Atomic absorption spectroscopy is an analytical technique that measures the concentration of elements by detecting the amount of light absorbed by atoms in the gaseous state at specific wavelengths. It works by vaporizing and atomizing samples using a flame or graphite furnace, then measuring the absorption of light from a hollow cathode lamp at characteristic wavelengths. The instrument consists of a light source, atomizer, monochromator, detector, and readout system. Calibration curves of concentration versus absorption are used to determine unknown concentrations in samples. Potential interferences can affect the analysis and must be minimized. Atomic absorption spectroscopy has various applications in fields like metallurgy, pharmaceutical analysis, and biochemical analysis.
In this slide contains Interference In Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and applications.
Presented by: Shaik Gouse ul azam. ( department of pharmaceutical analysis.)
RIPER, anantpur.
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
In this slide contains Interference In Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and applications.
Presented by: Shaik Gouse ul azam. ( department of pharmaceutical analysis.)
RIPER, anantpur.
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
This presentation gives you thorough knowledge about the IR Spectroscopy. This include basic principle, type of vibrations, factors influencing vibrational frequency, instrumentation and applications of IR Spectroscopy. This is the most widely used technique for identifying unknown functional group depending on the vibrational frequency.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
Detectors are the brain of any chromatograhic system. It help us to record the chromatogram based on certain characteristics of the analyte and help us in identifying that compound both qualitatively and quantitatively.
In this slide contains principle, instrumentation, methodology, and application of gel chromatography.
Presented by: SATHEES CHANDRA (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
principle, application and instrumentation of UV- visible Spectrophotometer Ayetenew Abita Desa
This Presentation powerpoint includes the principle, application, and instrumentation of UV- Visible Spectrophotometer. It covers beer-lambert low and its quantitative applications. It also includes the qualitative applications in different fields of study. Presented at Addis Ababa University, School of medicine, department of medical biochemistry.
It would be use full to All Needy People. It involve information about NMR Spectroscopy ( a spectroscopic techniques), factors influencing , proton NMR and their applications of NMR as well as Nuclear magnetic imaging.
This presentation gives you thorough knowledge about the IR Spectroscopy. This include basic principle, type of vibrations, factors influencing vibrational frequency, instrumentation and applications of IR Spectroscopy. This is the most widely used technique for identifying unknown functional group depending on the vibrational frequency.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
Detectors are the brain of any chromatograhic system. It help us to record the chromatogram based on certain characteristics of the analyte and help us in identifying that compound both qualitatively and quantitatively.
In this slide contains principle, instrumentation, methodology, and application of gel chromatography.
Presented by: SATHEES CHANDRA (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
principle, application and instrumentation of UV- visible Spectrophotometer Ayetenew Abita Desa
This Presentation powerpoint includes the principle, application, and instrumentation of UV- Visible Spectrophotometer. It covers beer-lambert low and its quantitative applications. It also includes the qualitative applications in different fields of study. Presented at Addis Ababa University, School of medicine, department of medical biochemistry.
It would be use full to All Needy People. It involve information about NMR Spectroscopy ( a spectroscopic techniques), factors influencing , proton NMR and their applications of NMR as well as Nuclear magnetic imaging.
Pharmaceuticals: In some pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, minute quantities of a catalyst used in the process (usually a metal) are sometimes present in the final product. By using AAS the amount of catalyst present can be determined.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is a spectro analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements by free atoms in the gaseous state.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is based on absorption of light by free metallic ions.
In analytical chemistry the technique is used for determining the concentration of a particular element (the analyte) in a sample to be analyzed. AAS can be used to determine over 70 different elements in solution, or directly in solid samples via electrothermal vaporization
Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is an analytical technique that measures the concentrations of elements.
Atomic absorption is so sensitive that it can measure down to parts per billion of a gram (µg dm–3 ) in a sample.
The technique makes use of the wavelengths of light specifically absorbed by an element. They correspond to the energies needed to promote electrons from one energy level to another, higher, energy level.
Atomic absorption spectrometry has many uses in different areas of chemistry.
Clinical analysis : Analysing metals in biological fluids such as blood and urine.
Environmental analysis: Monitoring our environment – eg finding out the levels of various elements in rivers, seawater, drinking water, air, petrol and drinks such as wine, beer and fruit drinks.
The technique makes use of the atomic absorption spectrum of a sample in order to assess the concentration of specific analytes within it. It requires standards with known analyte content to establish the relation between the measured absorbance and the analyte concentration and relies therefore on the [Beer–Lambert law].
The electrons within an atom exist at various energy levels. When the atom is exposed to its own unique wavelength, it can absorb the energy (photons) and electrons move from a ground state to excited states.
The radiant energy absorbed by the electrons is directly related to the transition that occurs during this process.
Furthermore, since the electronic structure of every element is unique, the radiation absorbed represents a unique property of each individual element and it can be measured.
An atomic absorption spectrometer uses these basic principles and applies them in practical quantitative analysis
A typical atomic absorption spectrometer consists of four main components:
Atomization
Light source,
Atomization system,
Monochromator &
Detection system
Atomization can be carried out either by a flame or furnace.
Heat energy is utilized in atomic absorption spectroscopy to convert metallic elements to atomic dissociated vapor.
The temperature should be controlled very carefully for the conversion of atomic vapor.
At too high temperatures, atoms
a brief discussion of AAS, an analytical technique use for heavy metal analysis. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a quantitative method of analysis of any kind of sample; that is applicable to many metals
AAS can be used to determine over 70 different elements in solution, or directly in solid samples via electro thermal vaporization.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is a very common technique for detecting metals and metalloids in samples.
It is very reliable and simple to use.
It also measures the concentration of metals in the sample.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is an analytical technique that measures the concentration of an element by measuring the amount of light that is absorbed at a characteristic wavelength when it passes through cloud of atoms
As the number of atoms in the light path increases, the amount of light absorbed increases.
Applications: Presence of metals as an impurity or in alloys can be perform.
Level of metals could be detected in tissue samples like Aluminum in blood and Copper in brain tissues.
Due to wear and tear there are different sorts of metals which are given in the lubrication oils which could be determined for the analysis of conditions of machines.
Determination of elements in the agricultural samples.
Water sample analysis (e.g. Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, Al, Ba content).
Food sample analysis.
Analysis of animal feedstuffs (e.g. Mn, Fe, Cu, Cr, Se, Zn).
Analysis of additives in lubricating oils and greases (Ba, Ca, Na, Li, Zn, Mg). analysis of soils.
Clinical sample analysis (blood samples: whole blood, plasma, serum; Ca, Mg, Li, Na, K, Fe).
Analysis of Environmental samples such as- drinking water, ocean water, soil.
Pharmaceutical sample Analysis: Estimation of zinc in insulin preparation, calcium in calcium salt is done by using AAS. Principle: The sample, in solution, is aspirated as a spray into a chamber, where it is mixed with air and fuel.
This mixture passes through baffles, here large drops fall and are drained off. Only fine droplets reach the flame.
Light from the hollow-cathode lamp passes through the sample of ground-state atoms in the flame.
The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration.
The element being determined must be reduced to the elemental state, vaporized, and imposed in the beam of the radiation in the source.
When a ground-state atom absorbs light energy, an excited atom is produced.
The excited atom then returns to the ground state, emitting light of the same energy as it absorbed.
The flame sample thus contains a dynamic population of ground-state and excited atoms, both absorbing and emitting radiant energy. The emitted energy from the flame will go in all directions, and it will be a steady emission.
Because the purpose of the instrument is to measure the amount of light absorbed, the light detector must be able to distinguish between the light beam emitted by the hollow cathode lamp and that emitted by excited atoms in the flame.
A presentation containing the Principle, shematic diagram, omponents of the instrument, working of the instrument, application, advantages and disadvantages of the instrument.
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY by Faizan AkramFaizan Akram
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a sample. Atomic absorption spectroscopy can be used to analyze the concentration of over 62 different metals in a solution.
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
PRINCIPLE AND THEORY OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
INSTRUMENTATION OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
APPLICATIONS & INTERFERENCE OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
NOTES ON ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Body fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptx
Atomic absorption spectroscopy
1. ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
GUIDED BY
Dr. S. S. PAWAR
PREPARED BY
VINAYAK R BODHANKAR
M PHARM (SEM-I)
P’CEUTICAL QUALITYASSURANCE
ROLL NO. : 01
Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education &
Research, Kopargaon
3. INTRODUCTION
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is a very common
technique for detecting metals and metalloids in
samples.
It is very reliable and simple to use.
It also measures the concentration of metals in the
sample.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is an analytical
technique that measures the concentration of an
element by measuring the amount of light that is
absorbed at a characteristic wavelength when it
passes through cloud of atoms
As the number of atoms in the light path increases, the
amount of light absorbed increases.
4. HISTORY OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY
The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was first used
as analytical technique in the second half of 19th
century by Robert Bunsen and Robert Kirchhoff.
The modern form of Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy was largely developed during the
1950s by a team of Australian chemists.
They were led by Sir Alan Walsh at the Common
wealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization (CSIRO)
5. PRINCIPLE OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY
The technique uses basically the principle that free
atoms generated in an atomizer can absorb radiation
at specific frequency.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy quantifies the
absorption of ground state atoms in the gaseous
state.
The atoms absorb UV or visible light & make
transition to higher electronic energy level. The
analyte concentration is determined from the amount
of absorption.
Concentration measurements are usually determined
from a working curve after the instrument with
standards of known concentration.
6. INSTRUMENTATION
Parts of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer :
Light source
Nebulizer
Atomizer
Monochromator
Detector and amplifier
Read out system
8. LIGHT SOURCE
Hollow cathode lamp are the most common radiation
source in AAS.
It contains a tungsten anode and a hollow cylindrical
cathode .
These are sealed in a glass tube filled with an inert gas.
(mainly neon or argon)
Each elements has its own unique lamp which must be
used for that analysis
9. NEBULIZER
Nebulizer suck up liquid samples at controlled rate.
Create a fine aerosol spray for introduction into the flame.
Mix the aerosol and fuel and oxidant thoroughly for
introduction into flame.
10. ATOMIZER
Elements to be analysed needs to in atomic state and
this is done by means of atomizer.
Atomization is separation of particles into individual
molecules and breaking molecules into atoms.
This is done by exposing the analyte to high temperature
in a flame or graphite furnace.
The atomizers most commonly used nowadays are
(spectroscopic) flames and electrothermal (graphite tube)
atomizers.
11. FLAME ATOMIZATION
Nebulizer suck up liquid sample at controlled rate and
creates a fine aerosol spray for introduction into flame.
To create flame, we need to mix an oxidant gas and a
fuel gas.
In most of the cases air – acetylene flame or nitrous
oxide acetylene flame is used.
Liquids or dissolved samples are typically used with
flame atomizer.
Steps in flame atomization :
12. ELECTRO THERMAL ATOMIZATION
It uses a graphite coated furnace to vaporize the sample.
Samples are deposited in a small graphite coated tube
which then heated to vaporize and atomize the analyte.
The graphite tubes are heated using a high current power
supply.
Steps in electro thermal atomization : Drying
Pyrolysis
Atomization
Cleaning
13. MONOCHROMATOR
This is very important part in an AAS.
It is used to separate out all of the thousand of
lines.
A monochromator is used to select the specific
wavelength of light which is absorbed by the
sample and to remove other wavelengths.
The selection of the specific light allows the
determination of the selected element in the
presence of others.
14. DETECTOR AND AMPLIFIER
The light selected by the monochromator is directed onto
a detector whose function is convert the light signal into
an electrical signal.
Photomultiplier tube detector is mainly used.
The processing of electrical signal is fulfilled by a signal
amplifier.
The amplified signal is then displayed on read out system
or fed into a data station for printout by the requested
format.
15. CALIBRATION CURVE
A calibration curve is used to determine the unknown
concentration of an element in a sample.
The instrument is calibrated using several solutions of
known concentrations.
The absorbance of each known solution is measured &
then a calibration curve of concentrations vs absorbance
is plotted.
The sample solution is fed into instrument & the
absorbance of the element in the solution is measured.
The unknown concentration of element is then calculated
from the calibration curve.
16. INTERFERENCES IN ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY
Interference is a phenomenon that leads to change in
intensity of analyte signal in spectroscopy.
Interferences in AAS fall into two basic categories :
1. Non-Spectral Interferences
affect the formation of analyte items.
2. Spectral Interferences :
high light absorption due to presence of
absorbing species
- Matrix interference
- Chemical interference
- Ionization interfernce
17. NON-SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES
Matrix interferences :
When a sample is more viscous or has different surface tension
than the standard it result in difference in sample uptake rate due
to changes in nebulization efficiency.
Such interferences are minimized by matching the matrix
composition of standard and sample
Chemical interferences :
If a sample contains a species which forms a thermally stable
compound with analyte that is not completely decomposed by the
flame energy then chemical interferences exist.
Such interferences are minimized by using higher flame temp. to
provide higher dissociation energy.
18. IONIZATION INTERFERENCE
It is more common in hot flames.
The dissociation process doesn’t stop at formation of
ground state atoms.
Excess energy of the flame lead to excitation of ground
state atoms to ionic state by loss of electrons thereby
resulting in depletion of ground state atoms.
Ionization interference is eliminated by an excess of an
element which is easily ionized thereby creating a large
number of electrons in the flame & suppressing the
ionization of the analyte.
19. SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES
Spectral interferences are caused by presence of another
atomic absorption line or a molecular absorbance band
close to the spectral line of element of interest.
Most of these interferences are due to molecular
emission from oxides of other element is a sample.
20. APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY
Determination of small amount of metals (lead,
mercury, calcium, magnesium)
AAS is widely used in metallurgy, alloys and in
inorganic analysis.
Biochemical Analysis : A number of elements
present in biological samples can be analysed by
AAS. These include estimated of sodium, calcium,
potassium, zinc, iron, lead, mercury, etc.
Pharmaceutical Analysis : Estimation of zinc in
insulin preparation, calcium in calcium salt is done
by using AAS.
21. • Sodium, potassium, calcium in saline and ringer
solution are estimated by AAS.
• Analysis of ash for determining the content of sodium,
potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron is done by
AAS.
• Atomic absorption spectroscopy is used in assay of
a) Intraperitoneal dialysis of fluid for calcium &
magnesium.
b) Activated charcoal for zinc.
c) Cisplastin for liver.
22. References :
• Pharmaceutical analysis Instrumental methods
Volume II by Dr. A.V. Kasture, Dr. S.G. Wadodkar,
Nirali prakashan page no. 23.9 - 23.12
• Instrumental methods of Chemical analysis by
G.R. Chatwal, S.K. Anand, Himalaya publishing
house, fifth edition page no. 2.340 - 2.360