This document discusses blood types and blood transfusions. It begins with an introduction to ABO blood groups, explaining that blood types differ based on the presence of antigens and antibodies on red blood cells. There are four main blood types - A, B, AB, and O - depending on which antigens are present. It then discusses blood compatibility and transfusions, noting that type O blood can be transfused to any recipient because it lacks antigens, while type AB recipients can receive any blood type. The document concludes by covering the Rh factor and risks of maternal-fetal incompatibility.

1. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Module 2  Unit 4  Lesson 5
Integrated Science
BEGIN
Image Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0087_Blood_Transfusion.png

2. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
INTRODUCTION
• This slide set relates to Integrated Science lesson for:
Module 2: Unit 4: Lesson 5 – Blood Groups
• In this slide presentation, you will explore why there are four
groups in the ABO system and how they are inherited by
humans.
• You will also explore the importance of understanding which
groups can be mixed with other groups as well as the
inheritance of the Rh factor.
For the activities, you will be asked to type your responses in
boxes. To do so, you must be in Slide Show View. You can
insert and delete text in the box in Slide Show View.
2

3. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
OBJECTIVES
On completion of this slide set, you should be able to:
• list the types of human blood groups and outline how they are
inherited.
• explain what is an antigen and an antibody.
• explain why only certain groups are compatible with one
another and what occurs when incompatible types are mixed.
• relate the Rh factor to risks in pregnancy.
3

4. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
ABO Blood groups
In 1900 Karl Landsteiner discovered that human blood differed
from one individual to another. Click the link to read more about
Landsteiner:
http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/curiosity/ten-discoveries-from-curious-people5.html
What is it really that makes one individual’s blood different
from another? Type your response in the box on the left.
4
Difference in blood type is due to the
presence of antigens (a type of protein)
on the membranes of red blood cells
and on the presence or absence of
antibodies (a type of protein) in
plasma.
Click here for feedback.

5. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
ABO Blood groups
• If you have a specific antigen on your red blood cells you will
not have the corresponding antibody in your plasma.
• An antigen is a foreign or potentially dangerous protein
substance. An antibody is also a type of protein molecule; it is
‘triggered’ into action by the presence of antigens which it
seeks to destroy.
• Look at the table on the next slide and note the relationships
between antigen and antibody that gives the four blood types
in the ABO Blood –typing system.
5

6. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
ABO Blood Groups
6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type

7. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Blood types and blood transfusion
• If someone is in an accident, or has had surgery, and has lost a
lot of blood, they may need another person’s blood to help
them survive.
• The transfer of blood from one individual to another is called
blood transfusion.
• The person who gives the blood is called a blood donor; the
recipient receives the blood.
7
Do you know anyone who has donated or received blood?
Ask them what the experience was like!

8. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Who can really give you blood?
• Because of the differences in blood groups, due to the
antigens and antibodies, when a patient receives a blood
transfusion the blood types must be able to mix successfully.
• If the blood types are incompatible, then the antibodies in the
recipient's plasma will react with the antigens of the donor’s
red blood cells and cause agglutination (clumping) of red
blood cells.
• Look at the animated diagram on the next slide. Click on the
image of the blood drop on the left to see who can really give
you blood. The direction of the arrows represent blood
donation.
8

9. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Is it safe to get that type of blood?
9
There are very specific ways in which blood types must be matched to
ensure a safe transfusion!
O
A
B
AB
O
A
B
AB
Donor RecipientClick the image
of the ‘blood
drop’ on the left
to start the
animation.

10. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Activity 2.1: Is it safe - who can really give you blood?
1. In the figure on the previous slide: What do you notice about individuals
with Type O blood?
2. What do you notice about individuals with type AB blood?
Cont’d
10
1. People with Type O blood can give blood to
any blood type. They are called Universal
Donors.
2. People with Type AB blood can receive any
blood type. They are called Universal
Recipients. Click here for feedback.

11. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Activity 2.1: Is it safe - who can really give you blood?
3. Explain the donor-recipient situation with persons with Group A and
Group B blood type.
11
Group A can receive
blood from Groups
O and A
Group A can receive
blood from Groups
O and A
Group B can receive
blood from Groups
O and B.
Group B can receive
blood from Groups
O and B.
Group A can donate
red blood cells to
Groups A and AB
Group A can donate
red blood cells to
Groups A and AB
Group B can donate
red blood cells to
Groups B and AB
Group B can donate
red blood cells to
Groups B and AB
Click here for feedback.

12. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Who is a universal recipient?
• “A universal recipient is a person …(who) can receive a blood
transfusion, or even a donated organ, from a person with any
blood type. To put it another way, the immune system of a
(universal recipient ) will accept blood from all possible
donors. “ http://surgery.about.com/od/questionsanswers/f/What-Is-A-Universal-Recipient.htm
• “Blood type AB is the universal recipient because individuals
who have blood type AB do not have the… anti-A or Anti-B
antibodies. They can receive from all types of blood types: A,
B, O and AB “
: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_blood_type_AB_the_universal_recipient#ixzz22EJ46FHT
12

13. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Activity 2.2: Donating and receiving blood
Explain why blood from individuals with Blood group O can be
given to any recipient.
13
There are no antigens on the
red blood cells for the
recipient’s antibodies to
combine with.
Because type O blood has no
antigens, it is called the universal
donor blood group and if
transfused, it will not cause any
adverse or haemolytic reactions.
Click here for feedback.

14. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Symptoms of blood type mis-match
14
ACUTE HAEMOLYTIC REACTION

15. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Blood group testing
• Before any transfusion, a patient’s blood group needs to be
determined.
• This can be done by adding pure anti-a and anti-b antibodies
to small spots of the patient’s blood.
• The results of these tests allows you to know your blood type.
• Watch the video at this link to observe how blood typing can
be done:
http://www.healthvideos.eu/5787/Finding_Out_Your_Blood_Type.html
(Finding out your blood type)
15

16. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Blood group typing
Blood
sample
add
anti-A (A
antibody)
add
anti-b (B
antibody)
Blood
group
1
2
3
4
KEY:
agglutination
no
agglutination
Complete column 4
of the table. In Slide
Show view, type in
your response in
the cell of the table.
16Click here for feedback.Click here for feedback.
A
B
AB
O

17. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Feedback to Activity - Blood group typing
Blood
sample
add
anti-A (A
antibody)
add
anti-b (B
antibody)
blood
group
1 A
2 B
3 AB
4 O
KEY:
agglutination
no agglutination
17

18. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus (or Rh) factor
• Some individuals have another antigen on their red cells.
These people are Rhesus positive (Rh+).
• People who have this antigen have no antibodies in their
plasma.
• Individuals who do not have this antigen are Rhesus negative
(Rh-).
• Rh- people will form antibodies to the antigen if exposed to it.
18

19. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus factor
• Rhesus antibodies develop slowly.
• After first exposure to the Rhesus antigen, too few are
produced to cause a reaction before red cells are destroyed.
• On second exposure to the Rhesus antigen, antibodies already
formed and present will cause haemolysis (bursting) of red
cells.
19

20. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus factor: Transfusions
20
Rh+ Rh-
Rh+  x
Rh- x 
donor
recipient
safe transfusion () unsafe transfusion (x)

21. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus factor
• When a Rh+ foetus develops within a Rh- mother, some of the
rhesus antigen from the foetus may pass via the placenta into
the mother. This usually occurs at delivery.
• The mother then forms rhesus antibodies which stays in her
system.
21

22. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus factor
• If the mother has another Rh+ foetus, the antibodies in her
system can diffuse into the blood of the foetus causing
agglutination and then haemolysis.
• This condition is called haemolytic disease of the newborn.
22

23. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Activity 3.1: Rh factor
Explain why it is not safe to donate B+ blood to an O- recipient.
23
• The B antigens in the donors blood will cause the
production of anti-B antibody by the recipient. This will
lead to agglutination.
• The Rhesus antigens in the donors blood will also cause
the recipient to produce Rhesus antibodies which will
destroy the donors red blood cells.
Click here for feedback.

24. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Why Know your Blood Type?
Do you know your blood type? If not
you can find out by doing a simple
procedure from a health care
provider. Click on the link below to
see the percentage of individuals in
the Jamaican population with your
blood type.
http://www.nbts.gov.jm/pages.php?
id=6
(Distribution of Blood Types
in the Jamaican Population )
24
Click here for feedback.Click here for feedback.
Can you think of a reason
why it is good to know
your blood type? Tell
your teacher.

25. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
Why Know your Blood Type?
Why do you need to know your blood type?
25
• If you lose blood in an accident or by other means (e.g.,
surgery), it may have to be replaced. If being replaced it has to
be with the correct type of blood.
• If two parents have incompatible blood types it could
negatively affect the health of a potential child when
conceived.
• When donating blood, some types are in more demand and it
would be good to know whether it is your type as you could
assist greatly in saving another’s life. For example, it is noticed
that the stock of two of the blood groups in Jamaica is low.

26. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
QUIZ on “Blood Groups”
Attempt the quiz at this website!
http://www.neok12.com/quiz/CIRSYS08
(Quiz on Blood Groups)
26

27. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood
Groups
ABO Blood
Groups
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Blood types and
blood transfusion
Why know your
blood type?
Why know your
blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus
Factor
The Rhesus
Factor
CREDITS
• Blood Type. Retrieved July 2012 from >
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type
• What is a universal donor? Retrieved July 2012 from>
http://topics.wisegeek.com/topics.htm?o-negative-blood-universal-
donor#
• Blood Types. The ABO Blood Group System; Retrieved July 2012
from > http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/blood-
types
• Blood bag.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0086_Blood_Bag.png
• Blood Transfusion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0087_Blood_Transfusion.
png
27