This document provides an overview of the ME6403 - Engineering Materials and Metallurgy course. The objective is to impart knowledge about structure, properties, treatment and applications of metals and non-metals. Upon completion, students will be able to select suitable materials for engineering applications. The first unit covers alloys and phase diagrams, including solid solutions, phase reactions and the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram. Microstructure, properties and applications of steels and cast irons are also discussed.
The document discusses key concepts in material technology including:
1. It defines the basic structure of atoms and different types of materials including elements, mixtures, and compounds.
2. It describes atomic structure including atomic number, atomic mass, and atomic orbits. The periodic table is introduced as a way to classify and understand elements and their properties.
3. Different types of crystal structures are defined including body centered cubic, face centered cubic, and hexagonal close packed. Bonding types such as covalent, metallic, and ionic are also introduced.
4. Terminology used in phase diagrams is defined including phases, equilibrium, composition, liquidus, and solidus. Binary alloy systems containing two components are also
chapter 3 - Crystal structures and imperfections.pptxEliharialeo
1. There are three main types of crystal imperfections - point defects, line defects, and interfacial defects. Point defects involve atoms being missing or in irregular positions in the lattice. Line defects are groups of atoms in irregular positions known as dislocations. Interfacial defects are boundaries separating regions with different crystal structures.
2. Solid solutions form when solute atoms are added to a solvent metal and the crystal structure is maintained. Factors like atomic radius, electronegativity, and crystal structure determine if a substitutional or interstitial solid solution forms.
3. Dislocations are line defects that allow plastic deformation to occur when they move in response to stress. Their motion produces slip between crystal planes
Phase refers to any physically distinct structure within a material. There are several types of phases including solid, liquid, and gas for pure elements. Alloys can also have multiple solid phases that differ in crystal structure. When other elements are added to a pure material intentionally as alloying elements, they are accommodated through solid solution, compound formation, or phase separation into distinct structures. Solid solutions are classified as substitutional, where atoms replace ones in the host lattice, or interstitial, where small atoms fill spaces within the host lattice. Compounds form new crystal structures distinct from the components. Hume-Rothery rules outline factors that influence solid solution formation such as atomic size, valence, and electronegativity differences between
This document discusses the crystal structures of molecules and metals. It begins by defining molecules as groups of atoms bonded together, which results in relatively low melting and boiling points. Metals are considered a single molecule due to metallic bonding. There are several common crystal structures for metals including face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed structures. These crystal structures are defined by the geometric arrangement of atoms in the unit cell and properties like coordination number and packing efficiency.
1) Elements are pure substances made of one type of atom, while compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures are combinations of substances mixed but not chemically bonded.
2) Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The atomic structure of an element determines its properties.
3) Materials can have crystalline or non-crystalline structures. Crystalline structures are regular arrangements of atoms, while non-crystalline structures are irregular. The type of bonding between atoms also influences properties.
Chapter 1: Material Structure and Binary Alloy Systemsyar 2604
This is an introduction to material structure and periodic table system. This topic also describes microstructure of the metals and alloys solidification.
BME 303 - Lesson 4 - Thermal Processing and properties of biomaterials.pptxatlestmunni
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and transformations in the iron-carbon system. It defines key terminology like phases, invariant reactions, lever rule, and hypoeutectic, eutectic, and hypereutectic transformations. The iron-carbon phase diagram is discussed in detail, including the different phases (ferrite, cementite, austenite), invariant reactions (peritectic, eutectic, eutectoid), and microstructures that form in steels of different carbon compositions (pearlite, proeutectoid ferrite/cementite). In summary, it introduces phase diagrams and uses the iron-carbon system as a key example to illustrate phase transformations.
This document provides an overview of course JIF 419 Materials Science. It includes the course manager, textbook, academic schedule, examination structure and grading breakdown. It also summarizes different types of materials (metals, ceramics, polymers, composites) and their key properties. Finally, it describes various topics in materials science including atomic structure, bonding, crystal structures, and common metallic structures such as body centered cubic, face centered cubic and hexagonal close packed.
The document discusses key concepts in material technology including:
1. It defines the basic structure of atoms and different types of materials including elements, mixtures, and compounds.
2. It describes atomic structure including atomic number, atomic mass, and atomic orbits. The periodic table is introduced as a way to classify and understand elements and their properties.
3. Different types of crystal structures are defined including body centered cubic, face centered cubic, and hexagonal close packed. Bonding types such as covalent, metallic, and ionic are also introduced.
4. Terminology used in phase diagrams is defined including phases, equilibrium, composition, liquidus, and solidus. Binary alloy systems containing two components are also
chapter 3 - Crystal structures and imperfections.pptxEliharialeo
1. There are three main types of crystal imperfections - point defects, line defects, and interfacial defects. Point defects involve atoms being missing or in irregular positions in the lattice. Line defects are groups of atoms in irregular positions known as dislocations. Interfacial defects are boundaries separating regions with different crystal structures.
2. Solid solutions form when solute atoms are added to a solvent metal and the crystal structure is maintained. Factors like atomic radius, electronegativity, and crystal structure determine if a substitutional or interstitial solid solution forms.
3. Dislocations are line defects that allow plastic deformation to occur when they move in response to stress. Their motion produces slip between crystal planes
Phase refers to any physically distinct structure within a material. There are several types of phases including solid, liquid, and gas for pure elements. Alloys can also have multiple solid phases that differ in crystal structure. When other elements are added to a pure material intentionally as alloying elements, they are accommodated through solid solution, compound formation, or phase separation into distinct structures. Solid solutions are classified as substitutional, where atoms replace ones in the host lattice, or interstitial, where small atoms fill spaces within the host lattice. Compounds form new crystal structures distinct from the components. Hume-Rothery rules outline factors that influence solid solution formation such as atomic size, valence, and electronegativity differences between
This document discusses the crystal structures of molecules and metals. It begins by defining molecules as groups of atoms bonded together, which results in relatively low melting and boiling points. Metals are considered a single molecule due to metallic bonding. There are several common crystal structures for metals including face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed structures. These crystal structures are defined by the geometric arrangement of atoms in the unit cell and properties like coordination number and packing efficiency.
1) Elements are pure substances made of one type of atom, while compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures are combinations of substances mixed but not chemically bonded.
2) Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The atomic structure of an element determines its properties.
3) Materials can have crystalline or non-crystalline structures. Crystalline structures are regular arrangements of atoms, while non-crystalline structures are irregular. The type of bonding between atoms also influences properties.
Chapter 1: Material Structure and Binary Alloy Systemsyar 2604
This is an introduction to material structure and periodic table system. This topic also describes microstructure of the metals and alloys solidification.
BME 303 - Lesson 4 - Thermal Processing and properties of biomaterials.pptxatlestmunni
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and transformations in the iron-carbon system. It defines key terminology like phases, invariant reactions, lever rule, and hypoeutectic, eutectic, and hypereutectic transformations. The iron-carbon phase diagram is discussed in detail, including the different phases (ferrite, cementite, austenite), invariant reactions (peritectic, eutectic, eutectoid), and microstructures that form in steels of different carbon compositions (pearlite, proeutectoid ferrite/cementite). In summary, it introduces phase diagrams and uses the iron-carbon system as a key example to illustrate phase transformations.
This document provides an overview of course JIF 419 Materials Science. It includes the course manager, textbook, academic schedule, examination structure and grading breakdown. It also summarizes different types of materials (metals, ceramics, polymers, composites) and their key properties. Finally, it describes various topics in materials science including atomic structure, bonding, crystal structures, and common metallic structures such as body centered cubic, face centered cubic and hexagonal close packed.
The document outlines a lecture on phase diagrams, including:
1) Definitions of key terms like phase, solubility limit, and phase diagrams.
2) Descriptions of different types of phase diagrams including binary isomorphous and eutectic systems.
3) Details on the important iron-carbon phase diagram, including the various phases like ferrite, cementite, and pearlite and how microstructure changes with carbon content and heat treatment.
This document discusses phases in solids and phase diagrams. It begins by defining what constitutes a phase, including that a phase must be physically and chemically homogeneous. It describes the different types of phases that can exist in solids, such as solid solutions, intermediate phases, and pure metals/compounds. The document then explains Gibbs' phase rule and how it can be applied to understand the number of phases that can coexist at equilibrium for systems with different numbers of components and degrees of freedom. It provides examples of applying the phase rule to one-component, two-phase, and three-phase systems. Finally, it discusses how phase diagrams are constructed and what information they provide about the phases present at various temperatures, pressures and
Chapter 1 material structure and binary alloy systemsakura rena
This document discusses the structure of materials and binary alloy systems. It begins by defining key terms like atom, element, mixture, compound, atomic number, atomic mass, and atomic orbits. It then explains the periodic table, including its characteristics, groups, periods, and function. The document also covers crystal structures, bonding types, solidification of metals and alloys, solid solutions, and equilibrium phase diagrams.
This document discusses different states of matter and properties of liquids and solids. It defines key terms like phases, intermolecular forces, and boiling point. It describes different types of solids like ionic, molecular, metallic and network solids. It also discusses properties of liquids like surface tension, capillary action, and viscosity.
UNIT - I ---CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS.pptxShanmathyAR2
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS
Constitution of alloys – Solid solutions, substitutional and interstitial – phase diagrams, Lever rule, Isomorphous, eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and peritectoid reactions, Iron – Iron carbon equilibrium diagram – Classification of steels and cast irons, microstructure, properties and applications – Ferrite and austenite stabilizers.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to materials science and engineering. It covers topics such as the different classes of materials (metals, ceramics, polymers, composites), crystal structures, solidification processes, crystalline imperfections, diffusion, and mechanical properties. The document is organized by chapter and section to provide context for the terminology.
Double salts are formed when two salts crystallize together in a stoichiometric ratio from their saturated solution. They dissociate into simple ions when dissolved in water. Coordination compounds retain their identity in both the solid and dissolved states. The metal acts as a Lewis acid and provides empty orbitals to accept electrons from ligands, which act as Lewis bases by donating electron pairs. Coordination compounds have defined geometries depending on the metal's hybridization and the ligand environment. Crystal field theory and valence bond theory are used to explain properties like color and magnetism.
Coordination Chemistry, Fundamental Concepts and TheoriesImtiaz Alam
This document provides an overview of coordination chemistry concepts including:
- Werner's coordination theory which proposed that metals exhibit primary and secondary valences.
- Blomstrand-Jorgensen chain theory which suggested cobalt(III) forms complexes with only three bonds.
- Nomenclature rules for naming coordination compounds based on ligands and metal oxidation state.
- Crystal field theory which explains color and magnetic properties of complexes based on ligand effects on d orbital splitting.
- The distinction between labile complexes with rapidly substituting ligands versus inert complexes.
1. The document discusses the constitution of alloys and phase diagrams. It describes different types of solid solutions like substitutional and interstitial solutions and classifies phase diagrams as unary, binary, and ternary.
2. The iron-iron carbide equilibrium diagram is examined in detail. It identifies the various phases involved like ferrite, austenite, and cementite. Critical temperatures like A1, A2, A3 are defined.
3. The microstructure and properties of steels and cast irons are determined by their position in the iron-carbon phase diagram and the phases present at room temperature. Hypoeutectoid steels contain ferrite and pearlite while hyp
1. The document discusses atomic structure and bonding. It describes the structure of atoms in terms of electrons and the nucleus containing protons and neutrons. It also discusses the arrangement of electrons in shells and the significance of noble gas structures and valency electrons.
2. The document then covers the periodic table and periodic trends. It defines properties such as atomic number, mass number, and isotopes. It explains how the periodic table is arranged based on these properties and how elements in the same group have similar properties.
3. The types of bonding are described including ionic bonding between metals and non-metals which forms ionic lattices, and covalent bonding between non-metals which forms molecules by sharing electron
This document provides an overview of the structure of materials and binary alloy systems. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Crystal structures are repetitive atomic arrangements that give materials their properties. Materials are made of molecules, which are combinations of atoms, and have a microstructure visible under a microscope consisting of phases and grains. Binary alloys are mixtures of only two metals that form different crystal structures and phases depending on temperature and composition as shown in binary phase diagrams.
1. A phase is a physically distinct, chemically homogeneous portion of matter that has a uniform structure and composition throughout.
2. Gibbs' phase rule establishes the relationship between the number of phases, degrees of freedom, number of components, and external factors in an alloy system. It can be used to determine the number of phases that can coexist in equilibrium.
3. Solid solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more metal elements in the solid state. Interstitial solutions occur when small atoms fit into the spaces of a solvent lattice, while substitutional solutions occur when solute atoms replace solvent atoms in the lattice. Ordering and randomness of the solute atoms distinguishes ordered and disordered substitutional solutions.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on crystal properties for a semiconductor electronics and devices course. The lecture covers basic definitions of semiconductors, types of semiconductor materials including elemental and compound semiconductors. It also discusses crystal lattices, types of solids, cubic lattices and their types, planes and directions using Miller indices, the diamond lattice structure, and bonding forces in solids including ionic and covalent bonding. The document provides the agenda, content, figures and examples to explain these key concepts.
Ch-27.1 Basic concepts on structure of solids.pptxksysbaysyag
The document discusses various topics related to materials science including:
1. Common crystal structures of metals such as FCC, BCC, and HCP and how some metals can change structure with temperature.
2. Plastic deformation in metals occurs through slip and twinning which involve the movement of atoms along crystallographic planes.
3. Atomic structure consists of electrons surrounding the nucleus in shells and the number of valence electrons influence material properties and bonding.
4. Primary bonding types are ionic, covalent, and metallic which influence properties like strength, conductivity, and deformation behavior.
This document is the first unit of a course on the structure, arrangements, and movements of atoms taught by Dr. Edgar García Hernández. The unit introduces materials science and engineering concepts. It discusses atomic structure, crystalline arrangements of metals and ceramics, imperfections in crystals like point defects and dislocations, and atomic movements in solids under mechanical treatments. The unit provides information on crystal structures, unit cells, coordination numbers, and calculating material properties based on structure.
This document discusses phase diagrams and their classification. It begins by defining key terms like phases, components, solutions, and mixtures. It then explains Gibbs phase rule and how it relates the number of phases (P) to components (C) and degrees of freedom (F). Equilibrium phase diagrams are introduced as diagrams that depict phase existence under equilibrium conditions as a function of temperature and composition. Different types of phase diagrams are classified, including unary, binary, and ternary systems. Specific binary systems like eutectic and isomorphous systems are discussed in more detail. Important concepts like invariant reactions, intermediate phases, lever rule, and cooling curves are also summarized. The Fe-C binary phase diagram is provided as a detailed
This document provides an overview of key concepts in earth/environmental science chemistry including:
- Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Density measures the ratio of mass to volume.
- Temperature is measured in Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit scales. States of matter include solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.
- Atoms are the basic units that make up elements. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Electrons surround the nucleus.
- The periodic table organizes elements and shows their properties. Elements bond through ionic or covalent bonds to form compounds.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
The document outlines a lecture on phase diagrams, including:
1) Definitions of key terms like phase, solubility limit, and phase diagrams.
2) Descriptions of different types of phase diagrams including binary isomorphous and eutectic systems.
3) Details on the important iron-carbon phase diagram, including the various phases like ferrite, cementite, and pearlite and how microstructure changes with carbon content and heat treatment.
This document discusses phases in solids and phase diagrams. It begins by defining what constitutes a phase, including that a phase must be physically and chemically homogeneous. It describes the different types of phases that can exist in solids, such as solid solutions, intermediate phases, and pure metals/compounds. The document then explains Gibbs' phase rule and how it can be applied to understand the number of phases that can coexist at equilibrium for systems with different numbers of components and degrees of freedom. It provides examples of applying the phase rule to one-component, two-phase, and three-phase systems. Finally, it discusses how phase diagrams are constructed and what information they provide about the phases present at various temperatures, pressures and
Chapter 1 material structure and binary alloy systemsakura rena
This document discusses the structure of materials and binary alloy systems. It begins by defining key terms like atom, element, mixture, compound, atomic number, atomic mass, and atomic orbits. It then explains the periodic table, including its characteristics, groups, periods, and function. The document also covers crystal structures, bonding types, solidification of metals and alloys, solid solutions, and equilibrium phase diagrams.
This document discusses different states of matter and properties of liquids and solids. It defines key terms like phases, intermolecular forces, and boiling point. It describes different types of solids like ionic, molecular, metallic and network solids. It also discusses properties of liquids like surface tension, capillary action, and viscosity.
UNIT - I ---CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS.pptxShanmathyAR2
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS
Constitution of alloys – Solid solutions, substitutional and interstitial – phase diagrams, Lever rule, Isomorphous, eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and peritectoid reactions, Iron – Iron carbon equilibrium diagram – Classification of steels and cast irons, microstructure, properties and applications – Ferrite and austenite stabilizers.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to materials science and engineering. It covers topics such as the different classes of materials (metals, ceramics, polymers, composites), crystal structures, solidification processes, crystalline imperfections, diffusion, and mechanical properties. The document is organized by chapter and section to provide context for the terminology.
Double salts are formed when two salts crystallize together in a stoichiometric ratio from their saturated solution. They dissociate into simple ions when dissolved in water. Coordination compounds retain their identity in both the solid and dissolved states. The metal acts as a Lewis acid and provides empty orbitals to accept electrons from ligands, which act as Lewis bases by donating electron pairs. Coordination compounds have defined geometries depending on the metal's hybridization and the ligand environment. Crystal field theory and valence bond theory are used to explain properties like color and magnetism.
Coordination Chemistry, Fundamental Concepts and TheoriesImtiaz Alam
This document provides an overview of coordination chemistry concepts including:
- Werner's coordination theory which proposed that metals exhibit primary and secondary valences.
- Blomstrand-Jorgensen chain theory which suggested cobalt(III) forms complexes with only three bonds.
- Nomenclature rules for naming coordination compounds based on ligands and metal oxidation state.
- Crystal field theory which explains color and magnetic properties of complexes based on ligand effects on d orbital splitting.
- The distinction between labile complexes with rapidly substituting ligands versus inert complexes.
1. The document discusses the constitution of alloys and phase diagrams. It describes different types of solid solutions like substitutional and interstitial solutions and classifies phase diagrams as unary, binary, and ternary.
2. The iron-iron carbide equilibrium diagram is examined in detail. It identifies the various phases involved like ferrite, austenite, and cementite. Critical temperatures like A1, A2, A3 are defined.
3. The microstructure and properties of steels and cast irons are determined by their position in the iron-carbon phase diagram and the phases present at room temperature. Hypoeutectoid steels contain ferrite and pearlite while hyp
1. The document discusses atomic structure and bonding. It describes the structure of atoms in terms of electrons and the nucleus containing protons and neutrons. It also discusses the arrangement of electrons in shells and the significance of noble gas structures and valency electrons.
2. The document then covers the periodic table and periodic trends. It defines properties such as atomic number, mass number, and isotopes. It explains how the periodic table is arranged based on these properties and how elements in the same group have similar properties.
3. The types of bonding are described including ionic bonding between metals and non-metals which forms ionic lattices, and covalent bonding between non-metals which forms molecules by sharing electron
This document provides an overview of the structure of materials and binary alloy systems. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Crystal structures are repetitive atomic arrangements that give materials their properties. Materials are made of molecules, which are combinations of atoms, and have a microstructure visible under a microscope consisting of phases and grains. Binary alloys are mixtures of only two metals that form different crystal structures and phases depending on temperature and composition as shown in binary phase diagrams.
1. A phase is a physically distinct, chemically homogeneous portion of matter that has a uniform structure and composition throughout.
2. Gibbs' phase rule establishes the relationship between the number of phases, degrees of freedom, number of components, and external factors in an alloy system. It can be used to determine the number of phases that can coexist in equilibrium.
3. Solid solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more metal elements in the solid state. Interstitial solutions occur when small atoms fit into the spaces of a solvent lattice, while substitutional solutions occur when solute atoms replace solvent atoms in the lattice. Ordering and randomness of the solute atoms distinguishes ordered and disordered substitutional solutions.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on crystal properties for a semiconductor electronics and devices course. The lecture covers basic definitions of semiconductors, types of semiconductor materials including elemental and compound semiconductors. It also discusses crystal lattices, types of solids, cubic lattices and their types, planes and directions using Miller indices, the diamond lattice structure, and bonding forces in solids including ionic and covalent bonding. The document provides the agenda, content, figures and examples to explain these key concepts.
Ch-27.1 Basic concepts on structure of solids.pptxksysbaysyag
The document discusses various topics related to materials science including:
1. Common crystal structures of metals such as FCC, BCC, and HCP and how some metals can change structure with temperature.
2. Plastic deformation in metals occurs through slip and twinning which involve the movement of atoms along crystallographic planes.
3. Atomic structure consists of electrons surrounding the nucleus in shells and the number of valence electrons influence material properties and bonding.
4. Primary bonding types are ionic, covalent, and metallic which influence properties like strength, conductivity, and deformation behavior.
This document is the first unit of a course on the structure, arrangements, and movements of atoms taught by Dr. Edgar García Hernández. The unit introduces materials science and engineering concepts. It discusses atomic structure, crystalline arrangements of metals and ceramics, imperfections in crystals like point defects and dislocations, and atomic movements in solids under mechanical treatments. The unit provides information on crystal structures, unit cells, coordination numbers, and calculating material properties based on structure.
This document discusses phase diagrams and their classification. It begins by defining key terms like phases, components, solutions, and mixtures. It then explains Gibbs phase rule and how it relates the number of phases (P) to components (C) and degrees of freedom (F). Equilibrium phase diagrams are introduced as diagrams that depict phase existence under equilibrium conditions as a function of temperature and composition. Different types of phase diagrams are classified, including unary, binary, and ternary systems. Specific binary systems like eutectic and isomorphous systems are discussed in more detail. Important concepts like invariant reactions, intermediate phases, lever rule, and cooling curves are also summarized. The Fe-C binary phase diagram is provided as a detailed
This document provides an overview of key concepts in earth/environmental science chemistry including:
- Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Density measures the ratio of mass to volume.
- Temperature is measured in Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit scales. States of matter include solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.
- Atoms are the basic units that make up elements. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Electrons surround the nucleus.
- The periodic table organizes elements and shows their properties. Elements bond through ionic or covalent bonds to form compounds.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Flow Through Pipe: the analysis of fluid flow within pipesIndrajeet sahu
Flow Through Pipe: This topic covers the analysis of fluid flow within pipes, focusing on laminar and turbulent flow regimes, continuity equation, Bernoulli's equation, Darcy-Weisbach equation, head loss due to friction, and minor losses from fittings and bends. Understanding these principles is crucial for efficient pipe system design and analysis.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
#scopuspublication #scopusindexed #callforpapers #researchpapers #cfp #researchers #phdstudent #researchScholar #journalpaper #submission #journalsubmission #WBAN #requirements #tailoredtreatment #MACstrategy #enhancedefficiency #protrcal #computing #analysis #wirelessbodyareanetworks #wirelessnetworks
#adhocnetwork #VANETs #OLSRrouting #routing #MPR #nderesidualenergy #korea #cognitiveradionetworks #radionetworks #rendezvoussequence
Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
2. OBJECTIVE:
To impart knowledge on the structure, properties,
treatment, testing and applications of metals and
non-metallic materials so as to identify and select
suitable materials for various engineering
applications.
OUTCOME:
Upon completion of this course, the students can
able to apply the different materials, their
processing, heat treatments in suitable application
in mechanical engineering fields.
3. UNIT I ALLOYS AND PHASE
DIAGRAMS
Constitution of alloys – Solid
solutions, substitutional and interstitial
– phase diagrams, Isomorphous,
eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic, and
peritectoid reactions, Iron – carbon
equilibrium diagram. Classification of
steel and cast Iron microstructure,
properties and application.
4. Introduction
The matter is usually found to exist in solids
and fluids.
All these materials consist of atoms and
molecules.
Solids are brittle, some are ductile, some are
malleable, some are strong, some are weak,
some are good conductors of heat and
electricity, some are magnetic, some are non-
magnetic and so on.
The reasons for these different properties of
the solids are due to their structure.
5. Thus the study of crystal geometry helps us
understand the behaviour of solids in their
mechanical, metallurgical, electrical, magnetic
and optical properties.
The solids are classified crystalline or
noncrystalline.
Crystalline:
Atoms are arranged in some regular repetition
pattern .
Classified: monocrystal and polycrystalline
Monocrystal consist of only one crystal
whereas the polycrystalline consist many
crystals
6. Non-crystalline orAmorphous
materials
Atoms are arranged in an irregular
fashion. It is not based on a regular
repetition pattern.
It is super cooled liquid with very high
viscosity.
Example: Glass, rubber and polymers
7. Crystallographic terms
Crystal: A crystal is a solid whose constituent
atoms or molecules are arranged in a
systematic geometric pattern.
Lattice points: Lattice points denote the position
of atoms or molecules in the crystals.
Space lattice or crystal lattice:
The periodic arrangement of atoms in a crystal
is called as lattice.
A space lattice is defined as an array of points
arranged in a regular periodic fashion in three
dimensional space such that each point in the
lattice has exactly identical surroundings
8. Basis: A crystal structure is formed by
associating with every lattice point a unit
assembly of atoms or molecules identical in
composition.
Basis consisting of a group of two atoms.
Space lattice + basis-------- crystal structure
14. Alloys
A metal alloy or simply an alloy, is a mixture of
two or more metals or a non-metal
Largest portion is called the base metal
All other elements present are called alloying
elements.
The presence of alloying elements changes the
physical, chemical and mechanical properties of
the base metal.
The type and extent of change of properties
depends on whether the alloying elements are
insoluble, dissolve in the base metal or react with
the base metal to form other phases.
16. Solid Solutions
It is the simplest type of alloy
A solid solution occurs when we alloy two metals
and they are completely soluble in each other.
If a solid solution alloy is viewed under a
microscope only one type of crystal can be seen
just like a pure metal.
Solid solution alloys have similar properties to
pure metals but with greater strength but are not
as good as electrical conductors.
Solid solution is composed of two parts:
Solute and solvent
17. Types of Solid Solution
1. Substitutional
a) Disordered or Random
b) Ordered
2. Interstitial
19. If the atoms of the solvent or parent metal are
replaced in the crystal lattice by atoms of the
solute metal then the solid solution is known as
substitutional solid solution.
The substitutional solid solution is further
subdivided into
– Disordered (or) random substitutional solid
solution (where the solute atoms are randomly
substituted for the solvent atoms)
– Ordered substitutional solid solution (where the
solute atoms are orderly substituted for the
solvent atoms)
– Example, copper atoms may substitute for
nickel atoms without disturbing the F.C.C.
structure of nickel (Fig. a)
20. Interstitial Solid Solutions
The solute atom does not displace a solvent
atom, but rather it enters one of the holes or
interstices between the solvent atoms.
Interstitial solid solutions normally have a
limited solubility
Example is iron-carbon system
21. Intermetallic Compounds
Intermetallic compounds are generally formed
when one metal (for example magnesium) has
chemical properties which are strongly metallic
and the other metal (for example antimony, tin or
bismuth) has chemical properties which are only
weakly metallic.
Examples of intermetallic compounds are Mg2Sn,
Mg2Pb, Mg3Sb2.
These intermetallic compounds have higher melting
point than either of the parent metal.
This higher melting point indicates the high
strength of the chemical bond in intermetallic
compounds.
22. Intersitial compounds
Difference between interstitial solutions
and interstitial compounds
In interstitial solutions, the solute atoms
are not in regular patterns but are
randomly distributed throughout the
solvent.
In interstitial compounds, there is a
regular pattern .
23. Electron compounds
If two metals consist of atoms of
more or less similar size but
different valency, then the
compound formed are called
electron compounds.
Ex: Cu3Al, CuZn, NiAl, Cu3Sn.
24. Hume Rothery’s Rule
Size factor: The atoms must be of similar
size, with less than a 15% difference in atomic
radius.
Crystal structure: The materials must have
the same crystal structure.
Valence(electronic charge of an iron): The
atoms must have the same valence.
Electro negativity(ability of atom to attract
an electron): The atoms must have
approximately the same electro negativity.
25. Introduction to phase
diagram
The solidification of a metal or an alloy is clearly
understood by means of phase diagram
Component: Pure metal or compound
(e.g., Cu, Zn in Cu-Zn alloy, sugar, water, in syrup.)
Solvent: Host or major component in solution.
Solute: Dissolved, minor component in solution.
System: Set of possible alloys from same
component (e.g., iron-carbon system.)
Solubility Limit: Maximum solute concentration
that can be dissolved at a given
temperature.
26. Introduction to phase
diagram
Phase: Part with homogeneous physical
and chelmical characteristics
One-phase systems are homogeneous.
Phases:
Systems with two or more phases are
heterogeneous, or mixtures. This is the case of
most metallic alloys, but also happens in
ceramics and polymers.
A two-component alloy is called binary. One
with three components is called ternary.
27. Microstructure:
The properties of an alloy do not depend only
on concentration of the phases but how they
are arranged structurally at the microscopy
level. Thus, the microstructure is specified by
the number of phases, their proportions, and
their arrangement in space.
A binary alloy may be
A single solid solution
Two separated essentially pure components.
Two separated solid solutions.
A chemical compound, together with a solid
solution.
28. Phase diagram:
A graph showing the phase or phases
present for a given composition as a
function of temperature.
A plot with the temperature on the vertical
scale and the percentage of composition by
weight on the horizontal scale is termed a
phase diagram.
Poly phase material:
A material in which two or more phases are
present.
29. Gibbs Phase Rule
In a system under a set of conditions, the
relationship between number of phases (P) exist can
be related to the number of components (C) and
degrees of freedom (F) by Gibbs phase rule.
P + F = C + 2
Where,
P – no of phases (solid, liquid, Gaseous etc)
C – No of components in the alloy
F – Degrees of freedom refers to the number of
independent variables (e.g.: pressure, temperature)
that can be varied individually to effect changes in a
system.
30. Gibbs Phase Rule
In practical conditions for metallurgical and
materials systems, pressure can be treated as
a constant (1 atm.). Thus Condensed Gibbs
phase rule is written as:
P + F = C + 1
32. Cooling Curves
Cooling curves are obtained by plotting the
measured temperatures at equal intervals
during the cooling period(time) of a metal
It is useful for constructing the phase
diagram.
Apply Gibb’s phase rule, for single phase
F = C-P+1
= 1-1+1 = 1 (one degree of freedom)
For two phases
F = C-P+1
= 1-2+1 = 0 (zero degree of freedom)
33. Equilibrium Phase Diagrams
It is also known as equilibrium or
constitutional diagram.
Equilibrium phase diagrams represent the
relationships between temperature and the
compositions and the quantities of phases at
equilibrium
In general practice it is sufficient to consider
only solid and liquid phases, thus pressure is
assumed to be constant (1 atm.) in most
applications.
34. Important information, useful for the scientists and
engineers who are involved with materials
development, selection, and application in product
design, obtainable from a phase diagram can be
summarized as follows:
To show phases are present at different compositions
and temperatures under slow cooling (equilibrium)
conditions.
To indicate equilibrium solid solubility of one
element/compound in another.
To indicate temperature at which an alloy starts to
solidify and the range of solidification.
To indicate the temperature at which different phases
start to melt.
Amount of each phase in a two-phase mixture can be
obtained.
35. Types of equilibrium phase
diagram
Single component systems have unary
diagrams
Two-component systems have binary
diagrams
Three-component systems are
represented by ternary diagrams, and so
on
36. Construction of phase
diagram
Liquidus line and Solidus line:
The line obtained by joining thee points
showing the beginning of solidification is
called liquidus line.
The liquidus line indicates the lowest
temperature at which a given alloy of the
series in the liquid start to freeze.
The lower line of the diagram is known as the
solidus.
38. Eutectic reaction:
For a mixture with two components at a fixed
pressure, the eutectic reaction can only happen
at a fixed chemical composition and
temperature called eutectic point.
It describes the thermodynamic equilibrium
conditions where a liquid co exists with two
solid phases.
The microstructure of solid that results from
the transformation consist of alternate layers
of α and β phases that from simultaneously
during the transformation.
39. Eutectoid reaction:
It describes the phase changes reaction of
an alloy in which on cooling, a single
solid phase transforms into two other
solid phases.
Peritectic reaction:
It describes the isothermal reversible
reaction of a liquid phase and a solid
phase to form a second solid phase
during cooling.
40. Micro-constituents of Iron-
Carbon alloys
The study of these micro- constituents is
essential in order to understand iron-iron
carbide (Fe-Fe3C) equilibrium phase diagram
Various micro-constituents of iron-carbon alloys
are:
1. Ferrite:
Ferrite is a primary solid solution based on α
iron having BCC structure.
It is nothing but the interstitial solution of
carbon in iron.
41. Max. solubility of carbon in iron is 0.025%
carbon at 723ºC.
Ferrite is soft, ductile, and highly magnetic.
It is used in cold working process.
2. Austenite or γ iron:
Austenite is a primary solid solution based on
γ iron having FCC structure.
Max. solubility of carbon in iron is 2% at
1140ºC.
It is soft, tough, highly ductile and non-
magnetic.
High electrical resistance and highcoefficient
of expansion.
42. 3. Cementite:
Cementite also called as carbide of iron (Fe3C)
It is hard, brittle, intermetallic compound of
iron with 6.69% carbon
The hardness and brittleness of cast iron is
based on the presence of cementite.
It is magnetic below 250ºC
4. Pearlite:
Eutectoid mixture of ferrite (87.5%) and
cementite (12.5%)
It is formed when austenite decomposes
during cooling. It contains 0.8% of carbon
It is strong, hard and ductile
43. 5. Ledeburite:
Eutectic mixture of austenite and cementite
containing 4.3% carbon.
It is forms at 1140ºC
Pig iron, most important engineering materials
are ledeburite
6. Martensite:
Super saturated solid solution of carbon in α
iron.
It is formed when steel is rapidly cooled from
the austentic state.
It is very hard, more brittle and low ductility.
44. 7. Troostite:
A mixture of radial lamellae of ferrite and
cementite
It hardness is intermediate between martensite
and sorbite.
8. Sorbite:
A mixture of ferrite and finely divided
cementite.
Tensile and yield strength are high.
9. Bainite:
Eutectoid of ferrite and cementite.
It harness is between the pearlite and
martensite.