This document discusses percolation, which is the process of extracting soluble constituents from a drug by slowly passing a solvent through the drug. It provides examples of percolation like extracting soluble compounds from coffee. The process of percolation involves comminution, imbibition, packing, maceration, and percolation. It also discusses modified percolation methods like reserved, continuous hot, and continuous cold percolation. Different types of percolators are used depending on factors like the drug properties and desired extraction method.
what is extraction, infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, digestion, factors, procedure for infusion, procedure for decoction, procedure for maceration, factors for extraction
what is extraction, infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, digestion, factors, procedure for infusion, procedure for decoction, procedure for maceration, factors for extraction
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
This slide contains sources, collection process, constituents and uses of some important plants for making medicine containing anthraquinone glycosides like Senna, Cascara Sagrada, Aloe, Rhubarb, Chrysarobin.
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
This slide contains sources, collection process, constituents and uses of some important plants for making medicine containing anthraquinone glycosides like Senna, Cascara Sagrada, Aloe, Rhubarb, Chrysarobin.
All about extraction methods in pharmacognosy.
The procedure of separating active compounds, active substances, or active medications from basic materials derived either directly from plants or animals,
It is the separation of medicinally active tissues from inert or inactive components in plants or animals using specific solvents.
Solvent ;
Can be Polar or Non-polar
Depends on the nature of secondary metabolite
Example;
Polar Solvents; Water, Alcohol etc.
Non- polar; Benzene, chloroform etc.
Ideal properties of the solvent;
Must be highly selective for the compound to be extracted
Inert with the extracted compound or with other compounds in the plant material
Cost effective
Be harmless to man & eco-friendly
CHOICE OF EXTRACTION METHODS DEPENDS ON;
Size of Sample
Quantity of the extract required
Choice of solvent
The time taken for extraction
Cost
Terms used in extraction;
MENSTRUUM;
Solvent or solvent mixture used for extraction.
MISCELLA /Extract;
Solution containing extracted substances.
MARC;
Inert insoluble material that remains after extraction.
Drying of crude drugs;
To prevent microbiological contamination, it is necessary.
Drugs should be dried below 60°C unless otherwise specified.
Shade drying
Lowered heat exposure
Less chance to chemical alteration
Sun drying
Use less intense sun light
Economic, Most efficient
Far infrared drying
Less explored yet
Expensive, Used for expensive drugs
Vacuum Drying
Low Pressure rapid drying method
For thermolabile compounds
Oven/Hot air drying
Often used
Steps of Extractions;
Size reduction
Maximum surface area
Mesh size is 30-40 optimum
Extraction
Maceration, Infusion, Percolation, soxhlation etc.
Filtration
With the help of musciline cloth, filter paper, filter press
Concentration
By evaporation of solvent
Drying
Spray drying
Extraction;
Extraction is the process of efficiently dissolving & separating the desired chemical constituents from the crude drug with the use of solvent.
Types Of Extraction ;
Solid Extraction
The name refers to the separation of solid components from solid substance by using appropriate solvent. This type of extraction is generally performed before any further separation or processing..
2. Solvent Extraction
The liquid-liquid extraction is one in which phytoconstituents that are extracted by solid extraction process are partitioned between any two immiscible solvents.
Ideally this process needs to be carried out after solid extraction process & it is considered as purification process.
On a laboratory scale Solvent extraction is carried out in a separating funnel.
Mechanism of .......
Extraction
Various methods
Extraction with reflux
Extraction with agitation
Counter current extraction
reserve percolation process, continuous hot percolation process
decoction
infusion
digestion
Extraction with agitation
Maceration with adjustment
Extraction is a process of separation or isolation of pharmaceutical active ingredients
from plant or animal drugs with the help of solvent.
On the basis of the physical nature of crude drug to be extracted i.e. liquid or solid ,the extraction process may be:
Liquid –Liquid Extraction Or
Solid –Liquid Extraction.
The solvent used for extraction is called as ‘Menstruum’ and the residue left after extracting desired constituents is called ‘Marc’.
Required Ideal Properties of Menstruum :
Should be inert and non –toxic
Should extract only the desirable constituent of the crude drug .
Should be cheap and easily available
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Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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2. INTRODUCTION
‘per’ means ‘through’
‘colare’ mean ‘to strain’
Definition
The process in which a comminuted drug is
extracted of its soluble constituents by the slow
passage of suitable solvent through a column of
drug.
3. COMMON EXAMPLES
Coffee:
In coffee percolation soluble compounds leaves
the coffee and join the water. Insoluble components
remain within the coffee filter.
5. PROCESS
The process of percolation includes five steps.
Comminution of drug
Imbibition of drug
Packing
Maceration
Percolation
6. COMMINUTION
It is the size reduction of drug usually from
coarse powder to fine powder so that....
To increase surface area
To ensure complete removal of drug
To slow down the movement of menstrum
For uniform packing
7. IMBIBITION
Swelling of drug by absorbing menstrum.It is
allowed to stand for 4 hours in a closed container.
It is done to achieve following objectives;
To avoid choking(difficulty in movement)
To remove air
To avoid washing out of fine particles
8. PACKING
After imbibition drug is evenly packed into the
percolator.
The a filter paper is placed on the bottom to support
the column of drug.
Then the moistened drug is placed on the filter
paper.
Over the moistened drug another filter paper is
placed having weight on it.
Then menstrum is added. Close the lid if menstrum
is volatile.
10. MACERATION
After packing sufficient menstrum is added and
covered with lid.
When liquid begins to drop the lower orifice is
closed.
Then percolator is set aside 24 hours.
11. PERCOLATION
After 24 hours lower orifice is opened and
menstrum is collected with a controlled speed until
¾ of menstrum is collected.
Then more menstrum is added and collected from
the lower orifice so that marc does not become dry.
Then marc is pressed to get extract which is
combined with previous liquid.
Then it is allowed to stand and then it is filtered.
12. MODIFIED PERCOLATION
Reserved percolation
Continuous hot percolation
Continuous cold percolation
Reserved percolation:
This type of percolation is done to get concentrated preparation.
process:
In this method the first portion(about ¾ portion) of percolate
contains maximum amount of active constituent(70 to 80%) is
reserved as such.
The last portion of percolate(about ¼ ) is collected separately
and menstrum is evaporated to get syrupy consistency and
mixed with reserved percolate.
Final volume is adjusted by adding more menstrum.
Usually alcohol is use as menstrum for reserved percolation.
example:
Liquorice liquid extract.
13. CONTINUOUS HOT PERCOLATION
This process is done for those drugs in which
percolation of menstrum into cellular tissues is very low.
Apparatus:
The apparatus use for this process is called as
KUMAGAWA EXTRACTOR.
Process:
The menstrum present in the flask is heated and vapours
are taken to a condenser where the condensed liquid is
return to the drug to continue extraction.
ADVANTAGES:
Smaller volume of menstrum can be use again and
again.
