The document discusses various extraction methods used in pharmacognosy. It begins by defining extraction as removing active constituents from a solid or liquid using a solvent. It then describes different types of extracts that can be produced like dry, soft, and liquid extracts. The rest of the document explains key extraction methods in detail, including maceration, percolation, digestion and others. It discusses factors that affect the extraction process and properties of ideal solvents.
Extraction is a process of separation or isolation of pharmaceutical active ingredients
from plant or animal drugs with the help of solvent.
On the basis of the physical nature of crude drug to be extracted i.e. liquid or solid ,the extraction process may be:
Liquid –Liquid Extraction Or
Solid –Liquid Extraction.
The solvent used for extraction is called as ‘Menstruum’ and the residue left after extracting desired constituents is called ‘Marc’.
Required Ideal Properties of Menstruum :
Should be inert and non –toxic
Should extract only the desirable constituent of the crude drug .
Should be cheap and easily available
Extraction is a process of separation or isolation of pharmaceutical active ingredients
from plant or animal drugs with the help of solvent.
On the basis of the physical nature of crude drug to be extracted i.e. liquid or solid ,the extraction process may be:
Liquid –Liquid Extraction Or
Solid –Liquid Extraction.
The solvent used for extraction is called as ‘Menstruum’ and the residue left after extracting desired constituents is called ‘Marc’.
Required Ideal Properties of Menstruum :
Should be inert and non –toxic
Should extract only the desirable constituent of the crude drug .
Should be cheap and easily available
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The catechu is an example of hydrolysable tannins which gets easily hydrolysed by action of enzymes and acids.
what is extraction. what are the conventional methods what are their drawbacks. what are the advanced techniques used to overcome those drawbacks. major focus on Microwave assisted extraction. its factors advantages types and applications
In that topic their is describe the different types of Extraction Methods, Parameters for Selecting appropriate Extraction methods, types of Extract, types of Separation techniques, types of distillation, chromatographic techniques.
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
Aerosol , components for aerosol formulation by mariomakhter@yahoo.commariomS7
Aerosol are the products that depend on the power of a compressed or liquefied gas to expel the contents from the container. Aerosols are termed also pressurized package.
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The catechu is an example of hydrolysable tannins which gets easily hydrolysed by action of enzymes and acids.
what is extraction. what are the conventional methods what are their drawbacks. what are the advanced techniques used to overcome those drawbacks. major focus on Microwave assisted extraction. its factors advantages types and applications
In that topic their is describe the different types of Extraction Methods, Parameters for Selecting appropriate Extraction methods, types of Extract, types of Separation techniques, types of distillation, chromatographic techniques.
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
Aerosol , components for aerosol formulation by mariomakhter@yahoo.commariomS7
Aerosol are the products that depend on the power of a compressed or liquefied gas to expel the contents from the container. Aerosols are termed also pressurized package.
All about extraction methods in pharmacognosy.
The procedure of separating active compounds, active substances, or active medications from basic materials derived either directly from plants or animals,
It is the separation of medicinally active tissues from inert or inactive components in plants or animals using specific solvents.
Solvent ;
Can be Polar or Non-polar
Depends on the nature of secondary metabolite
Example;
Polar Solvents; Water, Alcohol etc.
Non- polar; Benzene, chloroform etc.
Ideal properties of the solvent;
Must be highly selective for the compound to be extracted
Inert with the extracted compound or with other compounds in the plant material
Cost effective
Be harmless to man & eco-friendly
CHOICE OF EXTRACTION METHODS DEPENDS ON;
Size of Sample
Quantity of the extract required
Choice of solvent
The time taken for extraction
Cost
Terms used in extraction;
MENSTRUUM;
Solvent or solvent mixture used for extraction.
MISCELLA /Extract;
Solution containing extracted substances.
MARC;
Inert insoluble material that remains after extraction.
Drying of crude drugs;
To prevent microbiological contamination, it is necessary.
Drugs should be dried below 60°C unless otherwise specified.
Shade drying
Lowered heat exposure
Less chance to chemical alteration
Sun drying
Use less intense sun light
Economic, Most efficient
Far infrared drying
Less explored yet
Expensive, Used for expensive drugs
Vacuum Drying
Low Pressure rapid drying method
For thermolabile compounds
Oven/Hot air drying
Often used
Steps of Extractions;
Size reduction
Maximum surface area
Mesh size is 30-40 optimum
Extraction
Maceration, Infusion, Percolation, soxhlation etc.
Filtration
With the help of musciline cloth, filter paper, filter press
Concentration
By evaporation of solvent
Drying
Spray drying
Extraction;
Extraction is the process of efficiently dissolving & separating the desired chemical constituents from the crude drug with the use of solvent.
Types Of Extraction ;
Solid Extraction
The name refers to the separation of solid components from solid substance by using appropriate solvent. This type of extraction is generally performed before any further separation or processing..
2. Solvent Extraction
The liquid-liquid extraction is one in which phytoconstituents that are extracted by solid extraction process are partitioned between any two immiscible solvents.
Ideally this process needs to be carried out after solid extraction process & it is considered as purification process.
On a laboratory scale Solvent extraction is carried out in a separating funnel.
Mechanism of .......
Extraction
Various methods
Extraction with reflux
Extraction with agitation
Counter current extraction
reserve percolation process, continuous hot percolation process
decoction
infusion
digestion
Extraction with agitation
Maceration with adjustment
The process of separating medicinally active constituents of plant and animal tissues with the help of selective solvents and standard procedures is termed extraction.
The extracted products of plant tissues obtained in liquid or semisolid state (after removing the solvent) or in dry powdered form are complex mixtures of metabolites.
The extracted preparations include decoctions, infusions, fluid extracts, tinctures, semisolid extracts, or powdered extracts; these preparations are named as galenicals after Galen (a Greek physician of 2nd century)
The standardised extraction procedures involve treatment with a selective solvent (menstrum) to yield the therapeutically active constituents of crude drugs, removing the inactive ones.
The undissolved residue left behind is termed marc.
Extraction refers to processes for the isolation of the active ingredients from drug material. This may be by physical means or by dissolving in a suitable menstruum (liquid solvent eg. water or alcohol). Expression is the physical act of applying pressure to squeeze out oils or juices from plants.
This is about the large extraction, hope you all get benefit from this and feel easy to use it .
This is all about how we do extraction at large scale and what is the best procedure to do it properly, as a pharmacist we must know about little details of our formulations how they are extracted and their further process and machinery used. All the terms should be considered and handling is the most important step. This will be a ready to explain type information.
extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources using maceration processNivaasvignopathy
extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources using maceration process.Maceration is a technique used in wine making and has been adopted in medicinal plant research.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
1. M.Pharm 1st
Sem. (2015-20146
Department of Pharmacognosy
R.C.Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research, Shirpur.
1
EXTRACTIONEXTRACTION
Guided by
Dr.A.U.Tatiya
Prepared by
Mr.Vishal S Bagul
2. 2
Extraction:Extraction:
Extraction is the method of removing active constituents from a
solid or liquid by means of liquid solvent.
The separation of medicinally active portions of plant or animal
tissues from the inactive or inert components by using selective
solvents.
In this method the wanted components are dissolved by the use of
selective solvents known as menstrum & undissolved part is a marc.
After the extraction unwanted matter is removed.
Extracts are prepared by using ethanol or other suitable solvent.
ExtractExtract :: Extracts can be defined as preparations of crude drugs
which contain all the constituents which are soluble in the solvent.
Marc:Marc: Solid residue obtain after extraction
MenstruumMenstruum:: SSolvent used for extractiontion
3. 3
Type of extractsType of extracts
◦ Dry extract (Tab, cap.)
E.g. belladonna extract
◦ Soft (Ointment, suppository)
E.g. glycerrhiza extract.
◦ Liquid : As tincture.
4. 4
Dissolution of extractive substances out of
disintegrated cells.
Dissolution of extractive substances out of intact
plant cell by diffusion (requires steeping and
swelling)
Penetration of the solvent into
the plant cells and swelling of
the cells.
Diffusion of the dissolved
extractive substances out of the
cell.
5. 5
Plant constituents are usually contained inside the
cells. Therefore, The solvent used for extraction must
diffuse into the cell to dissolve the desired compounds
whereupon the solution must pass the cell wall in the
opposite direction and mix with the surrounding liquid
.
An equilibrium is established between the solute
inside the cells and the solvent surrounding the
fragmented plant tissues
6. 6
Ideal properties of the solvents :Ideal properties of the solvents :
1. Be highly selective for the compound to be extracted.
2. Not react with the extracted compound or with other
compounds in the plant material
3. Have a low price.
4. Be harmless to man and to the environment.
5. Be completely volatile.
6. Should not mix up with water.
7. Should have the big capacity in relation to extractive.
8. The density of solvent should be difference from water
density.
9. Should have the minimum viscosity.
8. Factors affecting extraction process :Factors affecting extraction process :
Nature of drug
Solvent
Temperature
pH
Particle size
8
9. 9
Methods of extraction :Methods of extraction :
Infusion
Decoction
Digestion
Maceration
Percolation
Continues hot extraction
Supercritical fluid extraction
Counter current extraction
Microwave assisted extraction
Ultrasonication-Assisted Extraction:
10. 10
Infusion :Infusion :
Fresh infusions are prepared
by macerating the crude drug
for a short period of time with
cold or boiling water. These are
dilute solutions of the readily
soluble constituents of crude drugs.
Types of Infusion :
Fresh Infusion : e.g. Infusion of orange
Concentrated Infusion : e.g. Concentrated
infusion of Quassia
11. 11
Decoction :Decoction :
In this process, the crude
drug is boiled in a specified
volume of water for a defined
time; it is then cooled and
strained or filtered. This
procedure is suitable for
extracting water-soluble,
heat stable constituents.
e.g. Tea , Coffee
12. 12
Digestion :Digestion :
This is a form of maceration in
which gentle heat is used during
the process of extraction.
It is used when moderately
elevated temperature is not
objectionable. The solvent
efficiency of the menstruum is
thereby increased.
e.g. Extraction of Morphine
13. 13
Maceration :Maceration :
In this process solid ingredients
are placed in a stoppered container
with the whole of the solvent and
allowed to stand for a period of at
least 3 days (3 - 7 days) with frequent
agitation, until soluble matter is
dissolved. The mixture is then strained
(through sieves / nets), the marc pressed
and the combined liquids clarified
(cleaned by filtration) or by decantation, after standing.
14. 14
Process of maceration :Process of maceration :
Flow chartPlant Material
(Crushed or cut small or
Moderately coarse powder)
Placed in a closed vessels
Whole of the selected solvent
(Menstruum)added
Allowed to stand for seven days
shaking occasionally
Liquid strained off
Solid residue (marc)
pressed(Recover as much as
occluded solution)
(Strained and expressed
liquids mixed)
Clarified by subsidence or
filtration
Evaporation and Concentration
15. 15
Types of maceration :
Simple maceration: for organized and unorganized Crude drug
e.g. i) Tincture of Orange
ii) Tincture of Lemon
iii) Tincture of Squill
Double maceration : Concentrated infusion of orange
Triple maceration: The maceration process may
be carried out with help of heat or stirring
e.g. i) Concentrated infusion of Quassia
ii) Concentrated infusion of Senna
16. 16
SIMPLE MACERATION:-
INTRODUCTION:-
The extraction of the drug with a solvent with
several daily shakings or stirrings at room
temperature.
In this type of maceration, organized drug are used.
TYPES:-
1.Kinetic maceration: is carried out at room
temperature, like simple maceration, the difference
being that the material is kept in constant motion.
2.Vortical (turbo) Extraction:-The drug is stirred in the menstrum
with a high-speed mixture or homogenizer
17. 17
THEORY:-
The extraction of the drug with a solvent with several
daily shakings or stirrings at room temperature.
Where,
weight of solute diffusing = W
Diffusion coefficient = D
Surface area = A
Concentration of solute at
interface=C1
Concentration of solute in bulk =
C2
Thickness of boundary layer = L
Time = θ
DA (C1-C2) θ
W = ---------------------
L
18. 18
THEORIES OF MACERATION:-
Schoenemann’s Diffusion theory
The rate of extraction depends on the rate of diffusion
Boucher et al., Soaking theory
Not only the rate of diffusion but also the rate of dissolution of the substances in
the solvent critically affect the rate of extraction
Karnowsky’s Capillary velocity Theory
It represents the rate of extraction as a function of the rate of flow in the
capillaries.
Schultz & Koltz theory of maceration
C = amq
19. 19
Factors affecting Maceration
Concentration gradient (C1-C2) is affected by several factors
1.Solid/solvent ratio: Yield decreases with constant quantity of solvent and
increasing proportion of drug material.
2.Dissolution from disintegrated cells: Particle size
3.Steeping and swelling of plant material: Capillary dilation and increase in
diffusion rate (Mucilage)
4.Diffusion from intact plant cell: Solvent must be able to solublilize
substances
5.Temperature: increase solubility (diffusion coefficient), and decrease the
viscosity
6.pH value: Influence the selectivity of extraction (qualitative and quantitative)
7.Interaction of dissolved constituents with insoluble support material of plant
8.Degree of lipophilicity
9.Effect of addition of surfactants, salts and co-solvents
20. 20
MODIFIED MACERATION:-
INTRODUCTION:-
In this type of maceration unorganized drug are used
which have no cellular or tissue structure.
eg. Gum, Resins, Gum-resins, Oleo gum-resins.
Here, unorganized drugs are used because in short time
complete reaction not takes place. Because of no cellular
structure in unorganized drugs, soluble components are
directly exposed to menstrum so the process is quicker.
Here the whole procedure is like simple maceration but
the final product is not collected by pressing the marc but
it is adjusted to the definite volume.
21. 21
MULTIPLE MACERATION-
The aim of multiple maceration is to achieve maximum
extraction by using proteins of the total volume of menstrum
for successive maceration.
The volume of menstrum calculated as follows:-
VACUUM MACERATION:-
It employs a designed maceration vessel with arrangement
for connecting it to vacuum line.
Modification increase its permeability of cell walls
considerably & facilitates extraction in much shorter time
22. 22
Merits
Small sample size.
Strong swelling properties or high mucilage.
Energy saving process.
Demerits
Not exhaustively extract the drug.
It is very slow process.
Solvent required is more.
23. 23
Percolation :Percolation :
It is continuous downward displacement
of the solvent through the bed of crude
drug material to get extract.
Most frequently used to extract
active ingredients in the preparation
of tinctures and fluid extracts.
It is the method of short successive
maceration or process of displacement
A percolator (a narrow, cone-shaped
vessel open at both ends) is
generally used.
conical cylindrical
25. 25
Steps in percolation :Steps in percolation :
1. Size reduction: The drug to be extracted is subjected to suitable
degree of size reduction, usually from coarse powder to fine
powder.
2. Imbibition: During imbibition the powdered drug is moistened
with a suitable amount of menstruum and allowed to stand for four
hours in a well closed container.
3. Packing: After imbibition the moistened drug is evenly packed
into the percolator.
4. Maceration: After packing sufficient menstruum is added to
saturate the material. The percolator is allowed to stand for 24 hours
to macerate the drug.
5. Percolation: The lower tap is opened and liquid collected therein
is allowed to drip slowly at a controlled rate until 3/4th volume of
the finished product is obtained.
26. 26
Types of Percolation :Types of Percolation :
1.Simple Percolation :
Drug
e.g. i) Tincture of Belladonna
ii) Compound tincture of cardamom
2. Modified Percolation :
Repeated maceration is more effective than simple.
Multiple maceration – Solvent divided into equal multiple time
considering the solvent retained by plant tissue.
Used to prepare concentrated preparation.
200gms
Imbibition
For 4 hours
Maceration
For 24 hours
Percolation and collect
the percolate i.e.3/4th
of the volume of
finished preparation
27. 27
Reserved percolation:Reserved percolation:
In this case the extraction is done through the general
percolation procedure.
At the last, the evaporation is done under reduced pressure
in equipment like a Climbing evaporator to the consistency
of a soft extract (semi solid) such that all the water is
removed.
This is then dissolved in the reserved portion which is
strongly alcoholic and easily dissolves the evaporated
portion with any risk of precipitation.
28. 28
Merits :
Requires less time than maceration.
Extraction of thermolabile constituents can be possible.
Demerits :
Requires more time than soxhalation.
More solvent is required.
Skilled person is required.
29. 29
Maceration Percolation
• Time consuming and also extraction is not
complete
•Not required skilled operator
•For certain substances which are very less
soluble in solvent and requires only
prolonged contact with solvent.
•Suitable method for less potent and cheap
drugs
• short time and more complete extraction
•Skilled operator is required
•Special attention should be paid on particle
size of material and throughout process.
•Suitable method for potent and costly drugs
Maceration Vs Percolation
31. 31
THE SOXHLET EXTRACTOR Continuous extraction of a
component from a solid mixture.
Boiling solvent vapors rise up through the larger side-
arm. Condensed drops of solvent fall into the porous cup,
dissolving out the desired component from a solid
mixture.
When the smaller side-arm fills to overflowing, it initiates
a siphoning action.
The solvent, containing the dissolved component, is
siphoned into the boiler below residual solvent then
drains out of the porous cup, as fresh solvent drops
continue to fall into the porous cup.
. . . and the cycle repeats . . .
32. 32
Merits :Merits :
Large amount of drug can be extracted with much smaller
quantity of solvent.
Tremendous economy in terms of time, energy & ultimately
financial inputs.
Small scale used a batch-process.
Becomes more economical when converted into continuous
extraction.
Procedure on large scale.
Demerits :Demerits :
Physical nature of drug.
Solvent.
Chemical constituent of drug.
33. 33
Supercritical Fluid ExtractionSupercritical Fluid Extraction
For every substance, there is a critical temperature (Tc) and
pressure (Pc) above which no applied pressure can force the
substance into its liquid phase. If the temperature and pressure
of a substance are both higher than the Tc and Pc for that
substance, the substance is defined as a supercritical fluid.
34. 34
Properties of SCFs :Properties of SCFs :
At the critical point, the density of the gas and liquid
phases is the same; there is no distinction between the
phases. i.e. between those of the pure liquid and gas.
Supercritical posses densities that are liquid-like and
Transport properties that are gas-like.
These offers good penetrative ability and good
extractive ability.
35. 35
Choice of SCFs solvent :
Good solving property,
Inert to the product,
Easy separation from the product,
Cheap,
Low CP because of economic reasons,
Carbon dioxide is the most commonly used SCF, due
primarily to its low critical parameters (31.1°C, 73.8 bar),
non-toxicity.
36. 36
However, several other SCFs have been used in both
commercial and development processes. The critical
properties of some commonly used SCFs are ;
FluidFluid
CriticalCritical
TemperatureTemperature (K)(K)
CriticalCritical PressurePressure
(bar)(bar)
Carbon dioxide 304.1 73.8
Ethane 305.4 48.8
Ethylene 282.4 50.4
Propane 369.8 42.5
Propylene 364.9 46.0
Trifluoromethane
(Fluoroform)
299.3 48.6
Chlorotrifluoromethane 302.0 38.7
37. 37
Supercritical Fluid Extraction ProcessSupercritical Fluid Extraction Process ::
The oldest typical and
most common supercritical
fluid extraction from solids is
performed as a batch process,
with a continuous flow of SCF.
An extraction medium
(going to be SCF) stored in
the feed tank and liquid SCF
is pumped from a reservoir ;
it is heated and pressurized to
reach the supercritical conditions.
38. 38
Supercritical Fluid Extraction ProcessSupercritical Fluid Extraction Process ::
Supercritical SCF enters the
extraction chamber where
contact with crude drug bed
occurs and the more volatile
substances are dissolved into
the supercritical fluid.
Solute and SCF leave
extractor and extract is
precipitated in separators,
where SCF becomes
gaseous.
Gas is recycled by
condensation before
returning to liquid reservoir.
39. AdvantagesAdvantages of Supercritical Fluidof Supercritical Fluid
Extraction :Extraction :
39
• Dissolving power of the SCF is controlled by pressure and/or
temperature.
• SCF is easily recoverable from the extract due to its volatility.
• Non-toxic solvents leave no harmful residue.
• High boiling components are extracted at relatively low temperatures.
• Separations not possible by more traditional processes can sometimes be
effected.
• Thermally labile compounds can be extracted with minimal damage as
low temperatures can be employed by the extraction.
40. Disadvantages of Supercritical FluidDisadvantages of Supercritical Fluid
ExtractionExtraction ::
40
Elevated pressure required.
Compression of solvent requires elaborate recycling measures
to reduce energy costs.
High capital investment for equipment.
41. Applications of Supercritical FluidApplications of Supercritical Fluid
ExtractionExtraction ::
41
Recovery of organics from oil shale
Separations of biological fluids
Bioseparation
Petroleum recovery
Crude dewaxing
Coal processing (reactive extraction and liquefaction)
Selective extraction of fragrances, oils and impurities from
agricultural and food products
Pollution control
Combustion and many other applications.
42. 42
Counter-Current ExtractionCounter-Current Extraction
A liquid-liquid extraction process in which the solvent and
the process stream in contact with each other flow in opposite
directions.
Screw extractors and carousel extractors are the two type
of equipments used for Counter-Current Extraction.
43. Counter-Current ExtractionCounter-Current Extraction
PROCESSPROCESS
• In counter-current extraction (CCE), wet raw material is
pulverized using toothed disc disintegrators to produce
fine slurry.
• The material to be extracted is moved in one direction
(generally in the form of fine slurry) within a cylindrical
extractor where it comes in contact with extraction
solvent.
• The further the starting material moves, the more
concentrated the extract becomes.
• Finally, sufficiently concentrated extract comes out at one
end of the extractor while the marc (practically free of
visible solvent) falls out from the other end.43
44. Advantages :Advantages :
1. A unit quantity of the plant material can be extracted with
much smaller volume of solvent as compared to other methods
like maceration, decoction, and percolation.
2. CCE is commonly done at room temperature, which
spares the thermolabile constituents from exposure to heat
which is employed in most other techniques.
3. As the pulverization of the drug is done under wet
conditions, the heat generated during comminution is
neutralized by water. This again spares the thermolabile
constituents from exposure to heat.
4. The extraction procedure has been rated to be more
efficient and effective than Continuous hot extraction.
44
45. 1. DNA purification:
2. Food Industry:
3. Ex. Citrus oils, Unsaturated fatty acids, and squalene
tocopherol.
An important application is citrus oil processing,
An important subject in perfumes and food industries.
Applications :Applications :
45
46. Microwave-assisted Extraction :Microwave-assisted Extraction :
46
Microwaves are electromagnetic radiations with a
frequency from 0.3 to 300 GHz (Camel, 2001).
In order to avoid interferences with radio
communications, domestic and industrial microwaves
generally operate at 2.45 GHz (Fig. 1). Owing to their
electromagnetic nature, microwaves possess electric and
magnetic fields which are perpendicular to each other.
The electric field causes heating via two simultaneous
mechanisms, namely, dipolar rotation and ionic
conduction
47. 47
Microwave-assisted extraction offers a rapid delivery of energy
to a total volume of solvent and solid plant matrix with
subsequent heating of the solvent and solid matrix, efficiently and
homogeneously.
Components of the sample absorb microwave energy in
accordance to their dielectric constants.
When plant material is immersed inside a microwave transparent
solvent, the heat of microwave radiation directly reaches to the
solid without being absorbed by the solvent, resulting in
instantaneous heating of the residual moisture in the solid.
Heating causes the moisture to evaporate and creates a high
vapour pressure that breaks the cell wall of substrate and
releases the content into solvent.
The extracting selectivity and the ability of the solvent to interact
with microwaves can be modulated by using mixtures of
solvents.
One of the most commonly used mixtures is hexane-acetone.
49. Advantages of Microwave Assisted
Extraction :
49
It reduces solvent consumption,
It has a shorter operational time,
It possess moderately high recoveries,
Has a good reproducibility and minimal sample
manipulation for extraction process.
50. Disadvantages of Microwave Assisted
Extraction:
50
An additional filtration or centrifugation is
necessary to remove the solid residue during
MAE.
Furthermore, the efficiency of microwaves can be
very poor when either the target compounds or the
solvents are non-polar, or when they are volatile.
51. Applications of Microwave-Assisted
Extraction:
51
MAE can extract nutraceuticals products
from plant sources in a faster manner than
conventional solid–liquid extractions.
MAE (80% methanol) could dramatically reduce
the extraction time of ginseng saponin from 12 h
using conventional extraction methods to a few
seconds.
52. 52
Biologically active compounds extracted by microwave-
assisted Technique
• Extraction of taxanes from Taxus brevifolia needles,
• Azadiractin related limonoids from Azadirachta indica seed
kernels,
• Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from Glycyrrhizia glabra roots,
• Extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua.
A higher microwave temperature and a short extraction time
are more effective in extracting anti-oxidative phenolic
compounds from tomato using MAE.
MAE was proven as a potential alternative to traditional
methods for extraction of phenols such as chlorogenic acids
from green coffee beans.
54. 54
UAE involves ultrasonic effects of acoustic cavitations. Under
ultrasonic action solid and liquid particles are vibrated and
accelerated and, because of that solute quickly diffuses out from
solid phase to solvent
Ultrasound assisted extractors are ultrasonic baths or closed
extractors fitted with an ultrasonic horn transducer. The
mechanical effects of ultrasound induce a greater penetration of
solvent into cellular materials and improve mass transfer.
55. Advantages of Ultra sonicated
extraction:
55
It is an inexpensive, simple and efficient alternative to
conventional extraction technique.
It include the increase of extraction yield and faster kinetics.
It reduce the operating temperature allowing the extraction of
thermolabile compounds.
Compared with other novel extraction techniques such as
microwave-assisted extraction, the ultrasound apparatus is
cheaper and its operation is easier.
56. Disadvantages of Ultra sonicated
extraction:
56
The active constituents of medicinal plants through formation of
free radicals and consequently undesirable changes in the drug
molecules.
57. Applications:
57
Used to extract nutraceuticals from plants such as essential oils and
lipids dietary supplements.
e.g. oils from almond, apricot and rice bran
Extraction of saponinfrom ginseng, the observed total yield and
saponin yield increased by 15 and 30%, respectively
extracts. It was found that rice bran oil extraction can be efficiently
performed in 30 min under high-intensity ultrasound either using
hexane or a basic aqueous solution.
Extraction rates of carvone and limonene by ultrasound-assisted
extraction with hexane were 1.3–2 times more rapid than those by
the conventional extraction depending on temperature
58. Conclusion:
58
Extraction is essential for isolation of different chemical
constituent from crude drug material.
Extraction depends on properties of material to be
extracted. Hence it is necessary to study extraction methods
in detail.
60. 60
properties of ideal solvent:
1.Be highly selective for the compound to be extracted.
2.Have a high capacity for extraction in terms of
coefficient of saturation of the compound in the
medium.
3.Not react with the extracted compound or with other
compounds in the plant material.
4.Have a low price.
5.Be harmless to human being and to the environment.
6.Be completely volatile.
61. 61
DIFFICULTIES:-
Different active constituents like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins,
terpenoids, resins oils etc requires advanced knowledge of
phytoconstituents which help in selection of method.
Different forms of insoluble matters may affect the extraction
process.
eg. Cellulose, proteins etc. in many drugs only the active
constituent is not soluble material but along with it large
proportion of unwanted material is solubilized. In such
situations, a solvent chosen is as selective as possible.
Wet vegetable material is an excellent medium for microbial
growth and it may leads to loss of active substances and solvent
must have suitable preservative action.
62. Reference :
1. Mukharji Pulok K. 2002,Quality Control of Herbal Drugs,1st
edition Published by Business Horizon, p.p 380-421.
2. Mehta R.M. 2010, Introduction to Pharmaceutics ,5th
edition
Published by Vallabh Prakashan, p.p150-167.
3. Rangari v.d. 2002 ,Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry ,1st
edition ,volume 1st
Published by Career Publication, p.p.95-98
4. Cooper J.W, Gunn`s Colin 2010-2011, Register of General
Pharmacy p.p.308-393
63. Reference :
63
5. Be´Atrice, K. and Philippe, C. 2002, Recent Extraction
Techniques for NaturaProducts:Microwave-assisted
Extraction and Pressurised solvent Extraction.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, 13 pp. 105-113.
6.Bhadoriya, U., Tiwari, S., Mourya, M. and Ghule, S. 2011.
Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids from
Zanthoxylum Budrunga w. Optimization of Extraction
Process. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Life Science, Vol.
1 (1), pp. 82-83. [Accessed: 20 Sep 2013].