This document defines yellow fever, discusses its transmission via infected mosquitoes, and outlines its epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and control. Yellow fever is an acute viral disease transmitted by Aedes and Haemogogus mosquitoes that causes jaundice and can be fatal. It is diagnosed through blood tests and treated symptomatically with rest and fever relief. Vaccination and mosquito control are important for prevention.

1. NUR IZZATUL NAJWA BINTI
SHARUPUDDIN
082015100036
YELLOW FEVER

2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the seminar, we are able to :
 Define yellow fever
 Know the transmission
 Know the epidemiology
 Relate the clinical features
 Know the diagnosis and treatment
 Understand the control
Of yellow fever

3. INTRODUCTION
 Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease
transmitted by infected female mosquitoes
 Caused by :
Yellow fever virus which is an arbovirus of the
flavivirus gene
 Also named yellow as it causes jaundice at later stage

4. TRANSMISSION
 Transmitted by female
mosquitoes, belonging to the
Aedes and Haemogogus species.
 3 types of transmission cycle :
 Sylvatic ( jungle) yellow fever
 Intermediate yellow fever
 Urban yellow fever

5. TRANSMISSION
 The jungle (sylvatic) cycle involves :
 Reservoir : non-human primates
(monkeys)
Vector : forest mosquito
(Haemogogus spegazzinni in South
America, Aedes africanus and
A.simpsoni in Africa )
 Probably when humans are visiting
or working in the jungle.

6.  In Africa, an intermediate (savannah)
cycle:
 Reservoir : human working in forest
Vector : forest mosquito
(Aedes africanus and A.simpsoni in
Africa)
 virus can be transmitted from monkey
to human or from human to human via
mosquitoes.

7.  The urban cycle involves :
 Reservoir : human
Vector : urban mosquito (Aedes
aegypti)
 Virus brought to the urban setting
by a viremic human who was
infected in the jungle or
savannah.

9. EPIDEMIOLOGY

10. CLINICAL FEATURES
 Incubation period : 3-6 days
Acute Phase
 headaches
 muscle aches
 joint aches
 a fever
 flushing
 a loss of appetite
 shivers
 Backaches
Acute phase may disappear for up to 24 hours.

11. Toxic Phase
Acute phase may disappear for up to 24 hours.
 decreased urination
 abdominal pain
 vomiting (sometimes with blood)
 heart rhythm problems
 seizures
 delirium
 bleeding from the nose, mouth, and
eyes

13. DIAGNOSIS
 BLOOD TEST
 SEROLOGY
 ELISA : detect virus-specific IgM and neutralizing antibodies

14. TREATMENT
 Symptomatic.
 Rest, fluids, and use of pain relievers and medication
to reduce fever may relieve symptoms of aching and
fever.
 Avoid certain medications, such as aspirin or other
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g.
ibuprofen, naproxen), which may increase the risk of
bleeding.

15. CONTROL
 Mosquito control
 Vaccination
 17D VACCINE
 Thermolabile and subcutaneous inoculation
 Mandatory to travel to endemic areas
 Valid for 10years beginning 10days after vaccination

16. People who are usually excluded from vaccination :
 infants aged less than 9 months, except during an epidemic when
infants aged 6-9 months, in areas where the risk of infection is high
 pregnant women – except during a yellow fever outbreak when the risk
of infection is high
 people with severe allergies to egg protein
 people with severe immunodeficiency due to symptomatic HIV/AIDS
or other causes, or who have a thymus disorder.

17. SUMMARY

18. REFERENCES
 TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY,
ANANTHANARAYAN & PANIKER’S, 9TH EDITION
 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/
en/
 http://www.healthline.com/health/yellow-
fever#Symptoms2