This document discusses blood groups and blood typing. It begins with the history of blood transfusions and Karl Landsteiner's discovery of the four main blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) in the early 1900s. The document then provides details on the antigens and antibodies that define each blood group, how blood typing is performed, blood group frequencies in different populations, and important considerations for blood donations and transfusions. It also discusses additional blood group factors like Rh and their clinical significance.

1. BLOOD GROUPS
Pandian M
Dept of Physiology
DYPMC,kop

2. SLO• History of Blood Transfusions
• Karl Landsteiner Law
• Blood Type
• Bombay blood group
• Hemolysis
• Blood Types Donors and Recipients
• Blood Types & The Theory of Evolution
• Rh Factor
• Erythroblastosis fetalis
• Who Donates Blood ?
• Interpretation of Slide Typing Testing with Anti-AAnti-Serum

3. • Blood transfusions were first attempted around 1600 by
transfusing animal blood into humans. This proved disastrous.
• Not until the 1900s were the basic four blood types identified
by Karl Landsteiner.
• The success of blood transfusions significantly increased with
the knowledge of the different blood types and when patients
were transfused with their same type of blood.
History of Blood Transfusions

4. KARL LANDSTEINER LAW
•If agglutinogen is present on the RBCs of an
individual, the corresponding agglutinin must be
absent from the plasma, and
•If agglutinogen is absent in the individual RBCs,
the corresponding agglutinin must be present in
the plasma

5. BLOOD TYPE
• Blood type is inherited, just like eye color.
• Certain blood types are more common in certain
countries. In India and China, over 99% of the
population has Rh+ blood.

7. BLOOD TYPES (CONT.)
• Different kinds of animals have different kinds of blood. Dogs have 4
blood types and cats have 11, but cows have about 800.
• Some people think blood type tells about personality. Legend has it
that:
• Type A is calm and trustworthy
• Type B is creative and excitable
• Type AB is thoughtful and emotional
• Type O is a confident leader

8. Everybody has a Blood type.
The most common Blood type classification system is the ABO system.
There are four types of Blood in the ABO system:
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
These groups are based on the presence of
the A and/or B antigens on the red blood cells.
In type O, both antigens are absent.

9. BOMBAY BLOOD GROUP
• It is also called the HH group. The peculiarity is that they do
not express the H antigen.
• As a result they cannot form A antigens or B antigens on their
red blood cells.
• Thus they can donate blood to anybody with
ABO grouping but can receive blood only from Bombay
blood group people

10. GROUP O
• Approximately 45% of the population is
group O.
• No A or B antigens present, think of as
“O” antigens present.
• These individuals form potent anti-A
and anti-B antibodies which circulate in
the blood plasma at all times.

11. GROUP A
• Approximately 40% of the population is group
A.
• No B antigens present.
• These individuals form potent anti-B antibodies
which circulate in the blood plasma at all times.

12. GROUP B
• Approximately 11% of the population is group
B.
• No A antigens present.
• These individuals form potent anti-A antibodies
which circulate in the blood plasma at all times.

13. GROUP AB
• Approximately 4% of the population is group
AB.
• Both A and B antigens present.
• These individuals possess no ABO antibodies.
• NOTE: This slide is in error as it only
illustrates presence of one antigen not 2.

14. HEMOLYSIS
• If an individual is transfused with an incompatible blood
group destruction of the red blood cells will occur.
• This may result in the death of the recipient.

15. ANTIGEN
•Antigens are defined as protein substances recognized
by the body as foreign, causing the body to produce an
antibody to react specifically with it.
•Identifies the cell as self or non-self.

16. Blood Type Can Donate To Can Receive From
Type A A or AB only A or O only
Type B B or AB only B or O only
Type AB AB only A, B, AB, or O
Type O A, B, AB, or O O only
Blood Types
Donors and Recipients

17. BLOOD TYPES & THE THEORY
OF EVOLUTION
Does man come from apes?
Many published studies over
recent years have shown:
The CHIMPANZEE
 Mostly have Blood type A
 Blood type O is rare
 And never has Blood type B
The GORILLA
 Mostly have Blood type B
 Blood type O is rare
 And never has Blood type A
In these “man-ape” species,
(said to be our ancestors)
there is NO Blood
type AB in either.
Man has
Blood types A, B, and AB.
Also, in man….Blood type O
is VERY COMMON
but in the
ape species…..Blood type O
is very RARE.

18. The Universal Recipient
is Blood Type AB.
The Universal Donor
is Blood Type O.
The Universal Plasma
Donor is AB.

19. WHAT DETERMINES BLOOD
TYPE?
Your Blood type is
established before
you are born, by
specific genes inherited
from your parents.
These two inherited genes
determine your Blood type
by making proteins called
agglutinogens which are
found on the surface of each
red blood cell in your body. `

20. OTHER EXAMPLES
Mom Dad Offspring
Blood Group
AA BB 100% AB
BO OO 50% each of B
or O
OO OO 100% O
OO AO 50% each of A
or O

21. WHAT ARE AGGLUTININS?
• Agglutinins are protectors of our bodies and are responsible
for ensuring that only the blood cells of our own particular
blood type exist in our bodies.
• Laboratory test are
performed called
agglutination testing.
These tests show that
incompatible serum
(blood) will clump
when mixed together.

22. WRONG BLOOD
• What effects could
occur if the wrong
blood is given to a
patient?
An adverse
reaction or even
death could occur

23. O + 1 in 3 persons 38.4 %
O - 1 in 15 persons 7.7 %
A + 1 in 3 persons 32.3 %
A - 1 in 16 persons 6.5 %
B + 1 in 12 persons 9.4 %
B - 1 in 67 persons 1.7 %
AB + 1 in 29 persons 3.2 %
AB - 1 in 167 persons 0.7 %
BLOOD
TYPES DISTRIBUTION RATIOS

24. In addition to having antigens A or B, or both, red
blood cells also contain the Rh antigen.
Rh Factor

25. • This Rh antigen found on
the erythrocytes of most
people.
• This antigen was first isolated
& identified in the Rhesus monkey.
• 85 % of all Americans are Rh positive
meaning that the Rh antigen is present.
• It is very important to know the Rh factor
when crossmatching blood for transfusions.
Rh Factor

26. • Also, a very important Rh problem can occur
with a pregnant woman.
• If a Rh negative mother has a
Rh positive baby, then antibodies can build up
against the Rh + blood.
This is called as Erythroblastosis fetalis
• This is not usually a big problem for the first
baby, but it could cause problems with a future
pregnancy.
• Rh immune globulin (Rhogam) will be given
to the mother after delivery to help prevent the
development of these antibodies.
Rh Factor and Pregnancy

27. •With some surgeries
•With hemorrhaging during
and/or after childbirth
•With severe anemia
•With rare blood diseases
(like hemophilia)
•With many trauma cases
When would you need to receive a blood
transfusion?

28. In Blood banks in the US, the
most common types of blood
cause the greatest concern.
Many people with O+ and A+
do not donate. These people
often believe that because they have a common blood
type that their blood is not needed…..but
this is untrue.
O+ and A+ are used twice as much as any other donor
types!
Most Common Blood Types

29. • Median Age: 38 years old
• Male: 53%
• Female: 47%
• Repeat donors: 79.3%
• First-time donors: 20.7%
(Red Cross Donors)
Who Donates Blood ?

30. INTERPRETATION OF SLIDE TYPING
TESTING WITH ANTI-A ANTI-SERUM
• If an RBC contains the A antigen the red blood
cells will be agglutinated by anti-A, a positive
reaction.
• If an RBC does not have the A antigen there
will be no clumping, a negative reaction.

31. INTERPRETATION OF SLIDE TYPING
TESTING WITH ANTI-B ANTI-SERUM
• If an RBC contains the B antigen the red blood
cells will be agglutinated by anti-B, a positive
reaction.
• If an RBC does not have the B antigen there
will be no clumping by anti-B, a negative
reaction.

32. SLIDE BLOOD TYPING GROUP A
• An unknown RBC suspension is added to known anti-sera.
• The left hand of the slide contains anti-A which reacts with
the unknown cell.
• The right hand side contains anti-B which does not react
with the cell.

33. SLIDE BLOOD TYPING GROUP B
• An unknown RBC suspension is added to known anti-sera.
• The left hand of the slide contains anti-A does not react with the
unknown cell.
• The right hand side contains anti-B which reacts with the cell.

34. SLIDE BLOOD TYPING GROUP O
• The left hand of the slide contains anti-A does not react with the
unknown cell.
• The right hand side contains anti-B does not react with the unknown
cell.

35. SLIDE BLOOD TYPING GROUP AB
• The left hand of the slide contains anti-A which reacts with the
unknown cell.
• The right hand side contains anti-B which reacts with the unknown
cell.

36. SUMMARY
Blood Group Antigens on cell Antibodies in
plasma
Transfuse with
group
A A Anti-B A or O
B B Anti-A B or O
AB A and B none AB, A, B or O
O None Anti-A & B O

38. REFERENCES
• Text book of Medical Physiology
• Guyton & Hall
• Text book of Medical Physiology
• Indukurana. A.K.Jain, Sembu
• Practical Physiology Manual
• A.K. Jain, C.L. Ghai, G.K. Pal
• Net source