This document discusses energy diagrams and types of stability in chemistry. It begins with an introduction to energy diagrams and how they are used to represent energy changes during chemical reactions. It then discusses different types of reactions like SN1 and SN2 and how their energy profiles differ based on reaction mechanism. It also defines terms like activation energy, reaction energy, exothermic and endothermic reactions. The document goes on to explain kinetic and thermodynamic stability of complexes and factors that influence the stability of metal complexes like size and charge of the metal ion, basicity of ligands, and solvent effects.
Introductory PPT on Metal Carbonyls having its' classification,structure and applications.This is a basic level PPT specially prepared for UG/PG Chemistry students.
Introductory PPT on Metal Carbonyls having its' classification,structure and applications.This is a basic level PPT specially prepared for UG/PG Chemistry students.
Theories of coordination compounds, CFSE, Bonding in octahedral and tetrahedral complex, color of transition metal complex, magnetic properties, selection rules, Nephelxeuatic effect, angular overlap model
Theories of coordination compounds, CFSE, Bonding in octahedral and tetrahedral complex, color of transition metal complex, magnetic properties, selection rules, Nephelxeuatic effect, angular overlap model
Isotopes are two atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are specified by the mass number.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. (1) ENERGY PROFILE DIAGRAM
(2)TYPES OF STABILITY
M.Sc. Chemistry Semester - 1
PRESENTED BY – AASHUTOSH ANAND
2. 1. Introducation of Energy Diagram
2. Energy profile Diagram in Chemistry
3. Types of Energy/Reaction
4. Difference between SN1 and SN2 Reactions
5. Genral Model of Energy Diagram
6. EPD for SN2 Reaction
7. Difference in Exo and Endo thermic Reaction
8. Different types of SN2 Reaction
9. EPD for SN1 Reaction
10. Stability of Complexes
11. Types of stability of complexes
12. Stable and Unstable complex
13. Kinetic stability
14. Inert and labile complex
15. Factors affecting stability of Metal complex
16. Refrences
3. • Energy Diagram - A Diagram/Graph that represents the flow
of energy with time or stage
Energy Diagram is used in Science at diffrent places like-
Biology - Lindeman 10% Rule
Ecology – Food chain
Chemistry – Reaction Profile
Etc ...................
4. Diagram tha represents energy change during a Chemical Reaction
Let us consider the following Reaction-
X +Y-Z X-Y + Z
Same Reaction happen in SN1 and SN2 both type according to their conditions
EPD for the same reaction is diffrent, It means EDP is depend on Reaction
mechanism
6. SN1 Reaction
1. Unimolecular Nucleophilic
Substitution Reaction
2. Occurs in 2 steps
3. Produce s a carbocation as an
intermediate
Reaction Mechanism-
SN2 Reaction
1. Bimolecular Nucleophilic
Substitution Reaction
2. Occurs in 1 steps
3. No intermediate is produced
Reaction Mechanism-
7.
8. ENERGY DIARGRAM-
This reaction occurs in single step so One transition state is formed
It may be exothermic or endothermic reaction
9. EXOTHERMIC REACTION
Energy is given out to the
surroundings.
Heat of reaction is
negative.
Products have less energy
than reactants.
Exo means Release
Ex- Respiration, Fireplace,
Combustion
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
Energy is taken in from the
surroundings
Heat of reaction is
positive
Products have more energy
than reactants
Endo means Absorb
Ex- Photosynthesis
10.
11. Energy Diagram:
This reaction occurs in two steps so two transition states is form
In this reaction a carbocation is formed which works like an intermediate
12. If we say this complex is stable or not , our means is to how much time we can
store that complex in nature and this complex doesnot oxidise or reduct.
But it is ready to acknowledge one complex which is stable for some condition
It may be unstable for another condition
For example: [Cu(NH3)4]SO4
is an stable substance, we can store for a long time in
in solid state but when we put it in acidic aquous solution this substract is
reduct in very short period of time.
13. We can diffrentiate the stability of complexes on the basis of:
1. Thermodynamic stability
2. Kinetic stability
Thermodynamic Stability:
This is a measure of the extet to which the xomplex will form or will be
transformed into another species.When the system has reached equilibrium
This stability deals with the properties like bond energies, stability constants and
redox potential that affect the equilibrium conditions.
On the basis of thermodynamic stability of complex in solution,
Biltz(1927) has classified complex in the following types-
a) Stable complex
b) Unstable complex
14. A. Stable (Penetration) complex:
Stable complexes are those which possess sufficient stability to retain their
identity in solution.
Thermodynamically stable complex has high value of formation constant.
B. Unstable (Normal) complex:
Unstable complexs are those which are reversibly dissociated in solution into
their components.
Thermodynamically unstable complex has low value of formation constant.
Stability of complex depends on there bond strength
For example-
Co(SCN)2 the bond strength between Co-S is weak so this complex is
thermodynamically unstable
Fe(CN)2 bond strength between Fe-CN is strong so this complex is
thermodynamically stable
15. It deals with speed of transformation leading to attainment of equilibrium.
This kind of stability deals with role of reaction, mechanism or reaction, formation
of intermediate activation energy of the process.
On the basis of rate of reaction (i.e. kinetic sability) of the complex in solution
Taube(1950) classified complex into two types .
1. Inert complex
2. Labile complex
According toTaube in substitution reaction if reaction in completed in less than
1 min at room tempreture and 0.1 M solution is taken than the complex is called
labile
16. (1) Labile complex:
Labile complex are those whose one or more ligands in the oordinatio sphere can
be rapidly replaced by other ligands.
The ability of a complx to replace its one or more ligands by other lignads is called
its lability
Labile complex is also called Kinetically labile.
(2) Inert complex:
Inert complexes are those whose one or more lignads can either not be replaced or
can be replaced with difficulty by other ligands.
Inert complex is also called Kinetically inert.
There is no correlation between thermodynamic and kinetic staility
i.e.
Thermodynamic stable- may be labile or inert
Thermodynamic unstable – may be labile or inert
17. The stability of metal complexes depends upon a number of factors but it largely
governed by the nature and the coordinative environment of the ligands attached
and the nature of the central metal ion or atom itself.
We learn affecting factors with 2 type-
1) Factors pertaining to metal
2) Factors pertaining to ligand
3) Solvent effect
18. 1) Size of the cation- The stability of metal complexes decreasees
with the increase in size of central metal ion provided the valency
and ligands the same.
Thus , the stability of isovalent complexes decreases down the
group and increases along the period as the size varies in the
reverse order.
Example- Stability order of hydroide compleses of alkali metal ions and
alkaline earth metal ions is:
19. Stability order of metal complexes formed by bivalent metal ions of the first
transition series, which is known as Irving-William series are given below.
M2+ Mn2+ Fe2+ Co2+ Ni2+ Cu2+ Zn2+
< < < < >
r(Å) 0.91 0.83 0.81 0.78 0.69 0.74
M+ Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+ > Cs+
r(Å) 0.60 0.95 1.33 1.48 1.95
similarly
M2+ Be2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Ba2+
r(Å) 0.31 0.65 0.99 1.33 1.35
20. 2)Charge On Central Metal Ion- The stability of transitin metal
complexes with the same ligands and similar coordinative environment,
increase with the increase of the charge on the central metal aton or ion.
Therefore, the greater is the charge on the central ion, the higher will be the
stability of the metal complexe.
Mn+ La3+ > Sr2+ > K+
r(Å) 1.12 1.13 1.33
Similary
Mn+ Th3+ > Y3+ > Ca2+ > Na+
r(Å) 0.95 0.93 1.14 1.16
21. The following properties of ligands attached affect the stability of the transition
metal complexes to a significant extent.
1) Charge and Size of ligand: Just like the metal, the charge and
size of the ligand also play a significant role in deciding the stability of
the transition metal complexes.
Smaller size ligands are expected to form more stable complexes as
they can approach the metal ion more closely and ligands with higher
charges. But this is only true for the Group A metal ions.
But the case is reversed in the case of Group B metal ions.
Group A Metal – Alkali metal and alkaline earth Mertal
Group B Metal- D block metal
22. 2) Basicity of the ligand-
Stability of the metal complexes increase with the increase in the
basic nature of the ligands as the donation of electron pair
becomes more favorable.
Thus NH3 should be a better ligand than H₂O which in turn should
form more stable complexes than HF.
NH3 > H₂O > HF
For Group-A Metal
For Group-B Metal
F- > Cl- > Br- > I-
F- < Cl- < Br- < I-
23. Stability in complexes
By J.E. Huheey
InorganicChemistry B.Sc part 2nd
By G.K. Rastogi and Dr.Yashpal singh
