There are slides about DNA replication and types of DNA.
Here we study about different enzymes of replication and its process.Places of enzyme action also shown in the slides.Different proteins are also discussed.
Genetic code, Deciphering of genetic code, properties of genetic code, Initiation & termination of codons, Gene Mutation, non sense codon, release factors, Transition , Trans versions
There are slides about DNA replication and types of DNA.
Here we study about different enzymes of replication and its process.Places of enzyme action also shown in the slides.Different proteins are also discussed.
Genetic code, Deciphering of genetic code, properties of genetic code, Initiation & termination of codons, Gene Mutation, non sense codon, release factors, Transition , Trans versions
Facts about DNA
Eukaryotic chromosomes
Chemical composition of eukaryotic chromosomes
Histones
Non-histone chromosomal protein
Scaffold proteins
Folded fibre model
Nucleosome model
H1 proteins
Histone modification
Chromatosome
Higher order of chromatin structure
Mechanism of DNA packaging
Conclusion
Reverse transcription of RNA is a process whereby RNA, typically messenger RNA is converted into complimentary DNA. The process was discovered by Howard Temin and John Baltimore when they observed that certain RNA viruses could revert to DNA. This was an important discovery that led to the discovery of enzymes classified as reverse transcriptases. Today Reverse Transcription is routinely applied in molecular biology laboratories to obtain the stable cDNA version of RNA for downstream analysis.
Dna supercoiling and role of topoisomerasesYashwanth B S
supercoiling is one of the important process to condenses the huge amount of DNA to fit inside the histone and its also plays a role during the replication ,transcription etc..,these activities is carried out by an enzyme called topoisomerases.
Facts about DNA
Eukaryotic chromosomes
Chemical composition of eukaryotic chromosomes
Histones
Non-histone chromosomal protein
Scaffold proteins
Folded fibre model
Nucleosome model
H1 proteins
Histone modification
Chromatosome
Higher order of chromatin structure
Mechanism of DNA packaging
Conclusion
Reverse transcription of RNA is a process whereby RNA, typically messenger RNA is converted into complimentary DNA. The process was discovered by Howard Temin and John Baltimore when they observed that certain RNA viruses could revert to DNA. This was an important discovery that led to the discovery of enzymes classified as reverse transcriptases. Today Reverse Transcription is routinely applied in molecular biology laboratories to obtain the stable cDNA version of RNA for downstream analysis.
Dna supercoiling and role of topoisomerasesYashwanth B S
supercoiling is one of the important process to condenses the huge amount of DNA to fit inside the histone and its also plays a role during the replication ,transcription etc..,these activities is carried out by an enzyme called topoisomerases.
In contrast to DNA damage, a mutation is a change in the base sequence of the DNA. A mutation cannot be recognized by enzymes once the base change is present in both DNA strands, and thus a mutation cannot be repaired. At the cellular level, mutations can cause alterations in protein function and regulation.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
2. Outlines :-
A. Introduction.
B. What's meant by DNA Denaturation.
C. Causes of DNA Denaturation.
D. Characters of Denatured DNA .
E. Diseases caused by DNA Denaturation.
F. DNA renaturation.
G. Application on DNA denaturation and renaturation.
H. References.
I. Participants.
3. A. Introduction
-DNA is a double helix
composed of 2 strands
running in opposite
directions .
-Each strand composed of
backbone of deoxy-ribose
“sugar molecules linked
together by phosphate
linkage” .
4. •Each sugar molecule covalently
linked to one of four bases
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
and Thymine.
•The two strands connected
together by H-bond.
5. A.2. Function of DNA.
1. Stores an organism genetic material in the nuclei.
2. Replicates itself when dividing.
3. Provide code or template for particular
sequencing of amino acid that bond together and
make protein.
6. B.“DNA Denaturation” Definition
DNA Denaturation is the
separation of a double strand into
two single strands, which occurs
when the hydrogen bonds
between the strands are broken.
7. C.Causes of Denaturation.
Denaturation can occur when proteins
and nucleic acids are subjected to :
1-elevated temperature.
2-extremes of pH.
3-nonphysiological concentrations of
salt, organic solvents, urea, or other
chemical agents.
8. C.1-elevated temperature.
The most common
type of denaturation is
thermal denatuation.
Tm : temp at which
DNA is half denatured.
*above Tm DNA is
single strands.
*below tm DNA is
double strands.
9. C.2-extremes of pH
At high PH the hydroxide
ions (( negatively charged
ions )) can pull hydrogen
ions from base pairs –
forming H bond between
two strands – causing
them to separate.
10. C.3 non physiological salts
Low salt concentration could also denature
DNA double-strands by removing ions that
stabilize the negative charges on the two
strands from each other.
11. D. Characters of Denatured DNA
1. Hyperchromic : increase the absorbance (A260)
upon denaturation.
2. The rate of increase in absorbance is directly
proportional to the rate of denaturation.
3. Viscosity decrease upon denaturation.
12. E.Diseases caused by DNA denaturation
DNA repair deficiency disorder is a medical condition due to
reduce functionality of DNA repair .
DNA repair defects can cause both an accelerated aging
disease and an increase risk of cancer.
Examples for DNA defects accelerated aging :
1.Bloom syndrome.
2.Fanconi`s anemia.
3.Xeroderma pigmentosum.
13. DNA repair defects and increased cancer risk :
When a mutation is present in a DNA repair
gene, the repair gene will either not be
expressed or expressed in an altered form so
the repair function will likely be deficient .
DNA synthesis leading to mutations , some of
which may give rise to cancer .
14. F.DNA Renaturation
Renaturation or annealing :
I. is the formation of base repairs and complementary strands
of DNA come back together.
II. Renaturation occurs if double stranded DNA is heated
above tm then the temperature is slowly decreased under
appropriate conditions.
15. F.Applications on DNA denaturation and renaturation
1. Understanding the genome size and
complexity.
1. Understanding genetic relatedness.
2. Understanding relative proportion of
single copy and repetitive sequences.