This document discusses the process of extraction, specifically maceration. It defines extraction as separating medicinally active portions of plants from inactive components using selective solvents. It then describes maceration as soaking crushed plant material in a solvent for a period of time to soften cells and dissolve soluble constituents. The key steps of maceration involve adding crushed plant material and solvent to a vessel, soaking for 7 days, straining and pressing the plant material, and filtering and concentrating the extracted liquid. Larger scale extraction processes like circulatory extraction and multiple stage extraction in an extraction battery are also summarized to improve efficiency.
A medicinal preparation which is prepared by extraction of crude vegetable drugs (active principles) with suitable solvent. The term is now used to denote standard preparations containing one or more active constituents of a plant and made by a process that leaves the inert and other undesirable constituents of the plant un-dissolved. This is known as Extraction.
A medicinal preparation which is prepared by extraction of crude vegetable drugs (active principles) with suitable solvent. The term is now used to denote standard preparations containing one or more active constituents of a plant and made by a process that leaves the inert and other undesirable constituents of the plant un-dissolved. This is known as Extraction.
Semisolid dosage forms: Definitions, classification, mechanisms and factors influencing dermal penetration of drugs. Preparation of ointments, pastes, creams and gels. Excipients used in semi solid dosage forms. Evaluation of semi solid dosages forms
Extraction is a process of separation or isolation of pharmaceutical active ingredients
from plant or animal drugs with the help of solvent.
On the basis of the physical nature of crude drug to be extracted i.e. liquid or solid ,the extraction process may be:
Liquid –Liquid Extraction Or
Solid –Liquid Extraction.
The solvent used for extraction is called as ‘Menstruum’ and the residue left after extracting desired constituents is called ‘Marc’.
Required Ideal Properties of Menstruum :
Should be inert and non –toxic
Should extract only the desirable constituent of the crude drug .
Should be cheap and easily available
Semisolid dosage forms: Definitions, classification, mechanisms and factors influencing dermal penetration of drugs. Preparation of ointments, pastes, creams and gels. Excipients used in semi solid dosage forms. Evaluation of semi solid dosages forms
Extraction is a process of separation or isolation of pharmaceutical active ingredients
from plant or animal drugs with the help of solvent.
On the basis of the physical nature of crude drug to be extracted i.e. liquid or solid ,the extraction process may be:
Liquid –Liquid Extraction Or
Solid –Liquid Extraction.
The solvent used for extraction is called as ‘Menstruum’ and the residue left after extracting desired constituents is called ‘Marc’.
Required Ideal Properties of Menstruum :
Should be inert and non –toxic
Should extract only the desirable constituent of the crude drug .
Should be cheap and easily available
Extraction refers to processes for the isolation of the active ingredients from drug material. This may be by physical means or by dissolving in a suitable menstruum (liquid solvent eg. water or alcohol). Expression is the physical act of applying pressure to squeeze out oils or juices from plants.
This is about the large extraction, hope you all get benefit from this and feel easy to use it .
This is all about how we do extraction at large scale and what is the best procedure to do it properly, as a pharmacist we must know about little details of our formulations how they are extracted and their further process and machinery used. All the terms should be considered and handling is the most important step. This will be a ready to explain type information.
In that topic their is describe the different types of Extraction Methods, Parameters for Selecting appropriate Extraction methods, types of Extract, types of Separation techniques, types of distillation, chromatographic techniques.
All about extraction methods in pharmacognosy.
The procedure of separating active compounds, active substances, or active medications from basic materials derived either directly from plants or animals,
It is the separation of medicinally active tissues from inert or inactive components in plants or animals using specific solvents.
Solvent ;
Can be Polar or Non-polar
Depends on the nature of secondary metabolite
Example;
Polar Solvents; Water, Alcohol etc.
Non- polar; Benzene, chloroform etc.
Ideal properties of the solvent;
Must be highly selective for the compound to be extracted
Inert with the extracted compound or with other compounds in the plant material
Cost effective
Be harmless to man & eco-friendly
CHOICE OF EXTRACTION METHODS DEPENDS ON;
Size of Sample
Quantity of the extract required
Choice of solvent
The time taken for extraction
Cost
Terms used in extraction;
MENSTRUUM;
Solvent or solvent mixture used for extraction.
MISCELLA /Extract;
Solution containing extracted substances.
MARC;
Inert insoluble material that remains after extraction.
Drying of crude drugs;
To prevent microbiological contamination, it is necessary.
Drugs should be dried below 60°C unless otherwise specified.
Shade drying
Lowered heat exposure
Less chance to chemical alteration
Sun drying
Use less intense sun light
Economic, Most efficient
Far infrared drying
Less explored yet
Expensive, Used for expensive drugs
Vacuum Drying
Low Pressure rapid drying method
For thermolabile compounds
Oven/Hot air drying
Often used
Steps of Extractions;
Size reduction
Maximum surface area
Mesh size is 30-40 optimum
Extraction
Maceration, Infusion, Percolation, soxhlation etc.
Filtration
With the help of musciline cloth, filter paper, filter press
Concentration
By evaporation of solvent
Drying
Spray drying
Extraction;
Extraction is the process of efficiently dissolving & separating the desired chemical constituents from the crude drug with the use of solvent.
Types Of Extraction ;
Solid Extraction
The name refers to the separation of solid components from solid substance by using appropriate solvent. This type of extraction is generally performed before any further separation or processing..
2. Solvent Extraction
The liquid-liquid extraction is one in which phytoconstituents that are extracted by solid extraction process are partitioned between any two immiscible solvents.
Ideally this process needs to be carried out after solid extraction process & it is considered as purification process.
On a laboratory scale Solvent extraction is carried out in a separating funnel.
Mechanism of .......
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
3. 12122012
“EXTRACTION with Special
Reference to Maceration”
Assigned by
Dr. Akhtar Rasool
Ph.D-Pharmaceutics
Presented by
Mudassar Ahmad
DPH-FA11-035
“The University of Faisalabad”
4. DEFINITION
“Extraction involves the separation
of medicinally active portions of
animal or plant tissues from the
inactive components through the
use of selective solvents”
5. INTRODUCTION
• Although, the various classes of
preparations involving simple expression,
aqueous hot and cold extraction and
evaporation were in vogue since long time
but, real and scientific rapid progress in
the extraction procedures for medicinal
plant's preparations was made after 19th
century.
6. …
• Such extraction techniques and
processes were highly successful in
• the phytochemical field leading to isolation
of single pure molecules
• and standardized extracts for therapeutic
purposes.
7. …
• Simple traditional to advanced
technologies conforming to official
procedures are being used to manufacture
different types of preparations popularly
known as Galenicals.
8. …
• Such class of
preparations includes:
• Decoctions
• Infusions
• Fluid extracts tinctures
• Semi solid extracts
• Powdered extracts.
10. …Purposes of Extraction
• The sole purpose of such basic extraction
procedures for crude
• drugs are to obtained the therapeutically
desirable portion and
• eliminate the inert material by treatment
with a selective solvent
• known as the Menstruum.
11. …
• Such types of extraction procedures also
play a decisive role for the qualitative and
quantitative composition of the extracts.
• The standardized extracts, thus obtained
are further processed for inclusion in other
dosage forms such as Tablets and
Capsules.
12. …
• These extracts are also utilized for
isolation and characterization of
therapeutically active chemical
constituents used in modern medicines.
13. General Terms Used
• Menstrum: Solvent used for extraction is
known as menstrum. Eg; Water, Alcohol,
Ether.
• Marc: The inert fibrous and other
insoluble materials remaining after
extraction.
• Extracts: Preparations of
liquid(Tinctures),Semisolid(soft
extracts),or Solid(dry extract)
14. General Method of Extraction
• Communition (reducing substances to
small size)
• Penetration of the crude drug by
menstrum
• Dissolution of the active principles by
menstrum
• Diffusion of the dissolved active principles
through the cell wall to the sorrounding
menstrum
15. • Seperaion of the dissolved active
principles from the marc by filtration or
expression.
16. Choice of Menstrum
• Highly selective for the compound to be
extracted
• High capacity for extraction
• Not react with the extracted compound or
with other compounds in the plant material
• Have low price
• Harmless to the man and to the
environment
• Completely volatile.
17. Generally used Solvents
• Water
• Aliphatic alcohols with upto three Carbon
atoms
• Ether
• Chloroform
• Glycerine
18. Difference Between Water and
Alcohol
Advantages:
•Cheap
•Non toxic
•Non Inflammable
Advantages:
•Selective
•No additional preservatives
required
•Non toxic
Disadvantages:
•Non-Selective
•Promote Hydrolysis
•Promote enzymatic degradation
•Good media for microbial growth
Disadvantages:
•Costly
WATER ALCOHOL
20. Maceration
“The process in which properly communited drug
is placed or permitted to soak in a solvent for
specific period of time until the cellular structure
is softened and penetrated by the solvent and
soluble constituents are dissolved and extracted
out ’’
Example: Tea bags
21. Property of Maceration
“Definite quantity of drug is placed in the
menstrum for definite period of time’’
Maceration Process:
Following steps are involved in the general
maceration process of extraction;
• Plant material (crushed or cut small or
moderately coarse powder)
• Placed in a closed vessel.
22. • Whole of the selected solvent (menstruum)
added.
• Allowed to stand for seven days, shaking
occasionally.
• Liquid strained off.
• Solid residue (mark) pressed (recover as much
as occluded solution).
• Strained and expressed liquids mixed.
• Clarified by subsidence or filtration.
• Evaporation and concentration
23. Maceration is further carried out by following
processes:
• Maceration for Organized drugs
• Maceration for unorganized drugs
• Multiple Maceration
24. Organized and Unorganized
Drug Maceration
Maceration of
Organized Drugs
Maceration of
Unorganized Drugs
Drug+Entire volume of
menstrum
Drug+4/5 of menstrum
Shake occasionally for 7
days
Shake occasionally on days
2-7.
Strain liquid and press the
mark.
Decant liquid, marc is not
pressed.
25. Mix the liquids and clarify
by filtration. Final volume
is not adjusted.
Filter the liquid and final
volume is adjusted by
remaining menstrum.
Eg; Vinegar of squill, oximal
of squill, Tincture of orange,
Tincture of lemon, Tincture
of Squill.
Compound tincture of
benzoin, Tincture of Myrrh,
Tincture of Tolu.
26. Multiple Maceration:
Same as simple maceration process but
the menstrum is divided into parts ( two for
double and three for triple )
Double Maceration:
Drug is macerated twice, menstrum is
divided into two equal parts.
27. Volume of menstrum required for
first maceration
Total vol.of menstrum-vol. to be retained by the drug + vol. to be retained by the drug
2
Volume of menstrum required for
second maceration
Total vol. of menstrum-vol.of menstrum used for first maceration
28. Procedure:
Drug is macerated for 48 hrs with the
quantity of menstrum required for 1st
maceration. Strain the liquid and press the
marc. Macerate again for 48 hrs with
remaining menstrum required for 2nd
maceration. Strain the liquid and press the
marc. Mixed the liquid obtained from two
maceration. Allow it to stand for 14 days
and then filter.
29. Large scale extraction process
Circulatory Extraction:
• The efficiency of extraction in a maceration
process can be improved by arranging for the
solvent to be continuously circulated through the
drug, as indicated in the figure below.
• Solvent is pumped from the bottom of the vessel
to the inlet where it is distributed through spray
nozzles over the surface of the drug.
30. • The movement of the solvent reduces boundary
layers, and the uniform distribution minimizes
local concentration in a shorter time.
31. Multiple stage extraction
Procedure:
• Fill extractor with drug, add solvent and circulate. Run off
to receiver 1.
• Refill extractor with solvent and circulate. Run off to
receiver 2.
• Refill extractor with solvent and circulate. Run off to
extractor 3.
• Remove drug from extractor and recharge. Return
solvent from 1 to extractor. Remove for evaporation.
• Return solution from 2 to extracture and circulate. Run
off to receiver 1.
32. •Return solution from 3 to extractor and circulate .
Run off to receiver 2.
•Add fresh solvent to extractor and circulate.
Run off to receiver 3.
•Remove drug from extractor and recharge.
Repeat cycle.
33.
34. Extraction Battery
• In the normal percolation process, the
percolate is not of maximum concentration
and as such very dilute.
• The ideal situation would be to have
maximum concentration.
• Continuous extraction devices of this type
are used where large amounts of single
material are handled.
35. • It can be achieved by treating it as a stage
wise process.
• In this process a series of vessels are
used and extraction is semi–continuous.
Equipment
• Equipment is described as an extraction
battery and consists of a number vessels
with inter connecting pipe work.
36. • Vessels are so arranged that solvent can
be added to and the product taken from
any vessel.
• These vessels can, therefore, be made
into a series with any of vessels as the
first of the series.
• The use of extraction battery is illustrated
in Fig. given below, where simplest
arrangement of three vessel is shown