Project identification and Project selectionAmandaBvera
This presentation covers the topic of project identification and project selection. It sheds light on the meaning of the project, meaning of project identification, classification of projects, types of opportunities, dimensions of project identification, criteria for project selection and constraints involved in project selection. Enjoy learning!
Project identification and Project selectionAmandaBvera
This presentation covers the topic of project identification and project selection. It sheds light on the meaning of the project, meaning of project identification, classification of projects, types of opportunities, dimensions of project identification, criteria for project selection and constraints involved in project selection. Enjoy learning!
The presentation talks about why is it necessary to carry out Financial appraisal and the different methods to analyse it. It also discusses the steps involved in a financial appraisal of a project.
What is a Project and Project Management? This presentation helps you to gain more knowledge about how to manage a project and helps in understanding the Project Life Cycle.
different sectors related to project and their classifications on basis of level of technology, scope and significance, size and scale, purpose, ownership and speed of implementation
In a competitive global economy, project managers can't survive without leaning efficient Project Management. So here’s a presentation giving an insight into the different components of project management. Discover more about Project Management and what benefits it offers, and choose understand its related concepts.
Learn the 5 Key Project Management Phases that every project manager knows. Perfect information for those business professionals curious about how project managers plan their projects.
Generation and Screening of Project Ideas Vivek Goyal
It is contain all about Generation of ideas, How to monitoring the environment, corporate appraisal, Profit potential of industries, Porter Models, Scouting of projects ideas, preliminary Screening, Project rating Index, sources of Positive Net present Value, On being an Entrepreneur
The presentation talks about why is it necessary to carry out Financial appraisal and the different methods to analyse it. It also discusses the steps involved in a financial appraisal of a project.
What is a Project and Project Management? This presentation helps you to gain more knowledge about how to manage a project and helps in understanding the Project Life Cycle.
different sectors related to project and their classifications on basis of level of technology, scope and significance, size and scale, purpose, ownership and speed of implementation
In a competitive global economy, project managers can't survive without leaning efficient Project Management. So here’s a presentation giving an insight into the different components of project management. Discover more about Project Management and what benefits it offers, and choose understand its related concepts.
Learn the 5 Key Project Management Phases that every project manager knows. Perfect information for those business professionals curious about how project managers plan their projects.
Generation and Screening of Project Ideas Vivek Goyal
It is contain all about Generation of ideas, How to monitoring the environment, corporate appraisal, Profit potential of industries, Porter Models, Scouting of projects ideas, preliminary Screening, Project rating Index, sources of Positive Net present Value, On being an Entrepreneur
Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) Malay versionNorrazman Zaiha Zainol
Pengenalpastian Hazard (Bahaya), Penaksiran Risiko dan Kawalan Risiko (HIRARC) dalam Bahasa Melayu. Langkah mengenalpasti bahaya dalam setiap pekerjaan dan cara mengawal risiko dari bahaya tersebut
Risk assessment principles and guidelinesHaris Tahir
Risk assessment principles and guidelines is a presentation slides was created and presented at Mission Critical Workshop. This slides is part of Business Continuity Management (BCM) presentation which intended for professional who is responsible for BCM or Risk Assessment Program.
This 2-hour course will show the perspective of what it takes to be an effective CFO in the construction industry from the vantage point of CFO’s, bankers, surety agents and other professional references who work in the industry. This session will examine best practices and protocols of construction financial management.
Learning Objectives/ Outcomes:
• Review and continuation of construction financial statements; using a work-in-progress report
• Review and continuation of job costing and accounting
• “Cash is King” rule of thumb summary
• Discuss the role of owner’s right hand person
This is the basic knowledge of an IT Infrastructer.Which help to understand the requirment of IT ,Clients ,server and the work flow of the Information. The network connection and the Layars of OSI model to understand how the data is moving in a network.
Risk and uncertainty are related, but different concepts that many people struggle to understand. This presentation defines and explains the difference between risk and uncertainty and how they are measured, so that they can be properly managed in a business context.
Please add any comments or feedback, and share this presentaiton with your colleagues, thanks!
Feel free to contact me via LinkedIn if you have any questions:
http://www.linkedin.com/in/kelvinstott
Alternatively, please visit or join our LinkedIn group, ’Big Ideas in R&D Productivity & Project / Portfolio Management’:
http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Big-Ideas-in-Pharma-R-4322249
-What is Sensitivity Analysis in Project Risk Management?
-Example on Sensitivity Analysis….
-Types of Sensitivity Analysis……
-Advantages & Disadvantages
The investment decisions of a firm are generally known as the capital budgeting, or capital expenditure decisions.
The firm’s investment decisions would generally include expansion, acquisition, modernisation and replacement of the long-term assets. Sale of a division or business (divestment) is also as an investment decision.
Decisions like the change in the methods of sales distribution, or an advertisement campaign or a research and development programme have long-term implications for the firm’s expenditures and benefits, and therefore, they should also be evaluated as investment decisions.
Profitability is a measurement basis for decision making.
Project classification for new investments
Profitability measures.Return on investment . Return on average investment . Payout Period . Payout period with interest .
Net present worth index .Limitations of IRR method.
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2. INTRODUCTION
• Through this presentation we will try to identify the underlying sources
of risk and explore the consequences.
• Risk is inherent in almost every business decision. More so in capital
budgeting decisions as they involve cost and benefits extending over a
long period of time during which many things can change in
unanticipated ways.
• The following slide suggests ways to handle risk in capital budgeting.
3. Techniques of risk
analysis
Analysis of stand-
alone risk
Analysis of
contextual risk
Sensitivity
analysis
Break-even
analysis
Simulation
analysis
Scenario
analysis
Hillier model
Decision tree
analysis
Corporate risk
analysis
Market risk
analysis
4. SOURCES OF RISK
• Project risk
• Competitive risk
• Industry-specific risk
• Market risk
• International risk
5. MEASURES OF RISK
PROBABILITY WEIGHTED NPV:
E(NPV) = ∑Pi NPVi
= 0.3X200+0.5X600+0.2X900
= 540 (expected value)
RANGE= highest value – lowest value
=900-200
= 700
6. Standard deviation
_
σ = [∑Pi(X-X)*2]*1/2
= 249.8
VARIANCE = square of Std Deviation
= 249.8*2
= 62400
Coefficient = std dev/ expected value
of variance = 249.8/ 540
= 0.46
SEMI = ∑PiDi*2
VARIANCE = 0.3(200-540)*2
= 34680.
10. • Based on the assumption that there are few extreme scenarios. the
economy does not necessarily lie in 3 discrete states -
Recession, Stability and Boom.
• It expands the concept of estimating the expected values. thus in a case
where there are 10 inputs the analyst has to estimate 30(3*10) expected
values to do the analysis
LIMITATIONS
11. BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS
• This analysis helps in knowing how much should be produced and sold
at a minimum to ensure that the project does not “lose money”.
• BEP occurs when
• Total revenue = Total cost
12. TYPES OF BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS
• Accounting break even analysis:
• Break even in accounting terms is like a stock that gives a return of 0%
without considering the time value of money
• A project that merely breaks even in accounting terms will have a
negative NPV.
• Financial Break-even Analysis: It takes into account the time value of
money and is only concerned with the NPV and not accounting profits.
13. MANAGING RISK
Fixed and
Variable cost
Pricing
Strategy
Sequential
Investment
Improving
Information
Financial
Leverage
Long-term
Arrangements
Strategic
Alliance
Derivatives
A common way to
modify the risk is to
change the proportion
of fixed and variable
cost.
A lower price increases
the potential
demand, but also raises
the break-even level
Start with small
product and later
expand as the
market grows.
Gather more
information about the
market and
technology before
taking the plunge.
Reducing the
dependence on debt
lowers risk.
Enter into long-term
arrangements with
suppliers, employees, le
nders and customers.
Partnership between
two or more companies
to achieve a common
purpose.
Derivative instruments
like options and futures
can be used for
managing risk.
14. PROJECT SELECTION UNDER RISK
Judgmental Evaluation
Payback Period Requirement
Risk Adjusted Discount Rate Method
Certainty Equivalent Method
15. JUDGMENTAL EVALUATION:
The decision is made on the basis of risk and return
characteristics of a project without using any
formal method.
PAYBACK PERIOD REQUIREMENT:
If an investment is considered more risky, a shorter
payback period is required even if the NPV is positive
or IRR exceeds the hurdle rate.
16. RISK ADJUSTED DISCOUNT RATE METHOD:
This method calls for adjusting the discount rate to reflect project risk.
= +
• If project risk is equal to the risk of existing investment of the firm, the discount rate
used is the average cost of capital of the firm.
• If project risk is greater than the risk of existing investment of the firm, the discount
rate used is higher than the average cost of capital of the firm.
• If project risk is less than the risk of existing investment of the firm, the discount rate
used is less than the average cost of capital of the firm.
Risk-adjusted
discount rate
Risk free
rate
Risk
premium
17. The project is accepted if its NPV is positive:
=
Where, NPV is the net present value of project k,
At is the expected cash flow for year t, and
rk is the risk adjust discount rate of project k,
NPV Σ At
(1+rk)tt=1
n
- 1
18. Simulation Analysis
• Procedure
1. Model the project. The model of the project shows how the net present
value is related to the parameters and the exogenous variables.
2. Specify the values of parameters and the probability distributions of
the exogenous variables.
3. Select a value, at random, from the probability distribution of each of
the exogenous variable.
4. Determine the net present value corresponding to the randomly
generated values of exogenous variables and pre-specified parameter
values.
5. Repeat 3 & 4 steps to get a large number of simulated net present
values
6. Plot frequency distribution of the net present value.
19. Issues in Applying simulation
• What should the output be?
• Is project variability enough?
• How should the extreme values be used?
• How should the results of simulation be used?
20. Decision Tree Analysis
• Identify the Problem & Alternatives.
• Delineating the Decision Tree.
• Specifying the probabilities & Monetary Outcomes.
• Evaluating various decision alternatives.
22. CERTAINITY EQUIVALENT METHOD
• It is a method which is used to calculate a guaranteed return that
someone would accept, rather than taking a chance on a higher, but
uncertain, return.
• Under this method NPV is calculated as
• NPV = sum(αt*At/(1+i)^t)-I
• αt=certainty equivalent coefficient(0.5-1)
• At=expected cash flow
• i=risk free interest rate
• I=initial investment
23. METHODS TO INCORPORATE RISK
• Conservative estimation of revenues: Revenues expected from a project
are conservatively estimated to ensure the viability of the project
• Safety margin in cost figures: A margin of safety is included in
estimating cost figures
• Flexible investment yardsticks: The cut off point for an investment varies
according to the judgment of management about the riskiness of the
project
24. • Acceptable overall certainty index: Most companies calculate this index
based on factors affecting the success of the project.
E.g.:
Raw material availability 70%
Power availability 60%
Freedom from competition 80%
Overall certainty = (70+60+80)/3 =70%
Cont…
25. • Judgment on three point estimates:
• Three estimates are developed for one or more aspects of the proposed
investment.
• E.g.:
• Rate of return:
– Pessimistic
– Likely
– optimistic
Cont…