Cell Biology and genetics paper - Mutation a basic touch to b.sc students with examples. DNA, genome, gene level mutation and chromosome level with examples. Touched some of the mutation types.
Cell Biology and genetics paper - Mutation a basic touch to b.sc students with examples. DNA, genome, gene level mutation and chromosome level with examples. Touched some of the mutation types.
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extra chromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
Mutations result from errors during DNA replication (especially during meiosis) or other types of damage to DNA (such as may be caused by exposure to radiation or carcinogens), which then may undergo error-prone repair or cause an error during other forms of repair,
A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when DNA is copied or as the result of environmental factors such as UV light. The DNA sequence of a gene can be altered in a number of ways. Gene mutations have varying effects on health, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. Mutations are two types that are Gene mutation and Chromosome mutation. Gene mutation are further divided into Point and frameshift mutation. Point mutation are three types ie. Silent mutation, Missense mutation and Nonsense mutation. Frameshift mutation are of two types that are addition and deletion. Chromosome mutations are further classified into Deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation.
This is a brief overview of the Types of Mutation. I have compiled all the salient features of the Mutation and shared in this presentation, hope you guys like it.
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extra chromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
Mutations result from errors during DNA replication (especially during meiosis) or other types of damage to DNA (such as may be caused by exposure to radiation or carcinogens), which then may undergo error-prone repair or cause an error during other forms of repair,
A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when DNA is copied or as the result of environmental factors such as UV light. The DNA sequence of a gene can be altered in a number of ways. Gene mutations have varying effects on health, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. Mutations are two types that are Gene mutation and Chromosome mutation. Gene mutation are further divided into Point and frameshift mutation. Point mutation are three types ie. Silent mutation, Missense mutation and Nonsense mutation. Frameshift mutation are of two types that are addition and deletion. Chromosome mutations are further classified into Deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation.
This is a brief overview of the Types of Mutation. I have compiled all the salient features of the Mutation and shared in this presentation, hope you guys like it.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. WHAT IS MUTATION ?
Mutations are the changes in the genetic material , therefore
change in the Gene segment .
In a gene mutations, the DNA code will have a base missing ,
added or exchanged in the codon .
Mutation is a need for evolution because it is not always
harmful .
Causes of mutation :-
Spontaneous – DNA goes chemical change , Replcation error
Induced – Mutagens,carcinogen,Radiation,chemicals etc.
Mutation can be of two types :-
Chromosomal mutation
Gene mutation
6. GENE MUTATION
It is the change in the particular segment of the
gene which leads to the change of the sequence .
Gene mutations on the basis of occurence:-
i. Hereditary mutations are inherited from a parent and are present
throughout a person’s life in virtually every cell in the body
ii. Acquired (or somatic) mutations occur at some time during a
person’s life and are present only in certain cells, not in every cell
in the body
Gene mutation is of two types :-
i. Point mutation
ii. Frameshift mutation
7. POINT MUTATION
One or more bases are inserted into the orignal DNA base sequence
This is sometime called as frameshift mutation because it shifts the
codon reading frame
Substitution mutation comes under point mutation and the most
common example of it is sickle cell anemia .
8. SUSTITUTION MUTATION
Sickle cell anemia is the result of a point mutation, a change in just one
nucleotide in the gene for hemoglobin i.e Glutamine is changed to Valine.
This mutation causes the hemoglobin in red blood cells to distort to a sickle
shape when deoxygenated. The sickle-shaped blood cells clog in the
capillaries, cutting off circulation
9. INSERTION
An insertion changes the number of DNA bases in a
gene by adding a base to DNA. As a result, the protein
made by the gene may not function properly.
10. DELETION
A deletion changes the number of DNA bases by
removing a base of DNA. Small deletions may remove
one or a few base pairs within a gene,
11. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Each SNP represents a
difference in a
single DNA building block,
called a nucleotide.
Most commonly, these
variations are found in
the DNA between genes.
List of SNPs causing genes
can be found in SNP
database developed by
NCBI
12. SYNONYMOUS MUTATION
Synonymous mutations are point mutations, they are just a miscopied DNA
nucleotide that only changes one base pair in the RNA copy of the DNA.
A codon in RNA is a set of three nucleotides that encode a specific amino
acid. Most amino acids have several RNA codons that translate into that
particular amino acid.
Most of the time, if the third nucleotide is the one with the mutation, it will
result in coding for the same amino acid. This is called a synonymous
mutation
Synonymous mutations do not change anything and no changes are made.
That means they have no real role in the evolution of species since the gene
or protein is not changed in any way. Like - GAT or GAC both codes for
aspartic acid ; GAA or GAG both code for Glutamic acid .
13. SILENT MUTATION
Silent mutations are base substitutions that result in no
change of the amino acid or amino acid functionality
when the altered messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated.
14. NON –SYNONYMOUS MUTATION
Non-synonymous mutations have a much greater effect on an individual
than a synonymous mutation. In a non-synonymous mutation, there is
usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide in the sequence during
transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA.
This single missing or added nucleotide causes a frameshift mutation which
throws off the entire reading frame of the amino acid sequence and mixes
up the codons. This usually affect the amino acids that are coded for and
change the resulting protein that is expressed.
The severity of this kind of mutation depends on how early in the amino
acid sequence it happens. If it happens near the beginning and the entire
protein is changed, this could become a lethal mutation.
Another way a non-synonymous mutation can occur is if the point mutation
changes the single nucleotide into a codon that does not translate into the
same amino acid . Like – GGA (glycine) to AGA (arginine) ; CAA
(Glutamine) to CAC (Histidine) .
15. MIS SENSE MUTATION
This type of mutation is a change in one DNA
base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid
for another in the protein made by a gene.
16. NON SENSE MUTATION
A non sense codon is the substitution of a stop codon
for original codon .
It causes the termination of the Protein synthesis
If it is near at the start causes whole loss of the gene
segment
17.
18. FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotide
Which changes the reading frame which leads to the formation
of the incorrect protein.
INSERTION of the new base in the DNA sequence and
DELETION of the base in the DNA sequence leads to the shift
in the frame .
A frameshift mutation is not same as the single nucleotide
polymorphism ,in which single nucleotide is replaced rather
than insertion or deletion .
19.
20. INSERTION
An insertion changes the number of DNA bases in a gene
by adding a piece of DNA. As a result, the whole
sequence changes and the protein made by the gene may
not function properly.
22. DELETION
A deletion changes the number of DNA bases by removing
a piece of DNA which results in removal of an entire gene
or several neighboring genes. The deleted DNA alter the
function of the resulting protein .
Eg- cystic fibrosis
24. STOP LOSS STOP GAIN
A stop-loss mutation is the
loss of the
normal stop codon
by mutation to encode an
amino acid.
This will result in the
extension of the carboxyl
terminus of the protein
until the next stop codon
is encountered
Which cause a elongated
protein formation
A stop-Gain mutation is
the gain of the
normal stop codon
by mutation .
This will result in the
termination of the protein
chain early .
Which cause a no protein
formation
25. GENETIC DISORDER
Disorders are caused by changes to the genes and
chromosomes that result in the protein not being
expressed or the protein expressed not functioning
correctly . Examples :-
Duchenne muscular dystrophy