This document discusses the process of extraction, specifically maceration. It defines extraction as separating medicinally active portions of plants from inactive components using selective solvents. It then describes maceration as soaking crushed plant material in a solvent for a period of time to soften cells and dissolve soluble constituents. The key steps of maceration involve adding crushed plant material and solvent to a vessel, soaking for 7 days, straining and pressing the plant material, and filtering and concentrating the extracted liquid. Larger scale extraction processes like circulatory extraction and multiple stage extraction in an extraction battery are also summarized to improve efficiency.

2. Pharmaceutical preparations
The process of “EXTRACTION”

3. 12122012
“EXTRACTION with Special
Reference to Maceration”
Assigned by
Dr. Akhtar Rasool
Ph.D-Pharmaceutics
Presented by
Mudassar Ahmad
DPH-FA11-035
“The University of Faisalabad”

4. DEFINITION
“Extraction involves the separation
of medicinally active portions of
animal or plant tissues from the
inactive components through the
use of selective solvents”

5. INTRODUCTION
• Although, the various classes of
preparations involving simple expression,
aqueous hot and cold extraction and
evaporation were in vogue since long time
but, real and scientific rapid progress in
the extraction procedures for medicinal
plant's preparations was made after 19th
century.

6. …
• Such extraction techniques and
processes were highly successful in
• the phytochemical field leading to isolation
of single pure molecules
• and standardized extracts for therapeutic
purposes.

7. …
• Simple traditional to advanced
technologies conforming to official
procedures are being used to manufacture
different types of preparations popularly
known as Galenicals.

8. …
• Such class of
preparations includes:
• Decoctions
• Infusions
• Fluid extracts tinctures
• Semi solid extracts
• Powdered extracts.

9. Various Methods of
Extraction
• Maceration
• Percolation
• Infusion
• Decoction
• Digestion

10. …Purposes of Extraction
• The sole purpose of such basic extraction
procedures for crude
• drugs are to obtained the therapeutically
desirable portion and
• eliminate the inert material by treatment
with a selective solvent
• known as the Menstruum.

11. …
• Such types of extraction procedures also
play a decisive role for the qualitative and
quantitative composition of the extracts.
• The standardized extracts, thus obtained
are further processed for inclusion in other
dosage forms such as Tablets and
Capsules.

12. …
• These extracts are also utilized for
isolation and characterization of
therapeutically active chemical
constituents used in modern medicines.

13. General Terms Used
• Menstrum: Solvent used for extraction is
known as menstrum. Eg; Water, Alcohol,
Ether.
• Marc: The inert fibrous and other
insoluble materials remaining after
extraction.
• Extracts: Preparations of
liquid(Tinctures),Semisolid(soft
extracts),or Solid(dry extract)

14. General Method of Extraction
• Communition (reducing substances to
small size)
• Penetration of the crude drug by
menstrum
• Dissolution of the active principles by
menstrum
• Diffusion of the dissolved active principles
through the cell wall to the sorrounding
menstrum

15. • Seperaion of the dissolved active
principles from the marc by filtration or
expression.

16. Choice of Menstrum
• Highly selective for the compound to be
extracted
• High capacity for extraction
• Not react with the extracted compound or
with other compounds in the plant material
• Have low price
• Harmless to the man and to the
environment
• Completely volatile.

17. Generally used Solvents
• Water
• Aliphatic alcohols with upto three Carbon
atoms
• Ether
• Chloroform
• Glycerine

18. Difference Between Water and
Alcohol
Advantages:
•Cheap
•Non toxic
•Non Inflammable
Advantages:
•Selective
•No additional preservatives
required
•Non toxic
Disadvantages:
•Non-Selective
•Promote Hydrolysis
•Promote enzymatic degradation
•Good media for microbial growth
Disadvantages:
•Costly
WATER ALCOHOL

19. Solvent of Choice for:
•Proteins
•Coloring Matter
•Gums
•Alkaloidal Salts
•Glycosides
•Sugars
•Enzymes
•Anthraquinone derivatives
•Organic derivatives
Solvent of Choice for:
•Alkaloids
•Alkaloidal salts
•Glycosides
•Volatile Oils
•Tennins
•Resins

20. Maceration
“The process in which properly communited drug
is placed or permitted to soak in a solvent for
specific period of time until the cellular structure
is softened and penetrated by the solvent and
soluble constituents are dissolved and extracted
out ’’
Example: Tea bags

21. Property of Maceration
“Definite quantity of drug is placed in the
menstrum for definite period of time’’
Maceration Process:
Following steps are involved in the general
maceration process of extraction;
• Plant material (crushed or cut small or
moderately coarse powder)
• Placed in a closed vessel.

22. • Whole of the selected solvent (menstruum)
added.
• Allowed to stand for seven days, shaking
occasionally.
• Liquid strained off.
• Solid residue (mark) pressed (recover as much
as occluded solution).
• Strained and expressed liquids mixed.
• Clarified by subsidence or filtration.
• Evaporation and concentration

23. Maceration is further carried out by following
processes:
• Maceration for Organized drugs
• Maceration for unorganized drugs
• Multiple Maceration

24. Organized and Unorganized
Drug Maceration
Maceration of
Organized Drugs
Maceration of
Unorganized Drugs
Drug+Entire volume of
menstrum
Drug+4/5 of menstrum
Shake occasionally for 7
days
Shake occasionally on days
2-7.
Strain liquid and press the
mark.
Decant liquid, marc is not
pressed.

25. Mix the liquids and clarify
by filtration. Final volume
is not adjusted.
Filter the liquid and final
volume is adjusted by
remaining menstrum.
Eg; Vinegar of squill, oximal
of squill, Tincture of orange,
Tincture of lemon, Tincture
of Squill.
Compound tincture of
benzoin, Tincture of Myrrh,
Tincture of Tolu.

26. Multiple Maceration:
Same as simple maceration process but
the menstrum is divided into parts ( two for
double and three for triple )
Double Maceration:
Drug is macerated twice, menstrum is
divided into two equal parts.

27. Volume of menstrum required for
first maceration
Total vol.of menstrum-vol. to be retained by the drug + vol. to be retained by the drug
2
Volume of menstrum required for
second maceration
Total vol. of menstrum-vol.of menstrum used for first maceration

28. Procedure:
Drug is macerated for 48 hrs with the
quantity of menstrum required for 1st
maceration. Strain the liquid and press the
marc. Macerate again for 48 hrs with
remaining menstrum required for 2nd
maceration. Strain the liquid and press the
marc. Mixed the liquid obtained from two
maceration. Allow it to stand for 14 days
and then filter.

29. Large scale extraction process
Circulatory Extraction:
• The efficiency of extraction in a maceration
process can be improved by arranging for the
solvent to be continuously circulated through the
drug, as indicated in the figure below.
• Solvent is pumped from the bottom of the vessel
to the inlet where it is distributed through spray
nozzles over the surface of the drug.

30. • The movement of the solvent reduces boundary
layers, and the uniform distribution minimizes
local concentration in a shorter time.

31. Multiple stage extraction
Procedure:
• Fill extractor with drug, add solvent and circulate. Run off
to receiver 1.
• Refill extractor with solvent and circulate. Run off to
receiver 2.
• Refill extractor with solvent and circulate. Run off to
extractor 3.
• Remove drug from extractor and recharge. Return
solvent from 1 to extractor. Remove for evaporation.
• Return solution from 2 to extracture and circulate. Run
off to receiver 1.

32. •Return solution from 3 to extractor and circulate .
Run off to receiver 2.
•Add fresh solvent to extractor and circulate.
Run off to receiver 3.
•Remove drug from extractor and recharge.
Repeat cycle.

34. Extraction Battery
• In the normal percolation process, the
percolate is not of maximum concentration
and as such very dilute.
• The ideal situation would be to have
maximum concentration.
• Continuous extraction devices of this type
are used where large amounts of single
material are handled.

35. • It can be achieved by treating it as a stage
wise process.
• In this process a series of vessels are
used and extraction is semi–continuous.
Equipment
• Equipment is described as an extraction
battery and consists of a number vessels
with inter connecting pipe work.

36. • Vessels are so arranged that solvent can
be added to and the product taken from
any vessel.
• These vessels can, therefore, be made
into a series with any of vessels as the
first of the series.
• The use of extraction battery is illustrated
in Fig. given below, where simplest
arrangement of three vessel is shown