Gene Mutation
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
6 likes•199 views
A gene mutation is an alteration in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA that can affect a single nucleotide pair or larger gene segment. There are several types of gene mutations, including point mutations, which are the most common and involve a change in a single nucleotide base pair. Point mutations can be further categorized as silent, missense, or nonsense mutations depending on whether the mutation results in the same amino acid, a different amino acid, or a stop codon, respectively.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Mutation
Mutations are heritable changes in genetic material that can occur spontaneously or be induced. There are several types of mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, and translocations. Point mutations include transitions, transversions, insertions, and deletions. Frameshift mutations disrupt the reading frame and can result in abnormal or nonfunctional proteins. Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral depending on their effects. They provide the raw material for evolution by creating genetic variation.
Genetic Mutation
A genetic mutation is a permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can arise from unrepaired DNA or RNA damage, replication errors, or mobile genetic elements. They play a role in both normal and abnormal biological processes like evolution, cancer development, and the immune system. There are two main types of mutations: somatic mutations, which occur in non-reproductive cells and are not inherited, and germline mutations, which occur in reproductive cells and can be passed to offspring. Mutations can be classified in several ways based on their structure, function, protein effects, and inheritance patterns. They can arise spontaneously from DNA damage or errors, or be induced by chemicals, radiation, and other mutagens
Mutation Chromosomal Abberation
Mutation
Chromosomal Abberation
Change in chromosome
Chromosomal Arrangements
Diseases
Causes
Effects
Mutation
Introduction to Mutation where we discussed about causes and types of mutation.Besides we also discussed about the beneficial sides of mutation
Repair.ppt
1. DNA can be damaged through various mechanisms including base substitutions during replication, base changes due to instability, and damage from chemicals and environmental agents.
2. This document describes different types of DNA damage including mismatches, missing or altered bases, single and double strand breaks, and cross-linking.
3. DNA repair mechanisms are discussed, including mismatch repair, removal of incorrect bases by uracil glycosylase, and light-dependent and light-independent repair of thymine dimers through excision and recombinational repair.
Dna Mutations
DNA mutations can be classified into different types. Point mutations involve a change in a single nucleotide and can be further classified as missense, nonsense, or silent mutations depending on if they cause an amino acid change or premature protein termination. Frameshift mutations such as insertions, deletions, or inversions involve adding or removing nucleotides and cause the reading frame of the DNA to shift, resulting in a nonfunctional protein.
Mutation
The slide include contents:
Mutation-Definition
Levels of Mutation
Features of Mutation
Types of Mutation
Mutations based on functional effects of the change
Genetic disorders
Lecture 4, gene mutation.ppt
The document discusses various types of mutations and how they are induced. It describes three main types of mutations: chromosome mutations, genome mutations, and single-gene mutations. Single-gene mutations can be further divided into point mutations, deletions, additions, transitions, and transversions. Mutations can occur spontaneously due to errors in DNA replication or be induced by environmental mutagens like chemicals, radiation, and viruses. Mutations provide genetic variation but can also cause genetic disorders and diseases.
Recommended
Mutation
Mutations are heritable changes in genetic material that can occur spontaneously or be induced. There are several types of mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, and translocations. Point mutations include transitions, transversions, insertions, and deletions. Frameshift mutations disrupt the reading frame and can result in abnormal or nonfunctional proteins. Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral depending on their effects. They provide the raw material for evolution by creating genetic variation.
Genetic Mutation
A genetic mutation is a permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can arise from unrepaired DNA or RNA damage, replication errors, or mobile genetic elements. They play a role in both normal and abnormal biological processes like evolution, cancer development, and the immune system. There are two main types of mutations: somatic mutations, which occur in non-reproductive cells and are not inherited, and germline mutations, which occur in reproductive cells and can be passed to offspring. Mutations can be classified in several ways based on their structure, function, protein effects, and inheritance patterns. They can arise spontaneously from DNA damage or errors, or be induced by chemicals, radiation, and other mutagens
Mutation Chromosomal Abberation
Mutation
Chromosomal Abberation
Change in chromosome
Chromosomal Arrangements
Diseases
Causes
Effects
Mutation
Introduction to Mutation where we discussed about causes and types of mutation.Besides we also discussed about the beneficial sides of mutation
Repair.ppt
1. DNA can be damaged through various mechanisms including base substitutions during replication, base changes due to instability, and damage from chemicals and environmental agents.
2. This document describes different types of DNA damage including mismatches, missing or altered bases, single and double strand breaks, and cross-linking.
3. DNA repair mechanisms are discussed, including mismatch repair, removal of incorrect bases by uracil glycosylase, and light-dependent and light-independent repair of thymine dimers through excision and recombinational repair.
Dna Mutations
DNA mutations can be classified into different types. Point mutations involve a change in a single nucleotide and can be further classified as missense, nonsense, or silent mutations depending on if they cause an amino acid change or premature protein termination. Frameshift mutations such as insertions, deletions, or inversions involve adding or removing nucleotides and cause the reading frame of the DNA to shift, resulting in a nonfunctional protein.
Mutation
The slide include contents:
Mutation-Definition
Levels of Mutation
Features of Mutation
Types of Mutation
Mutations based on functional effects of the change
Genetic disorders
Lecture 4, gene mutation.ppt
The document discusses various types of mutations and how they are induced. It describes three main types of mutations: chromosome mutations, genome mutations, and single-gene mutations. Single-gene mutations can be further divided into point mutations, deletions, additions, transitions, and transversions. Mutations can occur spontaneously due to errors in DNA replication or be induced by environmental mutagens like chemicals, radiation, and viruses. Mutations provide genetic variation but can also cause genetic disorders and diseases.
Gene mutation and its types
This document discusses different types of gene mutations. It begins by explaining that mutations can occur naturally or be induced artificially, and can happen at the chromosome, gene, or molecular level. The main types of gene mutations described are point mutations, which are further divided into missense, silent, and nonsense mutations depending on their effects. Other types discussed include substitutions, insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each type of mutation and how they can alter the nucleotide and resulting protein sequences.
M.sc genetics study material
This document discusses different types of mutations at the molecular level. It defines a mutation as any change to the nucleotide bases in DNA, including additions, deletions, or substitutions. It then describes several types of mutations in more detail, including:
- Missense mutations, which result in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein.
- Nonsense mutations, which prematurely terminate protein production.
- Frameshift mutations, caused by insertions or deletions of nucleotide bases other than multiples of three, shifting the reading frame.
- Silent mutations, which substitute a different base but still code for the same amino acid, having no effect on the protein.
The document provides examples of each
Mutation gene and chromosomal
Mutations are sudden changes in the genetic material of an organism that can be caused by mutagens like chemicals, radiation, or errors in DNA replication. There are two main types of mutations: gene mutations, which alter the DNA sequence of a gene, and chromosomal mutations, which involve changes to chromosomes like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations of DNA segments. Gene mutations can be point mutations, which substitute a single nucleotide, or frameshift mutations, which insert or delete nucleotides and alter the reading frame. Chromosomal mutations can cause diseases like Down syndrome, which results from trisomy of chromosome 21.
MUTATIONS & DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS
DNA can be damaged by physical, chemical, and environmental agents through various types of alterations including single or double base changes, breaks in the DNA chain, or cross-linkages between bases. The cell has multiple DNA repair mechanisms to correct damage including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and double-strand break repair. Base excision repair removes single damaged bases while nucleotide excision repair removes larger segments of damaged DNA. Mismatch repair corrects errors that occur during DNA replication. Double-strand break repair repairs more severe breaks in both strands of the DNA that can lead to chromosomal abnormalities. Defects in DNA repair pathways can result in increased cancer risks.
RNA Editing
RNA EDITING
RNA editing, like RNA splicing, can change the sequence of the RNA after it has
been transcribed. Instead of stretches of the mRNA being reassorted, during
editing, individual bases are either inserted, deleted or changed. That is the
coding information in the RNA is altered.
There are two mechanisms that mediate editing:
1. Site specific deamination of adenines or cytosines
2. Guide RNA directed uridine insertion or deletion
1. Site specific deamination of adenines
➢ The mammalian apolipoprotein B gene has several exons among which
one is CAA codon that is targeted for editing.
➢ It is the C within the code that gets deaminated. The deamination is
performed by the enzyme cytidine deaminase, that converts C to U. the
deamination occurs in a tissue-specific manner: messages are edited in
intestinal cells but not in liver cells.
➢ The CAA codon, which is translated as glutamine in the unedited message
in the liver, is thus converted to UAA- a stop codon in the intestine. The
result is full length protein is formed in the liver but a truncated
polypeptide is made in the intestine.
➢ The longer form of apolipoprotein, in the liver is involved in the transport
of endogenously synthesized cholesterol and triglycerides. The shorter
form, in the intestine transports dietary lipids to various tissues.
Fig: Site specific deamination.
Site specific deamination of cytosines
➢ This reaction is performed by the enzyme ADAR (adenosine deaminase
acting on RNA) to generate inosine from adenine.
➢ Inosine can base pair with cytosine, and thus this change can readily alter
the sequence of the protein encoded by the mRNA.
➢ An ion channel expressed in mammalian brains is the target of this type
of editing. A single edit in its mRNA elicits a single amino acid change in the protein, which in turn alters the Ca2+ permeability of the channel. In
the absence of this editing, brain development is seriously impaired.
2. Guide RNA directed uridine insertion
or deletion
➢ In this case, multiple Us are inserted into specific regions of mRNA after
transcription. The addition of Us to the message changes codons and
reading frames, completely altering the meaning of the message.
➢ In a specific region of the mRNA of the trypanosome coxII gene, four Us
are inserted between adjacent sites at three sites.
➢ Us are inserted in to the message by so called guide RNAs (gRNAs). Each
gRNAs are divided in to three regions:
1. The anchor at the 5’ end. It directs the gRNA to the region of the
mRNA it will edit.
2. The region that determines exactly where the Us will be inserted
within the edited sequence.
3. Poly- U stretch at the 3’ end. ➢ A stretch of gRNA complementary to the region in the message to be
edited contains additional As. The As are at positions in the gRNA opposite
where Us will be inserted in to the mRNA.
Genetic code features and character
This document provides an overview of the central dogma and genetic code. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. The genetic code uses triplets of nucleotides called codons to specify the 20 amino acids. There are 64 possible codons but only 61 encode amino acids, while 3 serve as stop signals. The code is degenerate, universal and read in a consistent direction. The wobble hypothesis explains how one tRNA can recognize multiple codons. Mutations can alter codons and result in silent, missense or nonsense changes impacting protein synthesis.
Gene Mutation
This document discusses genetic mutations and DNA repair. It defines mutations as heritable changes in genetic material that can provide genetic variation and be the basis for evolution. Mutations can be caused spontaneously during DNA replication or cell division, or can be induced by environmental mutagens. The majority of mutations are neutral or harmful, with a small percentage being beneficial. Different types of mutations are described, including point mutations, insertions, deletions, and trinucleotide repeats. The effects of mutations on genes and proteins are explained. The timing of mutations as either germline or somatic is an important factor. Causes of spontaneous mutations like depurination and deamination are outlined.
homologus recombination
This document summarizes homologous recombination in eukaryotes and bacteria. In eukaryotes, homologous recombination repairs double-strand DNA breaks through either the double-strand break repair (DSBR) pathway or synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) pathway. The DSBR pathway forms double Holliday junctions that are resolved to result in crossover or non-crossover products. In bacteria, the RecBCD pathway repairs double-strand breaks and the RecF pathway repairs single-strand gaps. Both pathways involve strand invasion and branch migration to facilitate homologous recombination.
Translation In Eukaryotes
Translation is the process by which proteins are synthesized from messenger RNA (mRNA) in eukaryotes, which are organisms with membrane-bound nuclei. Translation involves mRNA being decoded on ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. It occurs through three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the small ribosomal subunit binding to the 5' end of mRNA and scanning for the start codon. Elongation is the sequential addition of amino acids specified by the mRNA codons. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and release factors cause the ribosome to dissociate and release the completed protein.
MIC150 - Chap 4 Mutation
Mutations are changes in DNA sequences that can occur at the gene, chromosome, or genome level. There are several types of mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, aneuploidy and polyploidy. Mutations can be neutral, beneficial, or harmful depending on their effects. Examples of mutations discussed include sickle cell anemia caused by a point mutation in the hemoglobin gene and Down syndrome caused by trisomy 21.
Mutations
Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of genes. They can be point mutations like substitutions, insertions, or deletions of single nucleotides, or large-scale mutations involving larger chromosomal changes. Mutations can arise spontaneously from errors in DNA replication or DNA damage, or be induced by mutagens like chemicals, radiation, or viruses. Point mutations can cause silent, missense, or nonsense changes to proteins, while frameshift mutations alter the reading frame. Mutations can have harmful, beneficial, or no effects depending on their location and type of genetic change.
MUTATION,CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION &GENE MUTATION
Mutations are changes to an organism's genetic material. There are several types of mutations, including changes to DNA sequences, chromosomes, and chromosome numbers. Point mutations alter single nucleotide base pairs and can be silent, missense, or nonsense. Chromosome mutations include deletions, inversions, duplications, and translocations. Changes in chromosome number include euploidy (having normal or multiple sets) and aneuploidy (having extra or missing chromosomes). Mutations can occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens like radiation or chemicals. They provide genetic variation and are an important source of evolution.
281 lec28 chromosomal_mutations
This lecture discusses chromosomal mutations, which involve changes to entire chromosomes or sections of chromosomes. There are two main types of chromosomal mutations: chromosome structure mutations, which change the amount or orientation of DNA within a chromosome, and chromosome number mutations, which change the total number of chromosomes in a cell. Specific chromosome structure mutations discussed include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Chromosome number mutations can result in aneuploidy, leading to conditions like Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and others. The lecture aims to explain the different types of chromosomal mutations and their consequences.
Mutation and It's types.
This is a brief overview of the Types of Mutation. I have compiled all the salient features of the Mutation and shared in this presentation, hope you guys like it.
DNA replication in E.coli
DNA replication in E.coli
Introduction
Definition
E.coli as a study model
Basic step of DNA replication
DNA Damage, Repair and Recombination
DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA. Failure to repair damaged DNA leads to mutations, which are permanent changes in the DNA sequence. There are several types of DNA damage including mismatches, modified DNA bases, and single or double strand breaks. Cells use multiple repair pathways like direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, recombination repair, and translesion DNA synthesis to fix different types of DNA damage. Homologous recombination repairs double strand breaks by exchanging DNA between similar molecules, while site-specific and transposon recombination involve movement of DNA between defined sequences.
Polyadenylation
Anjali Krishnan from the Department of Botany discusses polyadenylation. Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to messenger RNA. This is part of processing eukaryotic mRNA before translation. The poly(A) tail is important for nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. It is also involved in degrading mRNA when shortened to a certain length. While polyadenylation degrades prokaryotic RNA, it can also store eukaryotic mRNA for later activation.
Cromatin Remodeling
1. Chromatin remodeling is the process by which chromatin structure is dynamically modified to allow access of DNA for processes like transcription.
2. There are two main types of chromatin remodeling - covalent histone modification and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes.
3. ATP-dependent complexes use energy from ATP hydrolysis to move, eject, or restructure nucleosomes, allowing access to DNA.
4. Examples of chromatin remodeling complexes include SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD, and INO80 families, which have different activities like nucleosome sliding or histone variant exchange.
Post transcriptional modification ( splicing mechanisms)
Post-transcriptional modifications are important processes that convert primary transcript RNA into mature RNA. These modifications include 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and splicing of introns in eukaryotes. The modifications help make RNA molecules recognizable for translation and increase protein synthesis efficiency by removing non-coding regions. Different types of RNA undergo specific processing pathways involving nucleases, snoRNAs and other protein complexes.
DNA Denaturation
it is a little powerpoint presentation by me about DNA DEnaturation wish you all benefit from it .
for any , contact me at iahmedaly55@gmail.com
Gene mutations
Gene mutations can be caused by changes in DNA sequences. There are several types of mutations including:
1) Base substitutions, where one nucleotide is replaced by another, including transitions and transversions.
2) Frameshift mutations, which occur when the addition or removal of DNA bases changes the reading frame of a gene.
3) Point mutations, which involve a change in a single nucleotide and can be silent, missense, or nonsense mutations depending on if they change the amino acid or create a stop codon.
More Related Content
What's hot
Gene mutation and its types
This document discusses different types of gene mutations. It begins by explaining that mutations can occur naturally or be induced artificially, and can happen at the chromosome, gene, or molecular level. The main types of gene mutations described are point mutations, which are further divided into missense, silent, and nonsense mutations depending on their effects. Other types discussed include substitutions, insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each type of mutation and how they can alter the nucleotide and resulting protein sequences.
M.sc genetics study material
This document discusses different types of mutations at the molecular level. It defines a mutation as any change to the nucleotide bases in DNA, including additions, deletions, or substitutions. It then describes several types of mutations in more detail, including:
- Missense mutations, which result in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein.
- Nonsense mutations, which prematurely terminate protein production.
- Frameshift mutations, caused by insertions or deletions of nucleotide bases other than multiples of three, shifting the reading frame.
- Silent mutations, which substitute a different base but still code for the same amino acid, having no effect on the protein.
The document provides examples of each
Mutation gene and chromosomal
Mutations are sudden changes in the genetic material of an organism that can be caused by mutagens like chemicals, radiation, or errors in DNA replication. There are two main types of mutations: gene mutations, which alter the DNA sequence of a gene, and chromosomal mutations, which involve changes to chromosomes like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations of DNA segments. Gene mutations can be point mutations, which substitute a single nucleotide, or frameshift mutations, which insert or delete nucleotides and alter the reading frame. Chromosomal mutations can cause diseases like Down syndrome, which results from trisomy of chromosome 21.
MUTATIONS & DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS
DNA can be damaged by physical, chemical, and environmental agents through various types of alterations including single or double base changes, breaks in the DNA chain, or cross-linkages between bases. The cell has multiple DNA repair mechanisms to correct damage including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and double-strand break repair. Base excision repair removes single damaged bases while nucleotide excision repair removes larger segments of damaged DNA. Mismatch repair corrects errors that occur during DNA replication. Double-strand break repair repairs more severe breaks in both strands of the DNA that can lead to chromosomal abnormalities. Defects in DNA repair pathways can result in increased cancer risks.
RNA Editing
RNA EDITING
RNA editing, like RNA splicing, can change the sequence of the RNA after it has
been transcribed. Instead of stretches of the mRNA being reassorted, during
editing, individual bases are either inserted, deleted or changed. That is the
coding information in the RNA is altered.
There are two mechanisms that mediate editing:
1. Site specific deamination of adenines or cytosines
2. Guide RNA directed uridine insertion or deletion
1. Site specific deamination of adenines
➢ The mammalian apolipoprotein B gene has several exons among which
one is CAA codon that is targeted for editing.
➢ It is the C within the code that gets deaminated. The deamination is
performed by the enzyme cytidine deaminase, that converts C to U. the
deamination occurs in a tissue-specific manner: messages are edited in
intestinal cells but not in liver cells.
➢ The CAA codon, which is translated as glutamine in the unedited message
in the liver, is thus converted to UAA- a stop codon in the intestine. The
result is full length protein is formed in the liver but a truncated
polypeptide is made in the intestine.
➢ The longer form of apolipoprotein, in the liver is involved in the transport
of endogenously synthesized cholesterol and triglycerides. The shorter
form, in the intestine transports dietary lipids to various tissues.
Fig: Site specific deamination.
Site specific deamination of cytosines
➢ This reaction is performed by the enzyme ADAR (adenosine deaminase
acting on RNA) to generate inosine from adenine.
➢ Inosine can base pair with cytosine, and thus this change can readily alter
the sequence of the protein encoded by the mRNA.
➢ An ion channel expressed in mammalian brains is the target of this type
of editing. A single edit in its mRNA elicits a single amino acid change in the protein, which in turn alters the Ca2+ permeability of the channel. In
the absence of this editing, brain development is seriously impaired.
2. Guide RNA directed uridine insertion
or deletion
➢ In this case, multiple Us are inserted into specific regions of mRNA after
transcription. The addition of Us to the message changes codons and
reading frames, completely altering the meaning of the message.
➢ In a specific region of the mRNA of the trypanosome coxII gene, four Us
are inserted between adjacent sites at three sites.
➢ Us are inserted in to the message by so called guide RNAs (gRNAs). Each
gRNAs are divided in to three regions:
1. The anchor at the 5’ end. It directs the gRNA to the region of the
mRNA it will edit.
2. The region that determines exactly where the Us will be inserted
within the edited sequence.
3. Poly- U stretch at the 3’ end. ➢ A stretch of gRNA complementary to the region in the message to be
edited contains additional As. The As are at positions in the gRNA opposite
where Us will be inserted in to the mRNA.
Genetic code features and character
This document provides an overview of the central dogma and genetic code. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. The genetic code uses triplets of nucleotides called codons to specify the 20 amino acids. There are 64 possible codons but only 61 encode amino acids, while 3 serve as stop signals. The code is degenerate, universal and read in a consistent direction. The wobble hypothesis explains how one tRNA can recognize multiple codons. Mutations can alter codons and result in silent, missense or nonsense changes impacting protein synthesis.
Gene Mutation
This document discusses genetic mutations and DNA repair. It defines mutations as heritable changes in genetic material that can provide genetic variation and be the basis for evolution. Mutations can be caused spontaneously during DNA replication or cell division, or can be induced by environmental mutagens. The majority of mutations are neutral or harmful, with a small percentage being beneficial. Different types of mutations are described, including point mutations, insertions, deletions, and trinucleotide repeats. The effects of mutations on genes and proteins are explained. The timing of mutations as either germline or somatic is an important factor. Causes of spontaneous mutations like depurination and deamination are outlined.
homologus recombination
This document summarizes homologous recombination in eukaryotes and bacteria. In eukaryotes, homologous recombination repairs double-strand DNA breaks through either the double-strand break repair (DSBR) pathway or synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) pathway. The DSBR pathway forms double Holliday junctions that are resolved to result in crossover or non-crossover products. In bacteria, the RecBCD pathway repairs double-strand breaks and the RecF pathway repairs single-strand gaps. Both pathways involve strand invasion and branch migration to facilitate homologous recombination.
Translation In Eukaryotes
Translation is the process by which proteins are synthesized from messenger RNA (mRNA) in eukaryotes, which are organisms with membrane-bound nuclei. Translation involves mRNA being decoded on ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. It occurs through three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the small ribosomal subunit binding to the 5' end of mRNA and scanning for the start codon. Elongation is the sequential addition of amino acids specified by the mRNA codons. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and release factors cause the ribosome to dissociate and release the completed protein.
MIC150 - Chap 4 Mutation
Mutations are changes in DNA sequences that can occur at the gene, chromosome, or genome level. There are several types of mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, aneuploidy and polyploidy. Mutations can be neutral, beneficial, or harmful depending on their effects. Examples of mutations discussed include sickle cell anemia caused by a point mutation in the hemoglobin gene and Down syndrome caused by trisomy 21.
Mutations
Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of genes. They can be point mutations like substitutions, insertions, or deletions of single nucleotides, or large-scale mutations involving larger chromosomal changes. Mutations can arise spontaneously from errors in DNA replication or DNA damage, or be induced by mutagens like chemicals, radiation, or viruses. Point mutations can cause silent, missense, or nonsense changes to proteins, while frameshift mutations alter the reading frame. Mutations can have harmful, beneficial, or no effects depending on their location and type of genetic change.
MUTATION,CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION &GENE MUTATION
Mutations are changes to an organism's genetic material. There are several types of mutations, including changes to DNA sequences, chromosomes, and chromosome numbers. Point mutations alter single nucleotide base pairs and can be silent, missense, or nonsense. Chromosome mutations include deletions, inversions, duplications, and translocations. Changes in chromosome number include euploidy (having normal or multiple sets) and aneuploidy (having extra or missing chromosomes). Mutations can occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens like radiation or chemicals. They provide genetic variation and are an important source of evolution.
281 lec28 chromosomal_mutations
This lecture discusses chromosomal mutations, which involve changes to entire chromosomes or sections of chromosomes. There are two main types of chromosomal mutations: chromosome structure mutations, which change the amount or orientation of DNA within a chromosome, and chromosome number mutations, which change the total number of chromosomes in a cell. Specific chromosome structure mutations discussed include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Chromosome number mutations can result in aneuploidy, leading to conditions like Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and others. The lecture aims to explain the different types of chromosomal mutations and their consequences.
Mutation and It's types.
This is a brief overview of the Types of Mutation. I have compiled all the salient features of the Mutation and shared in this presentation, hope you guys like it.
DNA replication in E.coli
DNA replication in E.coli
Introduction
Definition
E.coli as a study model
Basic step of DNA replication
DNA Damage, Repair and Recombination
DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA. Failure to repair damaged DNA leads to mutations, which are permanent changes in the DNA sequence. There are several types of DNA damage including mismatches, modified DNA bases, and single or double strand breaks. Cells use multiple repair pathways like direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, recombination repair, and translesion DNA synthesis to fix different types of DNA damage. Homologous recombination repairs double strand breaks by exchanging DNA between similar molecules, while site-specific and transposon recombination involve movement of DNA between defined sequences.
Polyadenylation
Anjali Krishnan from the Department of Botany discusses polyadenylation. Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to messenger RNA. This is part of processing eukaryotic mRNA before translation. The poly(A) tail is important for nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. It is also involved in degrading mRNA when shortened to a certain length. While polyadenylation degrades prokaryotic RNA, it can also store eukaryotic mRNA for later activation.
Cromatin Remodeling
1. Chromatin remodeling is the process by which chromatin structure is dynamically modified to allow access of DNA for processes like transcription.
2. There are two main types of chromatin remodeling - covalent histone modification and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes.
3. ATP-dependent complexes use energy from ATP hydrolysis to move, eject, or restructure nucleosomes, allowing access to DNA.
4. Examples of chromatin remodeling complexes include SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD, and INO80 families, which have different activities like nucleosome sliding or histone variant exchange.
Post transcriptional modification ( splicing mechanisms)
Post-transcriptional modifications are important processes that convert primary transcript RNA into mature RNA. These modifications include 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and splicing of introns in eukaryotes. The modifications help make RNA molecules recognizable for translation and increase protein synthesis efficiency by removing non-coding regions. Different types of RNA undergo specific processing pathways involving nucleases, snoRNAs and other protein complexes.
DNA Denaturation
it is a little powerpoint presentation by me about DNA DEnaturation wish you all benefit from it .
for any , contact me at iahmedaly55@gmail.com
What's hot (20)
Post transcriptional modification ( splicing mechanisms)
Post transcriptional modification ( splicing mechanisms)
Similar to Gene Mutation
Gene mutations
Gene mutations can be caused by changes in DNA sequences. There are several types of mutations including:
1) Base substitutions, where one nucleotide is replaced by another, including transitions and transversions.
2) Frameshift mutations, which occur when the addition or removal of DNA bases changes the reading frame of a gene.
3) Point mutations, which involve a change in a single nucleotide and can be silent, missense, or nonsense mutations depending on if they change the amino acid or create a stop codon.
Effect of mutation on plant at molecular level and their repair mechanism
1. Mutations at the molecular level involve changes to the nucleotide sequence of genes, such as base substitutions where one base is replaced by another, or base additions and deletions.
2. Mutations can be caused by mistakes during DNA replication or by exposure to mutagenic agents like radiation or chemicals, and they result in heritable changes to DNA sequences.
3. Cells have various DNA repair mechanisms to correct damage to DNA and prevent mutations, but some changes still escape repair and may be replicated, accumulating mutations over time that can lead to conditions like cancer.
CHAPTER 1.1.pptx
This document discusses various types of mutations that can occur during strain development for industrial biotechnology. It describes spontaneous and induced mutations, including point mutations like substitutions, deletions, and insertions. Transposons and errors in DNA replication and repair enzymes can also cause mutations. Specific types of point mutations are discussed in detail, such as silent, missense, and nonsense mutations. Frameshift mutations that alter the reading frame are also summarized. The goal of strain development is to generate mutants with improved product yields and lower costs through targeted or random mutagenesis.
281 lec27 point_mutations
The document discusses different types of point mutations that can occur in DNA. It defines point mutations as changes to one or a few base pairs, while chromosomal/segmental mutations involve changes to an entire chromosome or section of it. The main types of point mutations are substitutions, insertions, and deletions. Substitutions are further broken down into transitions and transversions. Point mutations can occur in coding or non-coding regions, with mutations in non-coding regions having no effect. Mutations in coding regions can be synonymous or non-synonymous, with synonymous mutations not changing the amino acid. Non-synonymous mutations include missense mutations, which change an amino acid, and nonsense mutations, which introduce a
Mutations and mutagenesis MPH 19 1-15
This document discusses DNA mutations and mutagenesis. It defines mutation as a heritable alteration in genetic material and describes the main types of mutations: substitutions, deletions, insertions, and frameshift mutations. It also discusses what causes mutations, including spontaneous mutations from replication errors and induced mutations from exposure to mutagens like chemicals, UV radiation, and ionizing radiation. Mutagens can cause changes in DNA structure like thymine dimers or breaks in the phosphodiester backbone. Learning objectives are to understand the definition of mutation, different types of mutations, and common mutagens.
MUTATION BY PRANZLY.ppt
Mutation
A mutation is a change in the DNA’s nucleotide sequence.
An abrupt shift in the nucleotide sequence causes an organism’s morphological traits to change. Such a change is referred to as a mutation if it is heritable.
So, mutation is defined as any heritable change in the sequence of nucleotide of DNA.
Features
Change in number- it is the change in the number or arrangement of nucleotide sequence of a gene.
It is heritable change in the DNA sequence.
Permanent structural change inherited material DNA effects
Can be harmful/beneficial or have no effects.
Can be sometimes attributed to random chance events.
Can be caused by mistakes during cell division or
May be caused by exposure to DNA damaging agents to the environment such as radiation and Mutagenic chemicals.
Types
Point mutation
-Silent Mutation
-Non sense Mutation
-Mis sense Mutation
Frame shift mutation
Substitution
Addition
Deletion
Causes
MUTAGENS
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Mutation
Mutations are changes in genetic material that alter the DNA sequence. There are two main types of mutations: chromosomal mutations, which involve changes to entire chromosomes, and gene mutations, which affect specific genes. Gene mutations can be further classified as point mutations, which involve a single nucleotide change, or frameshift mutations, caused by insertions or deletions of DNA bases. Mutations can be harmful, neutral, or beneficial, and are an important source of genetic variation driving evolution. Common genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy are caused by specific mutations.
Mutation - Types Chromosomal and gene mutation
This document discusses different types of mutations that can occur in DNA. It defines mutations as changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that can happen either in somatic cells or gametes. There are two main types of mutations: chromosomal mutations, which involve changes to the structure or number of chromosomes, and gene mutations, which are changes to a single gene. Chromosomal mutations include deletions, inversions, translocations, nondisjunction, and duplications. Gene mutations can be point mutations such as substitutions, silent mutations, missense mutations, or nonsense mutations. Frameshift mutations are also a type of gene mutation that change the reading frame of DNA. Mutations can be either harmful if they cause diseases or beneficial if they improve organism
Genetic Mutations Chromosomal and DNA Mutations
Mutations are changes to a DNA sequence that can be caused by mutagens like radiation or chemicals. There are two main types of mutations: point mutations, where a single nucleotide is altered, and frameshift mutations, where the insertion or deletion of nucleotides changes the reading frame. Mutated genes can cause genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia, albinism, cystic fibrosis, and Down syndrome.
Mutationby madhuhewa&judygarza
Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can be caused by mistakes during DNA replication or by environmental factors like radiation. There are several types of mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, and chromosomal mutations. Point mutations involve a single DNA building block and can be missense, nonsense, or silent. Frameshift mutations are insertions or deletions that affect all subsequent amino acids. Chromosomal mutations involve changes in chromosome structure like translocations or deletions. Genetic mutations can cause disorders like cystic fibrosis, fragile X syndrome, and Klinefelter's syndrome.
Mutation
Mutations introduce heritable changes in an organism's genetic material. They occur spontaneously due to errors in DNA replication or due to exposure to mutagens. There are two main types of mutations: spontaneous mutations, which occur without external causes, and induced mutations, which are caused by mutagenic agents. Spontaneous mutations result from replication errors or transposable elements, and include transitions, transversions, and frameshift mutations. Induced mutations are caused by mutagens that damage DNA, such as base analogs, agents causing specific mispairing, intercalating agents, and substances like UV radiation. Mutations can have various effects that may or may not result in an observable change in phenotype, depending on whether they are
Mutations by Rashi Rathore
DNA mutations can occur via various mechanisms and result in changes to the genetic code. Point mutations involve a single nucleotide change and can be silent, missense, or nonsense. Frameshift mutations occur via insertions or deletions not divisible by three. Chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and nondisjunction. Transitions alter a purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine, while transversions involve a purine to pyrimidine switch. DNA tautomers can lead to illegitimate base pairs and substitutions during replication. Mutations contribute to genetic variation and disease states.
Cell mutation dipak
This document defines genetic mutations and discusses different types of mutations. It explains that a mutation is an alteration in DNA sequences that can affect single nucleotide pairs or larger gene segments. Mutations are caused by mutagens, which are divided into chemical and physical/radiation mutagens. Mutations are further classified as chromosomal, which involve changes in chromosome structure or number, or point/gene mutations, which alter single nucleotides. The document discusses different types of chromosomal and point mutations in more detail.
Mutation bsc
1. Mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene or chromosome. There are several types of mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
2. Point mutations involve a change to a single nucleotide base, such as a substitution, insertion or deletion. Frameshift mutations occur when multiple nucleotides are inserted or deleted, changing the reading frame.
3. Mutations can be caused by errors during DNA replication or by environmental mutagens like radiation or chemicals. They can occur in somatic cells or germ cells and be transmitted to offspring. Most mutations are harmful but some can provide benefits for adaptation or evolution.
MUTATIONS (1).pdf
Mutations are permanent alterations in a DNA sequence that can be caused by random errors during cell division or damage from physical agents. Mutations can vary in size from a single DNA building block to an entire gene. There are several types of mutations that can be classified based on factors like the cell type, direction of change, result of the mutation, or type of change to a single gene. Mutations can have different effects like loss of function, gain of function, being lethal, or suppressing other mutations. Mutations can occur spontaneously during replication or be induced by chemical or physical mutagens like radiation.
Mutation by Rimsha Khan.ppt
Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that can ultimately change phenotypes. Mutations can occur in somatic cells or gametes and be passed to offspring. Most mutations are neutral or repaired by enzymes, but some can be harmful, like those that cause cancers, or beneficial by improving survival. There are two main types of mutations: chromosomal mutations, which involve changes in chromosome structure like deletions or duplications; and point mutations, where a single nucleotide is changed, as in sickle cell disease. Point mutations can be missense, nonsense, or frameshift, all of which can result in defective proteins if they occur in genes.
typesofmutation-200424155121.ppt slides for grade 10
1. A mutation is a change in DNA sequence that can occur due to errors when DNA is copied or environmental factors like UV light.
2. There are different types of mutations including point mutations, silent mutations, nonsense mutations, missense mutations, and frameshift mutations.
3. Chromosome mutations are changes that occur in chromosomes and include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. These mutations can affect chromosome structure and gene function.
Mutation i 2018
Cell Biology and genetics paper - Mutation a basic touch to b.sc students with examples. DNA, genome, gene level mutation and chromosome level with examples. Touched some of the mutation types.
Types of mutation
A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when DNA is copied or as the result of environmental factors such as UV light. The DNA sequence of a gene can be altered in a number of ways. Gene mutations have varying effects on health, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. Mutations are two types that are Gene mutation and Chromosome mutation. Gene mutation are further divided into Point and frameshift mutation. Point mutation are three types ie. Silent mutation, Missense mutation and Nonsense mutation. Frameshift mutation are of two types that are addition and deletion. Chromosome mutations are further classified into Deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation.
Similar to Gene Mutation (20)
Effect of mutation on plant at molecular level and their repair mechanism
Effect of mutation on plant at molecular level and their repair mechanism
typesofmutation-200424155121.ppt slides for grade 10
typesofmutation-200424155121.ppt slides for grade 10
Recently uploaded
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Recently uploaded (20)
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Gene Mutation
- 1. PRESENTATION GENE MUTATION Submitted by: Hina Ayub
- 2. GENE MUTATION • A gene mutation is defined as an alteration in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. • This change can affect a single nucleotide pair or larger gene segment of a chromosome.
- 3. TYPES OF GENE MUTATION Point mutation ,Frame shift mutation, Base substitution •Silent mutation •Missense mutation •Nonsense mutation •Insertion •Deletion •Transition mutation •Transversion mutation
- 4. POINT MUTATION Point mutations are the most common type of gene mutation. Also known as base pair substitution. Change in a single nucleotide base pair. Point mutation can be categorized into three types: Silent mutation Missense mutation Nonsense mutation
- 5. SILENT MUTATION The change in one codon for an amino acid into another codon for that same amino acid . Silent mutations are also referred to as synonymous mutations.
- 6. MISSENSE MUTATION The codon for one amino acid is changed into a codon for another amino acid. Missense mutations are sometimes referred to as non-synonymous mutations.
- 7. NONSENSE MUTATION The codon for one amino acid is changed into a translation termination (stop) codon.