This document appears to be notes from a physical chemistry seminar presented by Megha Palariya on the topic of micelles. The presentation covered the definition of micelles as aggregates of surfactant molecules that form spontaneously above a critical concentration. It discussed the four main types of surfactants - cationic, anionic, nonionic, and amphoteric. Thermodynamics concepts like entropy and free energy changes were presented to explain why micellization occurs spontaneously. Factors affecting the critical micelle concentration were also reviewed.
In molecular spectroscopy, a Jablonski diagram is a diagram that illustrates the electronic states of a molecule and the transitions between them. The states are arranged vertically by energy and grouped horizontally by spin multiplicity.
In molecular spectroscopy, a Jablonski diagram is a diagram that illustrates the electronic states of a molecule and the transitions between them. The states are arranged vertically by energy and grouped horizontally by spin multiplicity.
It contains what are the shift reagents, and how they will use in NMR spectroscopy. It includes lanthanide shift reagents and their effect using NMR spectroscopy. It has mostly used shift reagents like Europium and their importance. paramagnetic species that affect the NMR spectra are also explained in detail. What are contact shift and pseudo-contact shift also explained. It contains what are the chiral shift reagent, and the advantages, and disadvantages of lanthanide shift reagents. Reference books are also included.
PTC IS THE PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS HERE TYPES OF PTC ARE DISCUSSED , THEORIES OF CATALYSIS AND MECHANISM OF PTC, ADVANTAGES OF PTC, APPLICATION OF PTC
Spin-lattice & spin-spin relaxation, signal splitting & signal multiplicity concepts briefly explained relevant to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
MASS SPECTROSCOPY ( Molecular ion, Base peak, Isotopic abundance, Metastable ...Sachin Kale
CONTENT:
Molecular Ion Peak
Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
Base Peak
Isotopic Abundance
Metastable Ion
Significance of Metastable ion
Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
It contains what are the shift reagents, and how they will use in NMR spectroscopy. It includes lanthanide shift reagents and their effect using NMR spectroscopy. It has mostly used shift reagents like Europium and their importance. paramagnetic species that affect the NMR spectra are also explained in detail. What are contact shift and pseudo-contact shift also explained. It contains what are the chiral shift reagent, and the advantages, and disadvantages of lanthanide shift reagents. Reference books are also included.
PTC IS THE PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS HERE TYPES OF PTC ARE DISCUSSED , THEORIES OF CATALYSIS AND MECHANISM OF PTC, ADVANTAGES OF PTC, APPLICATION OF PTC
Spin-lattice & spin-spin relaxation, signal splitting & signal multiplicity concepts briefly explained relevant to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
MASS SPECTROSCOPY ( Molecular ion, Base peak, Isotopic abundance, Metastable ...Sachin Kale
CONTENT:
Molecular Ion Peak
Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
Base Peak
Isotopic Abundance
Metastable Ion
Significance of Metastable ion
Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
Recent developments in microbial fuel cellsreenath vn
Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are an environmental friendly energy conservative technology that not only helps in generating power from waste but also in remediating the environmental pollution. This paper reviews some technological aspects and developments of microbial fuel cells. A brief history of abiotic to biological fuel cells and subsequently, microbial fuel cells is presented. Secondly, the development of the concept of microbial fuel cell into a wider range of derivative technologies, called bio electrochemical systems, is described by introducing briefly microbial electrolysis cells, microbial desalination cells and microbial electro synthesis cells. The focus is then shifted to electroactive biofilms and electron transfer mechanisms involved with solid electrodes. Carbonaceous and metallic anode materials are then introduced, followed by the discussion on electro catalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction and its behavior in neutral media. Cathode catalysts based on carbonaceous, platinum-group metal and platinum-group-metal-free materials are presented, along with membrane materials with a view to future directions.
An overview of what is happening in the deterioration of the aquatic environment and the consequent adverse impacts on aquatic organisms and how to get rid of petroleum pollutants
1. Micelles are spherical structures that contain anywhere from a fe.pdfanuragperipheral
1. Micelles are spherical structures that contain anywhere from a few dozen to a few thousand
amphipa-thic molecules. These molecules are arranged with their hydrophobic regions
aggregated in the interior, where water is excluded, and their hydrophilic head groups at the
surface, in contact with water.
2.Micelles are spherical structures that contain anywhere from a few dozen to a few thousand
amphipa-thic molecules. These molecules are arranged with their hydrophobic regions
aggregated in the interior, where water is excluded, and their hydrophilic head groups at the
surface, in contact with water. Bilayer is A double layer of oriented amphipathic lipid molecules,
forming the basic structure of biological membranes. The hydrocarbon tails face inward to form
a continuous nonpolar phase.
3.Active transport is uniquely characterized by:the tight coupling of an input of energy to drive a
thermodynamically unfavorable reaction.
4.All are true for phase transitions of lipid bilayers EXCEPT: the transitions are exothermic.
5.Bacteriorhodopsin affects a light driven _outward___ proton transport that results in a proton
gradient sufficient to drive ____ATP synthesis.
Solution
1. Micelles are spherical structures that contain anywhere from a few dozen to a few thousand
amphipa-thic molecules. These molecules are arranged with their hydrophobic regions
aggregated in the interior, where water is excluded, and their hydrophilic head groups at the
surface, in contact with water.
2.Micelles are spherical structures that contain anywhere from a few dozen to a few thousand
amphipa-thic molecules. These molecules are arranged with their hydrophobic regions
aggregated in the interior, where water is excluded, and their hydrophilic head groups at the
surface, in contact with water. Bilayer is A double layer of oriented amphipathic lipid molecules,
forming the basic structure of biological membranes. The hydrocarbon tails face inward to form
a continuous nonpolar phase.
3.Active transport is uniquely characterized by:the tight coupling of an input of energy to drive a
thermodynamically unfavorable reaction.
4.All are true for phase transitions of lipid bilayers EXCEPT: the transitions are exothermic.
5.Bacteriorhodopsin affects a light driven _outward___ proton transport that results in a proton
gradient sufficient to drive ____ATP synthesis..
Bonding, Proteins, Polymers, Nucleic Acids, Polarity, Tonicity, pH, Enzymes: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
The hydroxy ethelene chain, which is quite long and slightly hydrophilic is coiled in a solution and binds water due to the entropy effect.
At a given temperature and concentration, the miscelles of a surfactant are mono disperse.
When the surfactant molecules in the water-air interface become so packed in the monolayer that no more molecules can be accommodated with ease, they agglometrate in the bulk of the solution leading to the formation of aggregates , are known as Miscelles.
The Miscelle concentration increases with the total surfactant concentration.
Orthodontic resin /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
5. Cationic Surface Active Agents
Cationic surface active agents agents are
those substance which dissociate in water to
give postively charged ions.
e.g. Cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride,
Cetyl pyridinium choride,
Octadecyl ammonium Chloride.
6. Anionic Surface Active Agents
Anionic Surface Active agents are sodium salts of higher fatty acids
such as sodium palmitate
Sodium stearate
Sodium oleate
The Salts of sulphonic acids of high molar mass acts as anionic
surfactants.
7. Non ionogenic Surface Active Agents
Non ionogenic surface active agents are those substance whose
molecules cannot undergo dissociation. When an alcohol having a high
molar mass reacts with several molecules of ethylene oxide, a non
ionogenic surfactant is obtained.
Some other examples are ethoxylate,alkoxylates and cocamides.
These surfactants are a close second widely, used in a range of
cleaning,personal care and disinfactant products as well as industrial
proceses.
8. • Amphoteric Surface Active Agents
These surfactants have a dual charge on their hydrophillic end,both
positive and negative. The dual charge cancel each other out creating
a net charge zero,reffered to as Zwitterionic.
The pH of any given solutions will determine how amphoteric
surfactant react. In acidic solution the amphoteric surfactants
become positively charged and behave similarly to cationoic
surfactants. In alkaline solutions, they develop a negetive charge
simillar to anionic surfactant.
Anionic surfactants are often used in personal such as shampoos and
cosmetics.
Examples: betaines and amino oxides.
9. Micelles
The Micelles or Ionic micelles as defined by James William Mc Bain are
the Clusters or aggregates formed in solution by colloidal electrolytes.
The micelles may contain hundered or more ions clumped together
with a considerable number of water molecules.
According to modern concepts micelles may be defined to be the
aggregate of long chain diphilic surfactant Molecules or ions formed
spontaneously in their solutions at a definite concentration.
Micelles are formed, by the cooperative binding of monomers to one
another.
12. Thermodynamics Of Micellization
Hydrophobic interactions can be regarded to be the
thermodynamic driving force of micellization. The Hydrocarbon
part of a diphilic molecule gets forced out of the aqueous medium
to avoid contact of the Chain with water consists of a liquid
Hydrocarbon ( combined closely packed hydrocarbon chains), while
the external part which faces the aqueoues solution has polar
groups.
Micellization is a spontaneous process i.e. The change in free
energy ,∆G=∆H-T∆S becomes less then zero. The main contribution
to the value of ∆G is made not by the change in enthalpy,Which is
insignificant in magnitude but by the change in the entropy ,T∆S.
The removal off hydrocarbon chains of the diphilic molecules from
water into the micelles disorders the structure of water and thus
the entropy of the system increases (∆S>0).
17. Factors Affecting CMC
•Structure Of The Amphiphiles
•Ionic Surfactants
•Bulky Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Groups
•Presences Of Aditives
•Experimental Conditions Like Temp.
