This document defines extraction as the removal of soluble constituents from a solid or liquid with a suitable solvent. It discusses various types of extraction including solid-liquid extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, and expression. Key terms like menstruum, marc, and extractives are defined. Important solvents for extraction like water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform are described. The document also covers the theory of extraction and importance of extraction in quantitative control of drugs and producing more stable, palatable forms.
Extraction is a process of separation or isolation of pharmaceutical active ingredients
from plant or animal drugs with the help of solvent.
On the basis of the physical nature of crude drug to be extracted i.e. liquid or solid ,the extraction process may be:
Liquid –Liquid Extraction Or
Solid –Liquid Extraction.
The solvent used for extraction is called as ‘Menstruum’ and the residue left after extracting desired constituents is called ‘Marc’.
Required Ideal Properties of Menstruum :
Should be inert and non –toxic
Should extract only the desirable constituent of the crude drug .
Should be cheap and easily available
what is extraction, infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, digestion, factors, procedure for infusion, procedure for decoction, procedure for maceration, factors for extraction
Extraction is a process of separation or isolation of pharmaceutical active ingredients
from plant or animal drugs with the help of solvent.
On the basis of the physical nature of crude drug to be extracted i.e. liquid or solid ,the extraction process may be:
Liquid –Liquid Extraction Or
Solid –Liquid Extraction.
The solvent used for extraction is called as ‘Menstruum’ and the residue left after extracting desired constituents is called ‘Marc’.
Required Ideal Properties of Menstruum :
Should be inert and non –toxic
Should extract only the desirable constituent of the crude drug .
Should be cheap and easily available
what is extraction, infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, digestion, factors, procedure for infusion, procedure for decoction, procedure for maceration, factors for extraction
Soxhlet extraction is a continuous process of extraction with a hot organic solvent. Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent.
Soxhlet extraction is a continuous process of extraction with a hot organic solvent.
Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent.
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
Factors affecting extraction, Pharmacognosy, crude drugs extraction factorsDivya Sree M S
Factors affecting extraction, Pharmacognosy, crude drugs extraction factors, Factors affecting choice of Extraction Process
Factors considered when selecting a solvent
This presentation comprehensively tells about not only the classical methods of extraction but also the modern methods by which herbal products can be easily and efficiently extracted for further use in isolation and formulation
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure are also termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.
Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine),cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine),antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. piperine). Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine). Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
These are the organic products of natural or synthetic origin which are basic in
nature & contain one or more than one nitrogen atoms, normally of heterocyclic nature &
possess specific physiological actions on human or animal body, when used in small quantites.
The term is derived from the word ‘alkali-like’ & hence they resemble some of characters
of naturally occuring amines.
The term is derived from the word ‘alkali-like’ & hence they resemble some of
characters of naturally occuring amines.
Soxhlet extraction is a continuous process of extraction with a hot organic solvent. Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent.
Soxhlet extraction is a continuous process of extraction with a hot organic solvent.
Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent.
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
Factors affecting extraction, Pharmacognosy, crude drugs extraction factorsDivya Sree M S
Factors affecting extraction, Pharmacognosy, crude drugs extraction factors, Factors affecting choice of Extraction Process
Factors considered when selecting a solvent
This presentation comprehensively tells about not only the classical methods of extraction but also the modern methods by which herbal products can be easily and efficiently extracted for further use in isolation and formulation
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure are also termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.
Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine),cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine),antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. piperine). Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine). Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
These are the organic products of natural or synthetic origin which are basic in
nature & contain one or more than one nitrogen atoms, normally of heterocyclic nature &
possess specific physiological actions on human or animal body, when used in small quantites.
The term is derived from the word ‘alkali-like’ & hence they resemble some of characters
of naturally occuring amines.
The term is derived from the word ‘alkali-like’ & hence they resemble some of
characters of naturally occuring amines.
The presentation gives the basic information regarding the extraction in food matrix. It includes basics of extraction, principles of extraction and the theory behind the solvent extraction. It also involves terms and terminologies involved in the extraction process, Factors affecting extraction efficiency and Types of Extractors. Mixer-Settlers for extraction, Spray extraction towers, Plate towers contactors, etc.
In that topic their is describe the different types of Extraction Methods, Parameters for Selecting appropriate Extraction methods, types of Extract, types of Separation techniques, types of distillation, chromatographic techniques.
extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources using maceration processNivaasvignopathy
extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources using maceration process.Maceration is a technique used in wine making and has been adopted in medicinal plant research.
Lipids : Classification & general analysisVinit Gohel
brief knowledge about lipid, its classification and method of analysis are covered in this slide. Students searching for notes can refer this slide. Hope it will help you.
This is about the large extraction, hope you all get benefit from this and feel easy to use it .
This is all about how we do extraction at large scale and what is the best procedure to do it properly, as a pharmacist we must know about little details of our formulations how they are extracted and their further process and machinery used. All the terms should be considered and handling is the most important step. This will be a ready to explain type information.
Extraction refers to processes for the isolation of the active ingredients from drug material. This may be by physical means or by dissolving in a suitable menstruum (liquid solvent eg. water or alcohol). Expression is the physical act of applying pressure to squeeze out oils or juices from plants.
WHO model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019Niraj Bartaula
WHO’s Essential Medicines List and List of Essential Diagnostics are core guidance documents that help countries prioritize critical health products that should be widely available and affordable throughout health systems.
The updated Essential Medicines List adds 28 medicines for adults and 23 for children and specifies new uses for 26 already-listed products, bringing the total to 460 products deemed essential for addressing key public health needs.
औषधीजन्य मालसामान खरीद तथा आपूर्ति ब्याबस्थापन सहजीकरण पुस्तिका २०७४Niraj Bartaula
देशका सम्पुर्ण स्वास्थ्य संस्थाहरुमा प्रभावकारी किसिमले स्वास्थ्य सेवालाई आबश्यक पर्ने औषधि तथा सामाग्रीहरुको आपूर्ति प्रणालीको ब्यबस्थापन गर्न,खपत दर र मौज्दातको जानकारी लिन,आपूर्ति प्रयाप्त मात्रा मा भएको छ,छैन यकिन गर्न, आबश्यकता अनुरुप सामाग्री खरिद गर्न, योजना तर्जुमा गर्न, सामानको ढुवानी काॠ तालिकाको बिकास गर्नका लागि एक महत्वपूर्ण पुस्तिका
Near half Nepali drugs manufacturers operate illegally (with list)Niraj Bartaula
Twenty-five domestic drugs manufacturers have been operating illegally. However, the Department of Drug Administration (DDA) has not taken any action.
There are 55 drugs manufacturers in the country and they produce different types of medicines, according to DDA. Nine more drug companies are awaiting DDA approval to come into operation.
According to DDA, drugs worth Rs 16.5 billion are produced domestically every year ( 46 percent of the total supply) while drugs worth Rs 19.45 billion (54 percent) are imported, including 52 percent imported from India and two percent from other countries.
Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC), the apex scientific body in the health sector, recently found that nine substandard drugs were supplied by the government and the private sector to government-run health facilities, including seven drugs produced domestically.
About a decade ago, the government mandated the Who Health Organization Good Manufacturing Practices (WHO GMP) for all manufacturers of pharmaceuticals. “Several domestic pharmaceuticals producers have not applied the WHO GMP,” said Bhogendra Raj Dotel, executive director at the Primary Health Care Revitalization Division (PHCRD) under the Department of Public Health Services.
Essential medicines are those medicines that satisfy the priority health care needs of the
population. WHO published the first essential medicine list in 1977 and has been updating it
every two years since. Nepal being a signatory of the Alma Ata declaration (1978) implemented the essential medicine
program with a first ever National List of Essential Medicines, NLEM in 1986. Since then NLEM revised five times (1992, 1997, 2002, 2011 and 2016) with the support from
WHO Nepal
Dr.Govinda KC का समर्थक हरु लाइ म यति भन्न चाहन्छु एक पटक राम्ररी चिकित्सा शिक्षा बिधेयक पढियोस...के स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र भनेको केवल डाक्टरहरु मात्र हुन ?? डा.के.सी अरु माँगहरु प्रति म पनि समर्थनमा गर्दाछु र धेरै पहिले देखी गर्दै आएको पनि छु तर चिकित्सा बिधेयक भनेर डाक्टरहरुलाइ मात्र ल्याउन लागिएकोमा बिरोध हो। स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र भनेको केवल डाक्टरहरु मात्र हुन ?? नाम स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्रको बेथिति र माफियातन्त्रको गर्ने अनि अरु क्षेत्रलाइ बेवास्ता गरेर अपहेलित गर्ने ??बाँदरले त आफ्नो धर नी बनाउदैन र अरुको नि बन्न दिदैन तर अरुको धर भत्काएर आफ्नै मात्र धर बनाउने लाइ के भन्ने ?? चिकित्सा बिधेयक भनेको स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्रमा लागु गरिने नियम मात्र होइन, त्यो नियम भित्र कस्ले कसरी आफ्नो भुमिका निर्वाह गर्ने भनि शक्ति बाँडफाँड पनि हो,अनि के सम्पुर्ण system balance नगरी एउटा क्षेत्रले आफुलाइ मात्र सोचेर कुन प्रजातान्त्रिक अभ्यास गरिएको ?? अरु क्षेत्रको आफ्नो प्रजातान्त्रिक अधिकार पनि नदेखेर हुन्छ ?
#Jay_Pharmacy
#IamWithPharmacy
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
2. INTRODUCTION &
DEFINITIONS
2
Extraction may be defined as the removal of
soluble constituents from a solid or liquid or
semi-solid with means of suitable solvent.
It may be defined as the treatment of the plant
or animal tissues with appropriate solvent, which
would dissolve the medicinally active
constituents.
Extraction is the method of removal of a soluble
fraction in the form of a solution from an
insoluble matrix with the help of a suitable
solvent.
• The soluble components may be present either as
a solid or liquid
• Insoluble matrix may be
in powder form, openly porous or non porous or cellular
with selective permeable cell walls as in case of vegetable
4. INTRODUCTION &
DEFINITIONS
4
Extraction involves the separation of medicinally
active portions of plant or animal tissues from the
inactive components through the use of selective
solvents and standard extraction process.
Menstrum: Solvent used for extraction (ex. water,
alcohol, ether, acetone, ethyl acetate)
Marc: The inert fibrous and other insoluble materials
remaining after extraction
Extractives: Concentrated preparations of vegetable
or animal drugs obtained by removal of the active
constituents of the respective drug with suitable
menstrum, evaporation of all or nearly all solvent.
Tinctures: are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions
prepared from vegetable material or from chemical
substances. E.g. belladona tincture
5. Menstrum: Polar and non-polar
5
Polar : water (Di-electric constant: 80), Methanol :
33, Acetone : 21)
Non-polar : Chloroform (4.81), Hexane (1.88),
Benzene(2.3) , toluene (2.38) , diethyl-ether (4.3),
Solvents with a dielectric constant of less than 15
are generally considered to be non-polar.
6. INTRODUCTION &
DEFINITIONS
6
Fluid Extract:
– are liquid preparations of vegetable drugs containing
alcohol as a solvent or as preservative or both.
– Made in such a way that 1ml of extract contains the
therapeutic constituents of 1g of standard drug. E.g.
Cascara sagrada Fluid extract.
Expression :is a method of fragrance extraction
where raw materials are pressed, squeezed or
compressed and the oils are collected.
Galanicals: the extract initially obtained by leaching
the vegetable or animal tissue with the suitable
solvent, is converted into concentrated and
converted into a dry extract, a viscous extracts,
liquid extracts. These crude extracts, when
standardized, are known as galenicals.
7. INTRODUCTION &
DEFINITIONS
7
Some of the products that are obtained after
extraction process may be summarized as :
• Extraction of fixed oils from seeds.
• Preparation of alkaloid as strychnine from nux-
vomica, quinine from chincona bark.
• Isolation of enzymes as renin and hormones as
insulin from animal sources.
• Extraction of morphine from opium.
• Reserpine from Rauwolfia serpentina.
• Gelatin that is used for making capsule shell is
produced by conversion of skin and bone
collagen by treatment with lime or dilute acid
and is further extracted with warm water.
9. IMPORTANCE OF
EXTRACTION
9
Quantitative description
– Potency of drug can be controlled in
extract than in crude drug and can be used
accordingly.
More Stable form
– Deterioration by enzyme action is
diminished due to separation from bulk.
Enhanced organoleptic characteristic
– more palatable, and more elegant.
10. IMPORTANCE OF
EXTRACTION
10
Easy formulation
– Tableting of crude material may not be possible.
– Preparation of the drug are more easily
formulated, more stable, palatable and elegant
after extraction
Different route of drug administration
– Injection of crude material may be undesirable and
dangerous
Storage and transport feasibility
– Extracts are less bulky and covers less space
– Smaller bulk facilitates storage and transport.
11. CLASSIFICATION OF EXTRACTION
11
Solid-liquid extraction (leaching)
The separation of soluble constituent
from a solid by extraction with a solvent.
it consists of two stages
1. Contact of solute with the liquid phase
2. Separation of the liquid phase from solid
phase
12. Liquid-liquid extraction
12
• Liquid–liquid extraction, also known
as solvent extraction and partitioning.
• It is a method to separate compounds based on
their relative solubilities in two
different immiscible liquids, usually water and
an organic solvent.
• It is an extraction of a substance from one
liquid phase into another liquid phase.
• is a basic technique-performed using
a separatory funnel.
14. Liquid-liquid extraction
14
In this technique, a solvent (known as the
“extractive solvent” ) is brought in contact with
another solvent (termed as the “solute bearing
solvent”) in order to bring about the transfer of one
or more solutes into the first solvent.
Separation of a substance from a mixture by
preferentially dissolving that substance in a
suitable solvent.
15. Liquid-liquid extraction
15
• For a given compound, solubility difference
between solvents is quantified as Distribution
Coefficient or partitioning coefficient.
• Distribution Ratio: measure of how well a species
is extracted.
• It is the ratio, K of the solubility of solute
dissolved in the organic layer to the solubility of
material dissolved in the aqueous layer.
• (Note that K is independent of the actual amounts
of the two solvents mixed.)
16. Liquid-liquid extraction
16
K= distribution coefficient
K =solubility in organic (g/100 mL)
solubility in water (g/100 mL)
The constant K, is essentially the ratio of the
concentrations of the solute in the two different
solvents once the system reaches equilibrium.
At equilibrium the molecules naturally
distribute themselves in the solvent where they
are more soluble.
Inorganic and water soluble materials will stay
in the water layer and more organic molecules
will remain in the organic layer.
17. Liquid-liquid extraction
17
Unless K is very large, not all of a solute will
reside in the organic layer in a single extraction.
Usually two, three, or four extractions of the
aqueous layer with an organic solvent are carried
out in sequence in order to remove as much of the
desired product from the aqueous layer as possible.
18. Liquid-liquid extraction
18
•The greater the
number of small
extractions, the
greater the quantity
of solute removed.
•However for
maximum efficiency
the rule of thumb is
to extract three times
with 1/3 volume
19. Case 1:
19
Suppose a particular extraction proceeds with
a distribution coefficient of 10. The system
consists of 5.0g of organic compound
dissolved in 100mL of water (solvent 1). In this
illustration the compare the effectiveness of
three 50mL extractions with
diethyl ether (aka ether, solvent 2 )with one
150mL extraction with ether.
Case one: Doing one extraction of 150 mL of
ether. Case two: Doing three extractions of 50
mL of ether each time.
20. Solvents used for extraction process
20
• The ideal solvent for a certain pharmacologically
active constituent should:
– Be highly selective for the compound to be
extracted.
– Have a high capacity for extraction.
– Not react with the extracted compound or with
other compounds in the plant material.
– Have a low price.
– Be harmless to man and to the environment.
– Be completely volatile.
– The generally used solvents includes: Water,
ether, alcohol, chloroform.
21. Solvents used for extraction process
21
Disadvantages of water as a solvent
• Most active plant constituents are complex organic
chemical which are less soluble in water.
• Plant constituents such as sugars, gums, starches,
coloring agents, tannins are easily extracted by water
, however are not desirable component sometimes
and may interfere with clarity of the preparation.
• Aqueous preparations serve as excellent growth for
molds, yeasts and bacteria. Preservatives should be
added such as alcohol.
• Water causes hydrolysis of many substances.
• Maximum amount of heat is needed to concentrate
the extraction than non-aqueous solvent.
22. Solvents used for extraction process
22
Advantages of water as menstruum:
• Readily available
• Cheapness
• Good solvent action for many plant
constituents
• Used with other solvents
23. Solvents used for extraction process
23
Alcohol:
• Solvent of alkaloids, alkaloidal salts, glycosides,
volatile oils and resins
• Also dissolves many forms of coloring matter,
tannins, many organic acids and salts.
• Alcohol does not dissolve albuminous matter,
gums, waxes, fats, fixed oils and sugars.
24. Solvents used for extraction process
24
Advantages
• No microbial contamination in alcohol solution
containing 20% or more alcohol concentration.
• A small amount of heat needed to concentrate the
alcoholic preparations
• Non-toxic
• Dissolves selected active constituents of drugs
Disadvantages
• Costly
• Flammable
25. Solvents used for extraction process
25
Acetone and chlorinated hydrocarbons may
also be used for leaching purpose.
More selective solvents used for extraction of
alkaloid are petroleum ether and benzene.
Potassium hydroxide may be used to extract
eugenol from clove.
26. Theory of extraction
26
1. Suitable size reduction
2. Penetration of drug by the solvent
3. Solution of the soluble matter within the cells
4. Escape of dissolved material through the cell
walls and through the boundary layer
surrounding the particles
5. Separation of the solution and exhausted drug
27. Theory of extraction
27
size reduction
Inorder to achieve proper extraction maximum
surface area of contact would be desirable.
If the size of drug is reduced to individual cell
size then it would be the best option.
It is not feasible to reduce the size of material
to cellular level as
• It may cause decomposition of constituents or
may lead to loss of volatile materials.
• Very fine particles may not form good
suspension as they wouldn’t sediment at the
desired rate and particle size if reduced to
cellular level be form sticky mass.
• Dilution of extracts may occur as breakage of
cell may result in release of all cellular content
28. Theory of extraction
28
The appropriate degree of size reduction will
comply with the following requirements
a. Increased surface area by distortion or
breakage of cells which facilitates penetration
of solvent and escape the soluble matter.
b. Decrease in radial distance will help in setting
up the concentration gradient
Disadvantages of size reduction
a. Slow down the rate of percolation
b. Difficulty in the separation of the insoluble
solid fraction after extraction
c. Poor quality of extract by extracting
undesirable constituents due to breakage of
cell wall which exposes other cellular
materials to solvent action
29. 29
Degree of size reduction
– Depends upon botanical structure of drugs
• Sliced (for soft drugs like gentian)
• Coarse to Moderately coarse (for cascara,
belladona)
• Moderately fine (for hard and woody drugs like
ipecacuanha)
• Coarse powder for leafy structure
Appropriate degree of size reduction will result
– Cause some cells to be cracked or distorted
– Particle size that will not result in a very long path
for solvent.
– Particle with large surface area for adequate mass
transfer.
30. 30
Penetration of solvent into the drug
A drug in dry state is porous due to shrinkage and
pores contain air that must be displaced as the
solvent enters into the pores and penetrates into
the cells.
When drug is dried, micellae (cellulose in cell wall) loses
its film of water.
When the drug is moistened the micellae take up a liquid
film and tissue swell
Swelling continues until the pressure caused by liquid
layer is equal to the cohesive forces between micellae
Swelling may occur due to
a. Distension of cell wall
b. Bursting of thin walled cell
The solvent must displace air from pores in the
drug.
31. 31
Solubilization of constituents
When the solvent penetrates in the cells,
dissolution of the constituents takes place and is
governed by surface area, temperature, viscosity.
The most important factors which will increase the
rate of extraction is elevation of temperature.
Dissolution: Dissolution of a solid in a liquid
involves transfer of molecules or ions (mass)
from a solid state into solution.
32. 32
Escape of solution from the cells
The dissolved material reaching the surface
of the particle must pass through the
boundary layer at the solid liquid interface.
The rate of diffusion will depend on the
Presence of suitable concentration
gradient from the centre of the particle,
outwards and through the boundary layer
Thickness of boundary layer
Diffusion coefficient of the solute in the
solvent
33. Theory
33
• This theory suggests that the process of dissolution
of solid particles in a liquid, in absence of reactive
or chemical forces consist of two consecutive
steps:
– Solution of the solid due to interfacial reaction to form
a thin film at the solid/liquid interface called a
stagnant film or diffusion layer which is saturated with
the drug (Cs)
– Diffusion of the soluble solute from the stagnant layer
to the bulk of the solution (Cb)
34. Noyes’s Whitney equation
34
• The dissolution of drugs from a single spherical particle can be
described by the Noyes’s-Whitney equation which explains the rate
of dissolution when the process is diffusion controlled and involves
no chemical reaction.
• “The rate of mass transfer of solute molecules or ions through
a static diffusion layer is directly proportional to the area
available for molecular/ionic migration and concentration
difference across the boundary layer and is inversely
proportional to the thickness of the boundary layer”
Given as,
dC/dt= DA (Cs-Cb)/h
Where,
dC/dt = is the dissolution rate
D = diffusion coefficient of the solute in solution
S = surface area of the exposed solid
h = thickness of the diffusion layer
Cs = Concentration of solute particle at the boundary layer
Cb = concentration of the solute in the bulk solution
35. Influence of some parameter on
dissolution rate of drug
35
• Diffusion coefficient (D):Greater the value, faster the
dissolution. Diffusion decreases as the viscosity of
dissolution medium increases.
• Surface area of solid drug (A): Greater the surface
area, faster the dissolution; can be increased by
micronization of drug.
• Concentration gradient (Cs – Cb): Greater the
concentration gradient, faster the diffusion and drug
dissolution: Can be increased by increasing drug
solubility and the volume of dissolution medium.
• Thickness of stagnant layer (h): More the thickness,
lesser the diffusion and drug dissolution; can be
decreased by increasing agitation.
36. Factor influencing Extraction
36
The rate of extraction can be affected in the
following ways:
I. Where drug immersed in a solvent
a. By agitating the mixture occasionally, local
concentration of the solution is dispersed increasing
the concentration gradient.
b. By agitating the drug and solvent continuously
increases the concentration gradient by dispersion of
local concentration as well as reduces the thickness
of the boundary layer.
c. By suspending the drug in a cloth or above a
perforated plate near the surface of the liquid. As the
drug dissolves, the density of the solution increases
leading to the convection of the solution, increasing
the concentration gradient through the boundary
layers
37. 37
II. If the drug is positioned so that the solvent flows
past the particles
a. The flow replaces the solution by pure solvent
causing the increase in the concentration gradient
b. Flow of the solvent between the particles reduces
the boundary layer increasing the concentration
gradient.
This can be achieved by suspending drug in a cloth bag or
above a perforated plate
III. Elevated temperature’s advantages
a. Solubility of most of the material is higher at
higher temperature.
b. Viscosity of the solvent gets reduced decreasing
boundary layer thickness
c. Diffusion coefficient is proportional to the absolute
temperature and inversely proportional to the
viscosity, so raising the temperature influences the
rate of diffusion considerably.
d. By setting convection current
38. 38
Separation of solution and exhausted
drug
In the process of immersion of drug in a
bulk of solvent, the solid material has to be
strained off, as the drug absorbs solvent
there is a residue of soluble constituents in
this solvent.
In this case the drug is subjected to
pressure to expel as much of the solution
as possible.
Even though the extraction process uses
solvent flowing through the drug, separation
of solution is essential.
41. INFUSION
41
Infusion is the process of extracting chemical
compounds or flavors from plant material in a
solvent such as water, oil or alcohol, by allowing
the material to remain suspended in the solvent
over time (a process often called steeping).
An infusion is also the name for the resultant
liquid.
42. INFUSION
42
Infusions are dilute solutions containing the
readily-soluble constituents of crude drugs.
Formerly, fresh infusions, prepared by
macerating the drug for a short period in cold
water or boiling water were used.
Now, fresh infusions are usually prepared by
diluting one volume of a concentrated infusion to
ten volumes with water.
Concentrated infusions are prepared by modified
percolation or maceration process.
Fresh infusions are liable to fungus and bacterial
growth, and it is necessary to dispense them
within twelve hours of their preparation.
43. 43
It is used for those drugs which are soft in
nature so that water may penetrate easily to the
tissues and the active constituents are water
soluble.
Procedure used
It involves pouring water over drugs and
allowing it to keep in contact with water for the
stated period, usually 15 minutes, with
occasional stirring and finally filtering off the
liquid.
Marc is not pressed
Boiling water commonly used as solvent
After the specified time the liquid is filtered and
dispense as drug.
Short time is sufficient for extraction due to
readily soluble constituent of crude drug and its
44. DECOCTION
44
This is another process of extraction in which the
water soluble and heat stable constituents of hard
and woody crude drugs are extracted out.
For extraction of drugs with water soluble and
non- volatile constituents, and drugs of hard and
woody nature.
Water is used as a solvent and the crude drug
which is to be extracted is cut in to small pieces and
boiled with water for the stated time, usually 10 to 15
minutes.
Previously sliced drug barks or wood (5 parts) is
boiled with water (100 or 120 parts) in a vessel of
enameled iron or earthenware for a definite length of
time (15 min.) counting from when the liquid starts to
boil with occasional stirring.
45. DECOCTION
45
To obtain highly concentrated decoction, boiling
is continued until the liquid reduced to a certain
volume.
Allow to cool to about 40ºC, press the marc and
mix the resulting liquid to the decoction.
At the end of decoction time, decoction is
strained through fine muslin.
Then, sufficient water is passed through the
strainer to produce a definite volume.
46. Decoction
46
• Example: Cinchona bark
or wood
(contains quinine)
Uses: treatment of fever,
malaria and as an appetite
Stimulant.
Also used in anemia,
indigestion,
gastrointestinal disorders,
general fatigue.
• Tea making is an example of decoction.
47. Comparison between infusion and decoction
Item Infusion Decoction
1- Plant Soft structure (ex. Senna
leaves)
Hard woody structure (ex.
Cinchona bark)
2- Menstrum Boiling or cold water Boiling water
3- Procedure Infusing the drug with cold or
hot water
Boiling the drug with
water
4- Time Calculated as soon as water is
added to drug
Calculated as soon as the
water begins to boil
5- Adjustment
of final volume
No adjustment Adjustment is necessary
6- Apparatus Infusion earthenware pot Any covered apparatus
7- Storage Used fresh within 12 hours Used fresh and when
stored in refrigerator used
within few days
47
48. DIGESTION
48
Digestion is the process in which heat as
well as pressure is used for extraction.
The equipment is like a pressure cooker or
autoclave and is called digester.
Extraction of non-thermolabile materials is
more efficient in it because of high
penetration power of solvent and
solubilisation rate of soluble matters of the
crude drug due to high pressure and
temperature respectively
49. MACERATION
49
Various types of maceration process are
Simple Maceration: A process for tinctures made
from organized drug e.g. roots, stems, leaves etc.
Maceration with Adjustment: A process for
tinctures made from unorganized drugs such as
oleo resins and gum resins.
Double Maceration and Triple Maceration
Process: for concentrated preparations.
50. Maceration
50
Plant material (crushed or cut
small or moderately coarse
powder)
Placed in a closed vessels
Menstruum added (whole)Allowed to stand for 7 days
shaking occasionally
Liquid strained off Solid residue (marc)pressed
(recover as much as occluded)
(Strained and expressed
liquids mixed)
Clarified by subsidence and
filtration
Evaporation and concentration
51. SIMPLE MACERATION
51
• Drug is placed in wide mouthed container which
can be well stoppered to prevent the evaporation
of menstruum which is mostly concentrated
alcohol.
• The drug is placed with the whole of the
menstruum in a closed vessel for 7 days
• During this period shaking is done occasionally
• After 7 days liquid is strained and marc is
pressed – in filter press, hydraulic press or hand
press, squeezed in muslin piece etc.
• Then filtered to make a clear liquid.
• The final volume is not adjusted.
• E.g. tincture of orange, tincture of lemon
52. MACERATION WITH ADJUSTMENT
52
The unorganized drug is placed with 4/5th of
menstruum in a closed vessel in a closed vessel
for a period of 2-7 days
Shaking done occasionally
After the stated period, the liquid is filtered and
the final volume is made up by passing the
remaining 1/5th of the menstruum through the
filter
The marc is not pressed
E.g. tincture of tolu, compound tincture of
benzoin
53. Maceration for organized and
unorganized drug
53
Organized: Put total menstrum , marc is pressed ,
vol not adjusted
Unorganized : 4/5 th of the menstrum, marc-not
pressed, vol. adjusted
54. MULTIPLE MACERATION
54
Multiple Maceration:-It is established that the
maximum extraction is obtained in multiple
maceration when the total quantity of menstruum
to be used is divided in such a way that same
quantity of menstruum is present during each
maceration.
Some time this single process of extraction is
not sufficient, then double or triple maceration is
also done, in which the above whole process is
repeated to make the extraction process more
effective. We do not have to change the process
just we have to repeat it for specified times (2-4)
times, all other things is same.
55. DOUBLE MACERATION
55
The drug is macerated twice with the
menstruum which is divided into two equal
volume.
Where
V1 is volume of menstruum required for first
maceration
Vt is total volume of menstruum
Vr is volume of menstruum to be retained by
drug or marc
Volume required for 2nd maceration is the
difference between Vt and V1
Vr is determined by performing trial to get
volume retained by known weight of drug
56. DOUBLE MACERATION
56
The whole of the drug is macerated for 48 hours
with the quantity of menstruum required for first
maceration.
Strain the liquid and press the marc.
Macerate again for 24 hours with the remaining
menstruum required for second maceration
Strain the liquid and press the marc.
Mix the liquids obtained from two macerations
and allow it to stand for 14 days and filter.
E.g. concentrated compound infusion of Chirata,
concentrated compound infusion of Gentian
57. TRIPLE MACERATION
57
In this process, the drug is macerated thrice by
using menstruum which is divided into 3 parts in
such a manner that same volume is used for each
maceration.
Volume of menstruum required by the first maceration=
total vol. of menstruum – vol. to be retained by the drug + Vol. to be retained by drug
3
Volume of menstruum required by the second
maceration=
Total volume of menstruum - vol. of menstruum used in first maceration
2
58. TRIPLE MACERATION
58
The whole of the drug is macerated for 1 hr with
a part of menstruum required for first maceration
and strained.
Macerate again for 1 hr with a part of menstruum
required for 2nd maceration and strained.
Macerate again for 1 hr with a part of menstruum
required for 3rd maceration and strained.
Press marc lightly then combine the liquid
obtained from 2nd and 3rd maceration and
evaporate it to a specific extent
59. TRIPLE MACERATION
59
Mix it with the liquid obtained from 1st maceration
Add alcohol 90% equal to 1/4th of the volume of
the finished product
Adjust volume with water.
Allow to stand for 14 days and filter
E.g. concentrated infusion of Quassia, liquid
extract of Senna
60. PERCOLATION
60
1. Simple percolation or percolation process for
tinctures.
2. Percolation processes for concentrated
preparations such as:
i. Reserve percolation process
ii. Modified percolation process
3. Continuous hot percolation or Soxhelation
PERCOLATION – APPARATUS
• Conical percolator
• Cylindrical percolator
• Steam jacketed percolator
62. SIMPLE PERCOLATION
62
There are three stages in the official method for
preparation of tinctures by percolation process
Imbibition:
powdered drug is moistened with a sufficient quantity of
menstruum and allowed to stand for 4 hours in a closed
vessel.
It is done inorder to allow swelling of the tissues
before packing into the percolator.
Dry powder if packed into percolator may cause
blockage of the percolator.
It allows entrapped air to escape, dry powder drug
would have air entrapped within them, this may resist
the flow of menstrumm and will disturb the packing of
the powdered drug.
63. SIMPLE PERCOLATION
63
Prior to packing of the imbibed drug into percolator uniformity
of particle size is ensured by passing the moistened mass
through a sieve of coarse aperture.
Glass wool moistened with solvent is kept at the bottom to avoid
blockage of outlet or tap. Cotton wool may not be used as after
getting soaked it would also create a impermeable mass.
The imbibed drug is packed in the percolator upto 2/3rd or 3/4th
of the volume of percolator.
Filter paper is placed above this layer and above this a layer of
sand is placed inorder to prevent disturbance of top layer when
the menstrumm is added into the percolator.
Sufficient quantity of menstruum needs to be added to saturate
the material.
When the liquid starts coming out of the percolator outlet is
closed and add menstrumm forming a layer of solvent above the
imbibed mass.
64. SIMPLE PERCOLATION
64
Maceration:
The moistened drug is left in contact with
menstruum for 24 hrs.
During this period, menstruum dissolves the
active constituent of the drug and becomes
almost saturated with it.
Percolation
It consists of the downward displacement of
the saturated solution formed in maceration
and extraction of the remaining active
constituents present in the drug by the slow
passage of the menstruum through the
column of the drug.
65. SIMPLE PERCOLATION
65
After collecting 3/4th of the required volume
of the finished product or when the drug is
completely exhausted, the marc is pressed.
Mix the expressed liquid with percolate.
Add sufficient quantity of menstruum to
produce the required volume and then filter.
E.g. tincture of belladona, compound tincture of
cardamom, strong tincture of ginger.
66. PERCOLATION PROCESS FOR CONCENTRATED
PREPARATIONS
66
Used to prepare liquid extracts and solid extracts.
Types of processes are:
Reserve percolation process
Modified percolation process
67. Reserved Percolation Process
67
• In this process, a part of percolate, usually 3/4th of
the volume of the finished preparation, is reserved
(first percolate) containing high solute
concentration.
• Percolation process is continued till the drug is
completely exhausted.
• The percolate thus receives contains traces of active
constituents of the drug.
• Evaporation or distillation is done to recover the
costly menstruum.
• Hence, the major portion of the active constituents
of the drug are saved from detorioration.
• The remaining soft extract is then added to reserve
percolate.
• Volume make up is done using menstruum.
68. MODIFIED PERCOLATION PROCESS
68
• In percolation process, the drug/percolate (d/p) ratio is
about 1:4, the d/p ratio is reduced to 1:3 by modifying
the percolation process and hence there is a lot of saving
in heat, time and menstruum.
• Percolation is the displacement process.
• The strong solution of active constituents of drug
formed during maceration is displaced by the fresh
menstruum when percolation process is started.
• Menstruum remaining in contact with the drug dissolves
more matter than the flowing menstruum.
69. MODIFIED PERCOLATION PROCESS
69
• Hence, more menstruum is required to exhaust the drug when
simple percolation process is used.
• In simple percolation process:
Drug Imbitition Maceration percolation and collect
the percolate, i.e. ¾ of the volume of the finished product.
In modified percolation process:
Drug-imbibition-maceration-percolation and collect 1000ml of percolate
(24hr)
-maceration-percolation and collect 1000ml of percolate
(12hr)
-maceration –percolation and collect 1000ml of percolate
(12hr)
Drug:percolate
1000gm:3000ml
d/p=1:3
70. MODIFIED PERCOLATION PROCESS
70
After exhaustion of the drug, the percolate is
evaporated and then mixed with the main
percolate.
The final volume is made by adding more of
menstruum.
71. Continuous hot percolation process or soxhlet
extraction or soxhleation
71
When active constituents of the drug are not freely
soluble in the solvent or difficult to be displaced
from the cells of the drug, then it becomes necessary
to extract the crude drug by action of hot menstruum
for a considerable length of time.
The fixed oils from seeds and alkaloids from the
drug are extracted by continuous hot percolation
process using benzene, chloroform, petroleum, ether
etc.
72. Soxhlet apparatus
72
1. Flask containing the boiling water
2. Soxhlet Extractor: in which the drug to be extracted
is packed.
It has a side tube which carries the vapors of the solvent
from the flask to the condenser and a siphon tube which
siphons over the extract from soxhlet extractor to the
flask.
A condenser in which the vapors of the solvent are
condensed again into solvent.
74. Soxhlation
74
PROCEDURE
The drug is packed in a paper cylinder made from a filter
paper and it is placed in the body of soxhlet extractor.
The solvent is placed in the flask
The apparatus is then fitted as shown is figure.
When solvent is boiled on heating flask, it gets
converted into vapors.
These vapors enter into the condenser through the side
tube and get condensed into hot liquid which falls on
column of the drug.
When the extractor gets filled with the solvent, the level
of siphon tube also raises up to its top.
75. Soxhlation
75
The solvent containing active constituents in the
siphon tube siphon over and run into the flask, thus
emptying the body of extractor.
This alteration of filling and emptying the body of
extractor goes on continuously until the drug is
exhausted (normally 15 times).
The soluble active constituent of the drug remain
in the flask where solvent is repeatedly volatilized.
76. Factors affecting the choice of extraction
process
76
1. Character of drug
• Knowledge of pharmacognosy – maceration process if
drug is soft, percolation process used when drug is
hard and tough
2. Therapeutic value of the drug:
• when the drug has high therapeutic value, maximum
extraction is required, so percolation process is used
e.g. Belladona.
3. Cost of drug
• costly drugs are extracted by percolation process,
whereas cheap drugs are extracted by maceration
process.
77. Factors affecting the choice of extraction
process
77
4. Stability of drug:
Thermolabile drugs-maceration or percolation
should be done.
No hot extraction process should be carried out.
5. solvent:
Maceration process recommended-if water is
used as solvent.
Percolation process-nonaqueous solvents.
78. Factors affecting the choice of extraction
process
78
6. Concentration of product –
• The dilute products such as tinctures can be
made by using maceration or percolation
process, depending on other factors.
• For semi-concentrated preparations, such as
concentrated infusions, double or triple
maceration process can be used.
• The liquid extracts or dry extracts or dry extracts
which are concentrated preparations are prepared
by using percolation process.