SLO’s INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL REVIEW EVOLUTION CLASSIFICATION ABOUT CLASSICAL ABO BLOOD GROUPING SYSTEM AGGLUTINOGENS AGGLUTININS TYPES OF ABO BLOOD GROUPS POPULATION DISTRIBUTION INHERITANCE DETERMINATION CLINICAL IMPRTANCE

1. BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
Pandian. M
Dept. of Physiology
D. Y. Patil Medical college, KOP.

2.  SLO’s
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORICAL REVIEW
 EVOLUTION
 CLASSIFICATION
 ABOUT CLASSICAL ABO BLOOD GROUPING SYSTEM
o AGGLUTINOGENS
o AGGLUTININS
o TYPES OF ABO BLOOD GROUPS
o POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
o INHERITANCE
o DETERMINATION
o CLINICAL IMPRTANCE

3. INTRODUCTION
 BLOOD GROUP : An inherited antigen on
surface of RBCs determining blood group
 Series of blood types constitute the blood
group system

4. Blood typing or blood grouping

5. CLASSIFICATION
 More than 50 genetically determined blood group
systems
 2 blood group systems were discovered by
LANDSTEINER i.e. ABO system and RH system
 LEWIS blood group system was discovered by
MR.LEWIS,presence of which causes some
complications such as retarded growth, sometimes
causes transfusion reactions also and this blood group
is more prone to H-pylori infection.
 Rh,MNS,P,Duffy,Luis, Kell,Kidd,Lutheran,Bombay
Blood Group

6.  RBC’s membranes
there are various
antigens called as
agglutinogens.
 This antigens decide
the blood groups of
person.

7. History & Evolution
 Back in early days, there were only blood type ‘O’
people i.e. the surfaces of their RBCs had neither A nor
B antigens
 Around 20,000 B.C.,some mutation occurred, some
people began to have blood type A and developed A
antigen on the surface of their RBCs..it was observed in
CENTRAL EUROPE as well as SCANDANAVIA
 Next change was observed around 10,000 B.C.when
some people developed type B antigen on their blood
cells this change occurs in ASIA and JAPAN and
biologists were not sure what encouraged this change to
take place.

8. History & Evolution
 It was not till 1500s that A and B GROUPS began to mix
as travel becomes more common..this formed AB blood
type, which is now more common in NORTHERN INDIA.
 It was only in 1909 that doctors finally figured out what
caused some blood transfusions to work and others to
fail!!!!!!!

9. Types Of Blood Groups
 Depending upon the type
of agglutinogen present
there are 4 blood groups-
A,B,AB and O.
 The antigen-H is common
in all the blood groups.

10. ABO System/ ABH System
 ABO system is also
based on the
aggutinogens present on
the RBCs.
 The ABO blood group
antigens are all
membrane glycolipids.
 It mainly contains 3
agglutinogens A,B and
H.

11. GENOTYPE OF
PARENT
PHENOTYPE OF
OFFSPRING
GENOTYPE OF
OFFSPRING
A+A OR A+O A AA OR AO
B+B OR B+O B BB OR BO
A+B AB AB
O+O O OO

12. Landsteiner’s Law
 In 1900 , Karl Landsteiner framed this law which is
divided into 2 major components-
 1) If an agglutinogen is present in the RBCs of
individual, the corresponding agglutinin must be
absent from the plasma.(for ABO & Rh systems)
 2)If the agglutinogen is absent in the individual
RBCs, the corresponding agglutinin must be
present in plasma.(for ABO system)

14. AGGLUTINOGENS
 Antigens type A and B are present on cell
membrane of RBCs in large proportion, called
as AGGLUTINOGENS
 They determine the type of blood group
 Agglutinogens A and B first appeared in 6th
week of foetal life..their concentration
increases progressively during puberty and
adolescence.

15. AGGLUTININS
 GAMMA GLOBULINS, produced by same
cells that produce anti bodies to any other
antigens
 Mostly are IgM and develops in PLASMA
 At birth, quantity of agglutinin is almost zero..
At 2-8 months, agglutinin formation starts.

16. POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION
A B AB O
INDIA 21% 39% 9% 31%

17. TYPES OF ABO BLOOD GROUPS
GROUP ANTIGEN IN
RBCs
ANTIBODY IN
SERUM
A A ANTI-B
B B ANTI-A
AB A and B NO ANTIBODY
O H BOTH ANTI-A
& ANTI-B

19. INHERITANCE OF BLOOD
GROUPS
 Classical blood groups depend on 3
genes:A,B,O
 Each persons blood group is determined by
two genes which he receives from each parent
 However, child’s blood may not be set in its
true ABO type until as late as one year after
birth

21. Importance of
Blood Group

22. 1)Blood Typing or grouping.
2)Certain Blood Studies
O’ blood group individual are more prone to
duodenal ulcer(peptic ulcer)
‘A’ blood group individual are more prone to
carcinoma of stomach ,pancreas and
salivary gland .

23. 3)Paternity test –To prove person is not father of child.
If child’s blood group is AB father’s blood group
cannot be O
4)Forensic medicine-DNA Finger printing –A drop of
blood is sufficient to identify criminal.

24. Universal Donor
O Rh Negative is universal donor.
AB Rh positive is universal receipent.

25. Summary
 ‘Classical ABO Blood Group System
 4 blood groups- A,B,AB and O.
 Inherited as Mendelian Codominant.
 AB is universal receipent and O is
universal donor.

26. Bombay Blood Group
 This rare blood group was first detected in
Mumbai (Bombay) India, a few decades back,
consisting of people who did not have any of
the standard blood groupings: A, AB, B or O.,
and called the Bombay Blood Group.
 The Bombay Blood Group, known as Oh,
occurs when the person has a homozygous
state of a rare recessive gene. It can be
detected either by reverse grouping or Serum
grouping of the blood.

27.  The Bombay Blood Group is incompatible with
all A, B and O donors and is considered the
rarest known blood type, except in parts of
India where it occurs in 1 out of 7,600 people.
 The Bombay blood group is missing an
antigen present on cells of the ABO group,
the H antigen. The H antigen is a
carbohydrate known as fucose.

28. MNS system:MNS blood group reacts
with ANTI –M,ANTI-N,ANTI-S
oIt helps in paternity disputes. From this
blood group testing we can show that the
suspected person could not possibly have
been the father.
 Other systems include:AUBERGER
GROUP,BOMBAY GROUP,DIEGO
GROUP,DUFFY GROUP,KIDD
GROUP,SULTER Xg GROUP

29. References
 Text book of Medical Physiology
 Guyton & Hall
 Human Physiology
 Vander
 Text book of Medical Physiology
 Indukurana
 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
 Totora
 Net source

30. THANK YOU . . .