Flame photometry is a technique that uses the characteristic emissions of light from atoms excited in a flame to detect the presence of certain metal ions. When a sample containing metal ions is introduced into a flame, the metal ions are atomized and excited. As they return to lower energy states, they emit light of characteristic wavelengths. A photodetector measures the intensity of emitted light, which corresponds to the concentration of the metal ion in the original sample. Flame photometry is useful for quantitative analysis of metals like sodium, potassium, lithium, and calcium in applications such as clinical analysis of body fluids and agricultural soil testing.
In this slide contains Interference In Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and applications.
Presented by: Shaik Gouse ul azam. ( department of pharmaceutical analysis.)
RIPER, anantpur.
In this slide contains Interference In Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and applications.
Presented by: Shaik Gouse ul azam. ( department of pharmaceutical analysis.)
RIPER, anantpur.
Different Sources of radiation used in UV VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY ANIT Thakur
1. Basics terminology, Transmittance and Absorbance
2. Lamberts Beers Law
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Lambers Beers Law.
Different Sources of UV Visible spectroscopy,
Hydrogen lamp. deutorium lamp. tugsten filament lamp. mercury lamp. xenon lamp. LEDS. and their advantages and disadvantages.
Fluorimetry, principle, Concept of singlet,doublet,and triplet electronic sta...Vandana Devesh Sharma
Content-Principle
concept of singlet, doublet and triplet electronic stages,
Internal and external conversions,
Factors affecting fluorescence,
quenching,
Instrumentation and
applications
Types of luminescence including
bioluminescence,
chemiluminescence,
Fluorescence, and
phosphorescence
These various forms of luminescence differ in their method of emitting light.
Bioluminescence
Chemiluminescence
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore a lower photon energy, than the absorbed radiation
In fluorescence, absorption and emission light takes place in very short time (10-12 or 10-9 seconds)
Fluorescence starts immediately after the absorption of light and stops as soon as the incident light is cut off
Eg -The fluorescent clothes, shoes
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore a lower photon energy, than the absorbed radiation
In fluorescence, absorption and emission light takes place in very short time (10-12 or 10-9 seconds)
Fluorescence starts immediately after the absorption of light and stops as soon as the incident light is cut off
Eg -The fluorescent clothes, shoes
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore a lower photon energy, than the absorbed radiation
In fluorescence, absorption and emission light takes place in very short time (10-12 or 10-9 seconds)
Fluorescence starts immediately after the absorption of light and stops as soon as the incident light is cut off
Eg -The fluorescent clothes, shoes
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore a lower photon energy, than the absorbed radiation
In fluorescence, absorption and emission light takes place in very short time (10-12 or 10-9 seconds)
Fluorescence starts immediately after the absorption of light and stops as soon as the incident light is cut off
Eg -The fluorescent clothes, shoes
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore a lower photon energy, than the absorbed radiation
In fluorescence, absorption and emission light takes place in very short time (10-12 or 10-9 seconds) Fluorimetry
An analytical technique for identifying and characterizing minute amounts of substance by excitation of the substance with a beam of ultraviolet/Visible light and detection and measurement of the characteristic wavelength of fluorescent light emitted.Excited – State Processes in molecules
NMR Instrumentation
ppt
Magnet
Permanent and conventional electromagnets
The Magnetic Field Sweep
Sweep Generator
frequency sweep method
field sweep method
The Sample Holder
The Sample Probe
Radio Frequency Generator
Oscillator
Radio Frequency Receiver
Amplifier
The Signal Detector and Recording System
NMR Instrumentation
ppt
Magnet
Permanent and conventional electromagnets
The Magnetic Field Sweep
Sweep Generator
frequency sweep method
field sweep method
The Sample Holder
The Sample Probe
Radio Frequency Generator
Oscillator
Radio Frequency Receiver
Amplifier
The Signal Detector and Recording System
Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared
region of the electromagnetic spectrum, that is light with a longer wavelength and
lower frequency than visible light.
Infrared Spectroscopy is the analysis of infrared light interacting with a molecule.
Different Sources of radiation used in UV VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY ANIT Thakur
1. Basics terminology, Transmittance and Absorbance
2. Lamberts Beers Law
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Lambers Beers Law.
Different Sources of UV Visible spectroscopy,
Hydrogen lamp. deutorium lamp. tugsten filament lamp. mercury lamp. xenon lamp. LEDS. and their advantages and disadvantages.
Fluorimetry, principle, Concept of singlet,doublet,and triplet electronic sta...Vandana Devesh Sharma
Content-Principle
concept of singlet, doublet and triplet electronic stages,
Internal and external conversions,
Factors affecting fluorescence,
quenching,
Instrumentation and
applications
Types of luminescence including
bioluminescence,
chemiluminescence,
Fluorescence, and
phosphorescence
These various forms of luminescence differ in their method of emitting light.
Bioluminescence
Chemiluminescence
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore a lower photon energy, than the absorbed radiation
In fluorescence, absorption and emission light takes place in very short time (10-12 or 10-9 seconds)
Fluorescence starts immediately after the absorption of light and stops as soon as the incident light is cut off
Eg -The fluorescent clothes, shoes
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore a lower photon energy, than the absorbed radiation
In fluorescence, absorption and emission light takes place in very short time (10-12 or 10-9 seconds)
Fluorescence starts immediately after the absorption of light and stops as soon as the incident light is cut off
Eg -The fluorescent clothes, shoes
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore a lower photon energy, than the absorbed radiation
In fluorescence, absorption and emission light takes place in very short time (10-12 or 10-9 seconds)
Fluorescence starts immediately after the absorption of light and stops as soon as the incident light is cut off
Eg -The fluorescent clothes, shoes
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore a lower photon energy, than the absorbed radiation
In fluorescence, absorption and emission light takes place in very short time (10-12 or 10-9 seconds)
Fluorescence starts immediately after the absorption of light and stops as soon as the incident light is cut off
Eg -The fluorescent clothes, shoes
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore a lower photon energy, than the absorbed radiation
In fluorescence, absorption and emission light takes place in very short time (10-12 or 10-9 seconds) Fluorimetry
An analytical technique for identifying and characterizing minute amounts of substance by excitation of the substance with a beam of ultraviolet/Visible light and detection and measurement of the characteristic wavelength of fluorescent light emitted.Excited – State Processes in molecules
NMR Instrumentation
ppt
Magnet
Permanent and conventional electromagnets
The Magnetic Field Sweep
Sweep Generator
frequency sweep method
field sweep method
The Sample Holder
The Sample Probe
Radio Frequency Generator
Oscillator
Radio Frequency Receiver
Amplifier
The Signal Detector and Recording System
NMR Instrumentation
ppt
Magnet
Permanent and conventional electromagnets
The Magnetic Field Sweep
Sweep Generator
frequency sweep method
field sweep method
The Sample Holder
The Sample Probe
Radio Frequency Generator
Oscillator
Radio Frequency Receiver
Amplifier
The Signal Detector and Recording System
Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared
region of the electromagnetic spectrum, that is light with a longer wavelength and
lower frequency than visible light.
Infrared Spectroscopy is the analysis of infrared light interacting with a molecule.
A technique to determine concentration of elements in the solution by aspirating this sample into flame. Evaporation, Atomization, Excitation ,Emission and Ionization occur in the flame.
Flame photometry OR Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry is a branch of spectroscopy in which the species examined in the spectrometer are in the form of atoms.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. INTRODUCTION
Atomic spectroscopy is thought to be the oldest instrumental method for the determination of elements.
These techniques are introduced in the mid of 19th Century during which Bunsen and Kirchhoff showed that the
radiation emitted from the flames depends on the characteristic element present in the flame.
Flame photometry (more accurately called Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry)is a branch of spectroscopy in which
the species examined in the spectrometer are in the form of atoms.
A photoelectric flame photometer is an instrument used in inorganic chemical analysis to determine the concentration
of certain metal ions among them sodium, potassium, calcium and lithium.
Flame Photometry is based on measurement of intensity of the light emitted when a metal is introduced into flame.
The wavelength of colour tells what the element is (qualitative)
The colour's intensity tells us how much of the element present (quantitative)
3. BASIC CONCEPT
Liquid sample contaning metal salt solution is
introduced into a flame,
Solvent is first vaporized, leaving particles of
solid salt which is then vaporised into gaseous
state
Gaseous molecule dissociate to give
neutral atoms which can be excited (made
unstable) by thermal energy of flame
The unstable excited
atoms emit photons
while returning to
lower energy state.
The measurement
of emitted photons
forms the basis of
flame photometry.
4. PRINCIPAL
The basic principle upon which Atomic Spectroscopy works is
based on the fact that "Matter absorbs light at the same
wavelength at which it emits light".
Atoms of elements is subjected to hot flame specific
thermal energy absorbed by orbital electrons become
unstable at high energy level release energy as photons of
particular wavelength change back to ground state.
5. PRINCIPAL
• When a metal salt solution is burned, the metal provides
a colored flame and each metal ion gives a different
colored flame.
• Flame tests, therefore, can be used to test for the absence
or presence of a metal ion.
7. STRUCTURE OF FLAME
As seen in the figure, the
flame may be divided into the
following regions or zones.
•Preheating zones
•Primary reaction zone or inner zone
•Internal zone
•Secondary reaction zone
8. preheating zone- In this,
combustion mixture is heated
to the ignition temperature by
thermal conduction from the
primary reaction zone.
primary reaction zone- This
zone is about 0.1 mm thick at
atmospheric pressure
There is no thermodynamic
equilibrium in this zone and
the concentration of ions and
free radicals is very high.
This region is not used for
flame photometry.
interconal zone – It can extend
up to considerable height. The
maximum temperature is
achieved just above the tip of
the inner zone.
This zone is used for flame
photometry.
secondary reaction zone - In
this zone, the products of the
combustion processes are
burnt to stable molecular
species by the surrounding air.
Structure of Flame
10. Chemical interferences: The chemical interferences
arise out of the reaction between different
interferents and the analyte. Includes:
Cation-anaion interference:
The presence of certain anions, such as oxalate,
phosphate, sulfate, in a solution may affect the
intensity of radiation emitted by an element. E.g.,
calcium + phosphate ion forms a stable substance, as
Ca3(PO4)2 which does not decompose easily,
resulting in the production of lesser atoms.
Cation-cation interference:
These interferences are neither spectral nor ionic in
nature
Eg. aluminum interferes with calcium and magnesium.
13. INSTRUMENTATION
1. Source of flame
A burner that provides
flame and can be
maintained in a
constant form and at a
constant temperature.
2. Nebuliser and mixing
chamber
Helps to transport the
homogeneous solution
of the substance into
the flame at a steady
rate.
15. 4. Photo detector
Detect the emitted
light and measure the
intensity of radiation
emitted by the flame.
That is, the emitted
radiation is converted
to an electrical signal
with the help of photo
detector.
The produced
electrical signals are
directly proportional to
the intensity of light.
17. Mechanism of working
Nebulisation
The solution of the substance
to be analyzed is first placed
into the burner, which is then
dispersed into the flame as
fine spray particles.
18. Mechanism
1.The solvent is first evaporated
leaving fine divided solid particles.
2. This solid particles move towards the
flame, where the gaseous atoms and
ions are produced.
3. The ions absorb the energy from the
flame and excited to high energy levels.
4. When the atoms return to the ground
state radiation of the element is
emitted.
5.The intensity of emitted light is related
to the concentration of the element
19. Events occurring in the flame
Flame photometry employs a variety of
fuels mainly air, oxygen or nitrous oxide
(N2O) as oxidant. The temperatureof the
flame depends on fuel-oxidant ratio.
20. Events occurring in the flame
The various processes in
the flame are discussed
below:
Desolvation: The metal
particles in the flame are
dehydrated by the flame
and hence the solvent is
evaporated.
Vapourisation: The metal
particles in the sample
are dehydrated. This also
led to the evaporation of
the solvent.
Atomization: Reduction of
metal ions in the solvent
to metal atoms by the
flame heat.
21. Events occurring in the flame
Excitation: The
electrostatic force of
attraction between the
electrons and nucleus of
the atom helps them to
absorb a particular
amount of energy. The
atoms then jump to the
exited energy state.
Emission process: Since
the higher energy state is
unstable the atoms jump
back to the stable low
energy state with the
emission of energy in the
form of radiation of
characteristic wavelength,
which is measured by the
photo detector.
22. APPLICATIONS OF FLAME PHOTOMETRY…
Flame photometer has both quantitative and qualitative applications.
Flame photometer with monochromators emits radiations of characteristic wavelengths which help to
detect the presence of a particular metal in the sample.
In agriculture, the fertilizer requirement of the soil is analyzed by flame test analysis of the soil.
In clinical field, Na+ and K+ ions in body fluids, muscles and heart can be determined by diluting the blood
serum and aspiration into the flame.
Analysis of soft drinks, fruit juices and alcoholic beverages can also be analyzed by using flame photometry.
23. ADVANTAGES
Simple quantitative analytical test based on the flame analysis.
Inexpensive.
The determination of elements such as alkali and alkaline earth metals is
performed easily with most reliable and convenient methods.
Quite quick, convenient, and selective and sensitive to even parts per million
(ppm) to parts per billion (ppb) range.
24. The concentration of the metal ion in the solution
cannot be measured accurately..
A standard solution with known molarities is
required for determining the
concentration of the ions which will corresponds to
the emission spectra.
It is difficult to obtain the accurate results of ions with
higher concentration.
The information about the molecular structure of the
compound present in the sample solution cannot be
determined.
The elements such as carbon, hydrogen and halides
cannot be detected due to its non radiating nature.
Disadvantages: