A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when DNA is copied or as the result of environmental factors such as UV light. The DNA sequence of a gene can be altered in a number of ways. Gene mutations have varying effects on health, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. Mutations are two types that are Gene mutation and Chromosome mutation. Gene mutation are further divided into Point and frameshift mutation. Point mutation are three types ie. Silent mutation, Missense mutation and Nonsense mutation. Frameshift mutation are of two types that are addition and deletion. Chromosome mutations are further classified into Deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation.
History of Genetic Engineering
Tools of Genetic Engineering
Principles of rDNA technology
Applications of Genetic Engineering in agriculture medicine and orthodontics
This presentation gives an brief idea about the applications of genetic engineering which is of at most importance to humans. Provided along with this slide is an example which makes it easier to understand the concept.
History of Genetic Engineering
Tools of Genetic Engineering
Principles of rDNA technology
Applications of Genetic Engineering in agriculture medicine and orthodontics
This presentation gives an brief idea about the applications of genetic engineering which is of at most importance to humans. Provided along with this slide is an example which makes it easier to understand the concept.
Cell Biology and genetics paper - Mutation a basic touch to b.sc students with examples. DNA, genome, gene level mutation and chromosome level with examples. Touched some of the mutation types.
This is a brief overview of the Types of Mutation. I have compiled all the salient features of the Mutation and shared in this presentation, hope you guys like it.
Holding company first came into existence in the US. It was created to overcome the restrictions imposed by the Anti-trust legislation. They were formed because businessmen wanted to have concerns under common control and within the framework of law.
Under the companies Act, 1956, a holding company is any company which holds more than half of the equity share capital of other companies or controls the composition of the board of directors of other companies. Type of business organization that allows a firm (called parent) and its directors to control or influence other firms (called subsidiaries). This arrangement makes venturing outside one's core industry possible and, under certain conditions, to benefit from tax consolidation, sharing of operating losses, and ease of divestiture. The legal definition of a holding company varies with the legal system. Some require holding of a majority (80 percent) or the entire (100 percent) voting shares of the subsidiary whereas other require as little as five percent.
Account which is prepared in the books of head office related to branch to ascertion branch profit or loss are called branch Account and to record. The Transacetions in the bppk of head office related to branch account is called Branch Accounting.
To help in controlling branch activites.
2. To ascertain the profit or loss each branch separately.
3. To ascertain the financial position of each branch at the end of the accounting period.
4.To arress the progress and performance of each branch.
5. To ascertain the requirement of stock and each for each branch.
6. To ascertain whether the branch should be expanded or closed
The exact knowledge about the interior on the earth still remains an enigma.
Knowledge of the structure, composition, and the process going on within it would currently help scientists answer questions regarding crustal motion, earth quakes, the volcanic eruptions and the origins of the continents and of the earth itself. As the earth gradually solidified, heavier elements slowly sank towards the centre and lighter elements slowly moved upwards to the surface concentrating in the earth’s crust.
Earth’s interior is arranged roughly in concentric layers, each one distinct either in chemical composition or temperature with heat radiating outward from the centre by conduction and then by physical convection in the more plastic levels nearer the surface.
Magnetic properties of matter are their macroscopic behaviour in a magnetic field under varying conditions ; These are : permeability ,susceptibility, hysteresis retentivity and coercivity. Permeability : Suppose that a long unmagnetised bar of a substance is placed in a uniform magnetic field of induction B0. Before the specimen is introduced into the field it is represented by a set of parallel lines known as lines of inducton.
Map projection is a systematic drawing of parallel of latitudes and meridians of longitude on a plane surface for the whole earth or a part of it on a certain scale so that any point on the earth surface may correspond to that on the drawing.
Maps cannot be created without map projections. All map projections necessarily distort the surface in some fashion.
Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore, different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties.
There is no limit to the number of possible map projections.
Projectile is any object thrown into the space upon which the only acting force is gravity. The motion of a projectile is said to be projectile motion. When we throw a ball into the air (not vertically upwards), it describes a curved path. This curved path is called trajectory.
The golden rules in accounting or rules of debit and creditkaslinsas
Journal Entries cannot be recorded without some rules. The rules which are used to record a journal entry are called Golden rules of Accounting. It means debit the person who receives something from the business
Valuation means an estimation of the worth of something which is carried out by a professional valuer.
In context of finance items that are usually valued are financial asset (marketable securities, patent , goodwill) or liability (bond issued by company)
Taxus baccata commonly known as ‘Yew’, is an evergreen tree attaining a height of 9-20 metres with a massive trunk. Taxus is usually dioecious, but occasionally monoecious trees are also reported.
The reproductive structures become prominent on the plant in February-March. The male and female plants do not show any distinction in their vegetative organization. The differentiation between them can be made only when the plants are in the flowering or fruiting stage. Vegetative reproduction in Taxus is not known.
Bacteria are the simplest, the smallest, and the most successful microorganisms.
They were first discovered by Anton Leeuwenhoek (1676).
In the five kingdom classification, they are placed in Kingdom Monera. Reproduction: Vegetative Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction & Asexual Reproduction.
The genus Coleochaete is represented by about 10 species, out of which 3 species are found in India. They grow in fresh water either as epiphytes on different angiosperms. They show much variation in their heterotrichous nature. Due to well-developed prostrate system, it forms discoid thailus and looks like
pseudo- parenchyma of one cell in thickness.
Archaebacteria are the oldest organisms living on the Earth. They are
unicellular prokaryotes and belong to the kingdom, Archaea. They were first
discovered in 1977 and classified as bacteria. Most archaebacteria appear like
bacteria, when observed under the microscope. However, they are quite
different from bacteria and eukaryotic organisms.
Archaebacteria are found in very harsh conditions such as in the volcanic vents
or at the bottom of the sea. They can easily survive in such extreme
environment as sea vents releasing sulfide-rich gases, hot springs, or boiling
mud around volcanoes.
Potato is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible tubers. the leaves can reach 10–30 cm (4–12 in) in length and 5–15 cm (2–6 in) wide. The potato plant produces white or blue flowers and yellow-green berries. It is grown as annual plants, surviving only one growing season. It grows best in cooler climates. Potatoes require a deep, fertile, loose, well-draining soil with a pH between 5.8 and 6.5 and will grow optimally at daytime temperatures between 18 and 27°C (65–80°F) and night time temperatures between 12 and 18°C (55–65°F). Potatoes are usually grown from seed potatoes. Each piece of planting material should have at least two eyes. Seed potatoes and pieces can be planted 0–2 weeks after the last frost. All tubers should be harvested when the vines have died. Harvest the tubers by gently digging them up with a fork. Do not wash the tubers prior to storing. Potatoes can also be processed into starch, alcohol or flour.
Ginkgo is known as a Living Fossil.Anatomy of Ginkgo clearly shows primary and secondary structures. sex in Ginkgo is determined by sex chromosomes (XY in male and XX in female). Reproductive bodies of Ginkgo are most primitive among living seed plants except some Cycadales. Ginkgos are dioecious, with separate sexes, some trees being female and others being male. Male plants produce small pollen cones with sporophylls, each bearing two microsporangia spirally arranged around a central axis. Female plants do not produce cones. Two ovules are formed at the end of a stalk, and after pollination, one or both develop into seeds. The fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs via motile sperm, as in cycads, ferns, mosses and algae.
Chlamydomonas is unicellular, motile green algae. In this presentation the systematic position, occurrence, structure and different types of reproduction is being explained. palmella stage in vegetative reproduction is one of the outstanding character found among the other algae.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
1. Types of Mutation
Sr. Kaslin Juliat SAL
Assistant Professor
St. Xavier’s College, Mahuadanr,
Nilamber Pitamber University
2. A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA
sequence, either due to mistakes when DNA is
copied or as the result of environmental factors such
as UV light.
The DNA sequence of a gene can be altered in a
number of ways.
Gene mutations have varying effects on health,
depending on where they occur and whether they
alter the function of essential proteins.
5. A point mutation or substitution is a genetic mutation
where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or
deleted from a sequence of DNA or RNA.
Point mutation
6. Silent mutations are mutations in DNA
that do not have an observable effect on
the organism's phenotype. They are a
specific type of neutral mutation.
Silent mutations
7. Nonsense mutation
A nonsense mutation is also a change in one DNA
base pair.
Instead of substituting one amino acid for another,
however, the altered DNA sequence prematurely
signals the cell to stop building a protein.
This type of mutation results in a shortened protein
that may function improperly or not at all.
8. Missense mutation
This type of mutation is a change in one DNA
base pair that results in the substitution of one
amino acid for another in the protein made by a
gene.
9. Frameshift mutation
This type of mutation occurs when the addition or
loss of DNA bases changes a gene's reading frame.
A reading frame consists of groups of 3 bases that
each code for one amino acid.
A frameshift mutation shifts the grouping of these
bases and changes the code for amino acids.
The resulting protein is usually nonfunctional.
Insertions, deletions, and duplications can all be
frameshift mutations.
10. Deletion
A deletion changes the number of DNA bases by
removing a piece of DNA.
Small deletions may remove one or a few base pairs
within a gene, while larger deletions can remove an
entire gene or several neighboring genes.
The deleted DNA may alter the function of the
resulting protein(s).
11. Insertion
An insertion changes the number of DNA
bases in a gene by adding a piece of DNA.
As a result, the protein made by the gene may
not function properly.
13. Chromosome mutation
• A chromosome mutation is an unpredictable
change that occurs in a chromosome.
• These changes are most often brought on by
problems that occur during meiosis (division process
of gametes) or by mutagens (chemicals, radiation,
etc.).
14. Deletion
A small-scale type of deletion mutation
is one in which one or more nucleotides
are lost or deleted from the chromosome
15. Duplication
A type of mutation in which a portion of a genetic
material or a chromosome is duplicated or replicated,
resulting in multiple copies of that region.
Duplication results from an unequal crossing-over
between misaligned homologous chromosomes
during meiosis
16. Inversion Mutation
If two breaks occur in one chromosome, sometimes
the region between the breaks rotates 180 degrees
before rejoining with the two end fragments.
Such an event creates a chromosomal mutation called
an inversion.
17. Translocation mutation
Translocation mutations take place when a portion
of a chromosome is relocated.
The genes from one chromosome can move to
another position on the same chromosome;
alternatively, they can become incorporated into a
different chromosome.