The document discusses various methods of extraction used in pharmacy, including partition, leaching, maceration, percolation, digestion and soxhlet extraction. It defines extraction as treating plant or animal tissues with solvent to dissolve medicinally active constituents. Various equipment used for extraction include infusion, decoction, maceration, and percolation. Infusion involves steeping plant material in water, while decoction involves boiling plant material in water. Maceration involves soaking plant material in solvent, and percolation involves packing plant material in a percolator and pouring solvent through it. [/SUMMARY]

1. EXTRACTION
Dr. Basavaraj K. NanjwadeM. Pharm., Ph. D
Department of Pharmaceutics
Faculty of Pharmacy
Omer Al-Mukhtar University
Tobruk, Libya.
E-mail: nanjwadebk@gmail.com
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar
University, Tobruk, Libya.

2. CONTENTS
Brief notes concerning:
• Partition
• Leaching
• Equipments
• Reference
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.

3. Definition
• Extraction may be defined as the treatment of the
plant or animal tissues with solvent, whereby the
medicinally active constituents are dissolved and
most of the inert matter remains undisclosed.
• The solvent used for extraction is known as
“Menstrum” and the inert insoluble material that
remains after extraction is called “Marc”.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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4. Partition
(Liquid-liquid extraction)
• The term partitioning is commonly used to refer to
the underlying chemical and physical processes
involved in liquid–liquid extraction but may be fully
synonymous. The term solvent extraction can also
refer to the separation of a substance from a mixture
by preferentially dissolving that substance in a
suitable solvent. In that case, a soluble compound is
separated from an insoluble compound or a complex
matrix
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.

5. • Leaching is a liquid-solid operation.
• The two phases are in intimate contact, the solute(s)
can diffuse from the solid to the liquid phase, which
causes a separation of the components originally in
the solid.
• A special leaching process, when an undesirable
component is removed from a solid with water, is
called washing.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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Leaching
(Solid-liquid extraction)

6. Equipments
1. Infusion
2. Decoction
3. Maceration
4. Percolation
5. Digestion
The various preparations prepared by using one of
above methods are Infusions, Decoctions, spirits,
Elixirs, Extracts etc. All these preparations are
commonly knowns as ‘Galenicals’.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.

7. 1. Infusion
• It consists of pouring water over the drugs and then
allowing it to keep in contact with water for the stated
period, usually 15 minutes, with occasional stirring
and finally filtering off the liquid. The marc is not
pressed. The boiling water is commonly used as a
solvent, since it has a greater solvent action than cold
water.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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8. 2. Decoction
• In this process, the drug is boiled with water for a
stated period usually 10 minutes. After boiling, the
liquid is strained and water is passed through the
content of the strainer to make the required volume.
• This process is mainly used for vegetable drugs of
hard and woody nature having thermostable water
soluble constituents.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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9. 3. Maceration
• In this method the powdered plant material is soaked
in an organic solvent for a period of time with
constant or occasional stirring. The supernatant liquid
(extract) is then decanted and filtered. The process is
repeated for complete extraction.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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10. 4. Percolation
• This method uses a percolator. The powdered
material is packed in the percolator. Enough solvent
is then poured to soak the powder. Then more solvent
is poured and allowed to percolate through the
material. The extract is collected in a receiver. The
process is continued until extraction is complete.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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11. 4. Percolation Percolator
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Tobruk, Libya.
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12. Soxhlet extraction
• This is a continuous process of extraction with a hot
solvent.
• Soxhlet extractors are used for this purpose. This extractor
is provided with a siphoning system.
• The powdered plant material is packed in a thimble.
• The solvent is boiled in a flask. The evaporated solvent
passes through the side tube of the extractor and
condensed in the condenser, fitted at the top of the
extractor.
• The condensed hot solvent runs into the thimble and soaks
the material & extracts the constituents.
• When the chamber holding the thimble becomes full the
solvent siphons down to the flask and the process is
continuously repeated till extraction is complete
2014/05/20
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar
University, Tobruk, Libya.
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13. Soxhlet apparatus
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14. 5. Digestion
• In digestion process, the drug is extracted by heating at a
particular pressure. This will increase the penetration power of
the menstruum, so that there is complete extraction of the
drug. Percautions should be taken so that the increased
temperature may not harm the active constituents of the drug.
• The apparatus know as “Digestor” is used for extraction of
the drug by this method. It is a vessel made up of metal. The
whole of the drug along with the menstruum is placed in the
body of the digestor. Place the cover over it and bolt it with
the help of nuts. The drug is treated with menstruum for a
definite period under specified conditions of temperature and
pressure.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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15. THANK YOUe-mail: nanjwadebk@gmail.com
2014/05/20
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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