to produce sugars. 3) Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue and produce a small amount of ATP without oxygen by converting pyruvate into other molecules like lactic acid or alcohol. It is important for processes like muscle movement and alcohol production.

1. KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

2. Starch moleculeGlucose moleculeThe chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.

3. phosphate removedATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions.Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.

4. ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.triphosphateadenosinetri=3adenosinediphosphatedi=2Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP.Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP.not stored in large amounts

5. up to 36 ATP from one glucose moleculeFats store the most energy.80 percent of the energy in your body

6. about 146 ATP from a triglyceride

7. Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.

8. amino acids not usually needed for energy

9. about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrateA few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy.Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight.In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules.similar to photosynthesisuses chemical energy instead of light energy

10. KEY CONCEPTThe overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.

11. Photosynthetic organisms are producers.Producers make their own source of chemical energy.Plants use photosynthesis and are producers.Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

12. chloroplastleaf cellleafChlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy. In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts.grana (thylakoids)chloroplaststromaPhotosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts.Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts.grana (thylakoids)stroma

13. The light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight.take place in thylakoids

14. water and sunlight are needed

15. chlorophyll absorbs energy

16. energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions

17. oxygen is releasedThe light-independent reactions make sugars.take place in stroma

18. needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere

19. use energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactionsgranum (stack of thylakoids)chloroplast1sunlight6H2O6O22energythylakoidstroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)6CO21 six-carbon sugarC6H12O643The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

20. KEY CONCEPT Photosynthesis requires a series of chemical reactions.

21. The first stage of photosynthesis captures and transfers energy.The light-dependent reactions include groups of molecules called photosystems.

22. Photosystem II captures and transfers energy.chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight

23. energized electrons enter electron transport chain

24. water molecules are split

25. oxygen is released as waste

26. hydrogen ions are transported across thylakoid membranePhotosystem I captures energy and produces energy-carrying molecules.chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight

27. energized electrons are used to make NADPH

28. NADPH is transferred to light-independent reactionsThe light-dependent reactions produce ATP.hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane

29. ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATPThe second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from the first stage to make sugars.Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and use CO2 molecules.

30. A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight.carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle

31. energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged

32. a high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycleA molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight.two three-carbon molecules bond to form a sugar remaining molecules stay in the cycleKEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.

33. mitochondrionanimal cellCellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars.Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen.Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.

34. Glycolysis must take place first.anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)

35. takes place in cytoplasm

36. splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules

37. produces two ATP moleculesATP1mitochondrionmatrix (area enclosedby inner membrane)and6CO 2energy23energy from glycolysisATPinner membraneandand6H O26O 24Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis.The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain.takes place inmitochondrial matrixbreaks down three-carbonmolecules from glycolysisKrebs Cyclemakes a small amount of ATP

38. releases carbon dioxide

39. transfers energy-carrying moleculesATP1mitochondrionmatrix (area enclosedby inner membrane)and6CO 2energy23Electron Transportenergy from glycolysisATPinner membraneandand6H O26O 24The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP.

40. takes place in inner membrane

41. energy transferred to electron transport chain

42. oxygen enters process

43. ATP produced

44. water released as awaste productThe equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2OThe reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.KEY CONCEPT Cellular respiration is an aerobic process with two main stages.

45. Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration.The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available.two ATP molecules are used to split glucosefour ATP molecules are producedtwo molecules of NADH produced

46. two molecules of pyruvate producedThe Krebs cycle is the first main part of cellular respiration.Pyruvate is broken down before the Krebs cycle.carbon dioxide releasedNADH producedcoenzyme A (CoA) bonds to two-carbon molecule

47. The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.

48. The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.NADH and FADH2 are madeintermediate molecule withCoA enters Krebs cycle

49. citric acid(six-carbon molecule)is formed

50. citric acid is broken down,carbon dioxide is released,and NADH is made

51. five-carbon molecule is broken down, carbon dioxide is released, NADH and ATP are made

52. four-carbon molecule is rearrangedThe electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration.The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to make ATP.high-energy electrons enter electron transport chainenergy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the inner membranehydrogen ionsflow through achannel in themembrane

53. The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration.The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to make ATP.The breakdown of one glucose molecule produces up to38 molecules of ATP.ATP synthase produces ATP

54. oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions

55. water is released as a waste productKEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen.

56. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue.Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable.Fermentation is an anaerobic process.occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respirationdoes not produce ATP

57. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable.NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis

58. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells.

59. glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules

60. pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation

61. energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid

62. NADH is changed back into NAD+Fermentation and its products are important in several ways.Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation.glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentationenergy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide

63. NADH is changed back into NAD+

64. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysisFermentation is used in food production.yogurt

65. cheese

66. bread