The document discusses blood groups and the Rh factor. It explains that blood is composed of cells, plasma, and serum. The two major blood group systems are ABO and Rh. The ABO system categorizes blood as type A, B, AB, or O based on the presence of antigens on red blood cells. Rh categorizes blood as positive or negative based on the presence of the Rh antigen. Compatible blood types for transfusions and issues like hemolytic disease of the newborn are also covered. Typing and cross-matching blood accurately is important to avoid transfusion reactions.
The Compatibility can be determined by matching the different blood group systems, such as ABO and Rh system, and/or by directly testing for the presence of antibodies against a sample of donor tissues or blood.
The main purpose of this test is to distinguish the appearance of antibodies in the recipient against the red blood cells of the donor. These antibodies can be found on the surface of red blood cells of the donor after transfusion.
ABO blood group system was decover by Karal landsteine
which contain A, B, and o antigen on the surface of BC, WBC,s platatelet and other body tissue cells except brain cell, and anti A, antiB and Anti Ab natural occuring antibodies in plasma of B,A, and O blood group individual respectively
• A blood group also called a Blood Type.
• Classification of blood is based on the presence or absence
of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood
cells (RBCs).
• These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates,
glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group
system.
The Compatibility can be determined by matching the different blood group systems, such as ABO and Rh system, and/or by directly testing for the presence of antibodies against a sample of donor tissues or blood.
The main purpose of this test is to distinguish the appearance of antibodies in the recipient against the red blood cells of the donor. These antibodies can be found on the surface of red blood cells of the donor after transfusion.
ABO blood group system was decover by Karal landsteine
which contain A, B, and o antigen on the surface of BC, WBC,s platatelet and other body tissue cells except brain cell, and anti A, antiB and Anti Ab natural occuring antibodies in plasma of B,A, and O blood group individual respectively
• A blood group also called a Blood Type.
• Classification of blood is based on the presence or absence
of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood
cells (RBCs).
• These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates,
glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group
system.
This presentation aims to help medicine undergraduates and post graduates in the department of Pathology and Department of transfusion medicine for better understanding of various blood grouping systems, sub groups, RBC antigens and corresponding antibodies. It also covers the practical aspect of blood grouping and cross matching.
A blood group also called a Blood Type
Classification of blood is based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs)
These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system.
The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system (or blood group system) in human blood transfusion.
ABO blood types are also present in some other animals for example rodents and apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas.
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2. Blood and its components
• Liquid connective tissue consisting
of following components:
a. Cells (45%)
b. Plasma (55%)
c. Serum=plasma-fibrinogen
3. Antigen-Antibody
• Antigen:
• Antigens are molecules capable of stimulating an immune
response. Each antigen has distinct surface features,
resulting in specific responses
• Antibodies:
• Antibodies (immunoglobins) are Y-shaped proteins
produced by B cells of the immune system in response to
exposure to antigens.
4. Agglutination
• The reaction between the antigen and antibody
• Clumping of red blood cells occur in some
cases and in some cases do not
5. Introduction to Blood Group
Systems
• The surface of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined
assortment of antigens composed of glycoproteins and
glycolipids.
• Based on the presence or absence of various antigens blood is
characterized into different blood groups.
• There are at least 24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens
that can be detected on the surface of red blood cells.
• The major blood groups are ABO & Rh
• other blood groups include the Lewis, Kell, Kidd and Duffy
systems
6. ABO Blood Group System
• The most important and well studied blood
group system
• Discovered by Karl Land
Steiner(1900-1901)
7. ABO Blood Type
• Blood group A
• Blood group B
• Blood group AB
• Blood group O
8. ABO Blood Group Types
• The ABO blood group is based on two glycolipid antigens
called A and B
• If A antigen is present, blood group will be A
• If B antigen is present, blood group will be B
• If both A and B antigens are present, blood group will be
AB
• If neither A nor B antigen is present, blood group will be
O
9. ABO Blood Type
• Blood plasma usually contains
antibodies called agglutinins, that react
with the A or B antigens if the two are
mixed.
• These are anti A antibody which reacts
with the antigen A
• Anti B antibody which reacts with
antigen B
11. Importance of ABO Blood
Group System
• Most important test because:
• Antibodies of ABO system present in every
person
• Incompatible blood transfer causes the
intravascular hemolysis of RBCs leading to
death
12. Transfusions
• A transfusion is the transfer of whole blood or blood components into the
blood stream.
• Blood transfusion is most often given to alleviate anemia
• To increase blood volume
• To improve immunity
• In an incapable blood transfusion, antibodies in the recipients plasma bind
to the antibodies on the donated RBC’s which causes agglutination or
clumping of the RBC
13. Universal Donors Vs
Universal Acceptors
Universal Donor:
•
•
Can donate their blood to anyone
Have O negative blood group
Universal Acceptors:
•
•
Can accept blood from anyone
Have AB positive blood group
14.
15. Change In Phenotypic
Expression of ABO Gene
Bombay Phenotype:
• The individuals possess neither A nor B
antigens on their surface
• Phenotypic expression is like O blood group
type
16. Biochemical Basis of Bombay
Phenotype
• Normal persons have H antigen on surface of RBCs acting as
precursor
• Affected individuals do not encode H antigen
• Can receive blood only from H antigen deficient donors
• whatever alleles they may have of the A and B blood-group
genes, because A antigen and B antigen are made from H
antigen.
• For this reason people who have Bombay phenotype can
donate red blood cells to any member of the ABO blood group
system but they cannot receive blood from any member of the
ABO blood group system but only from other people who have
Bombay phenotype.
17. Rh Blood Group System
• This system also discovered by Karl Land
Steiner(1940)
• Second important blood group system
•Rh blood group is so named because the Rh
antigen called Rh factor, was discovered in
the blood of Rhesus monkey
18. • The alleles of the three genes may code for the Rh antigen.
• Rh Positive:
Posses Rh antigen on surface of RBCs
• Rh Negative:
• Lack Rh antigen on surface of RBCs
Types of Rh Blood Group
System
19. • If the Rh- person receives an Rh+ blood transfusion, however the immune
system starts to make anti-Rh antibodies that remain in the blood
• If a second transfusion of Rh+ blood is given later, the previously formed
anti Rh- antibodies will cause agglutination and hemolysis of the RBC’s in
the donated blood and a severe reaction may occur.
22. Erythroblastosis Fetalis
• Hemolytic disease of new born
Occurrence:
• If a mother with Rh- have a fetus with Rh+
• Mother develop Rh- antibodies against fetus
Rh+
• These antibodies will react with subsequent
Rh+ fetus
• Lead to bursting of RBC’s
23.
24. Typing and cross matching
Blood for Transfusion
• It is the method can be used for the blood
group detection
• The ABO and Rh blood grouping system is
based on agglutination reaction
• It is the reaction between Antigens present on
red blood cells and antibodies present in serum
26. Procedure
• Dangle the hand down
• Clean fingers with alcohol
• Sterile lancet and pierce the finger tip and
place blood in cavities
• Add one drop of anti-serum
• Mix the blood and anti-sera
• Observe agglutination
27.
28. Determination of Blood Group on
the basis of Agglutination
Sr.No Anti-A Anti-B Anti Rh-D Blood Group
Slide 1 √ × √ A +ve
Slide 2 × √ √ B+ve
Slide 3 √ √ √ AB+ve
Slide 4 × × √ O+ve
29. Interpretations
• Agglutination observed when blood is mixed
with anti-A reagent then blood group is “A”
• Agglutination observed when blood is mixed
with anti-B reagent then blood group is “B”
• Agglutination observed when Anti-A and
Anti-B reagents then blood group is AB
30. Continued……………
• If no Agglutination is observed then blood
group is “O”
• If agglutination is observed when blood is
mixed with Anti Rh-D reagent, then the
individuals is said to have “+ve” Rh factor.
• If no agglutination is observed when blood is
mixed with Anti Rh-D reagent, then the
individuals is said to have “-ve” Rh factor.
