This document summarizes Megha Palariya's seminar on water parameters and treatment. It discusses the different types of water, physical and chemical parameters used to measure water quality, and the drinking water treatment process. The treatment process involves screening, aeration, sedimentation, flocculation, filtration, and disinfection to purify water and remove contaminants before human consumption. The document provides an overview of the topics covered in Megha's seminar on evaluating water quality and treating drinking water.
Quality of water :
It includes all the physical, chemical and biological parameters along with test to be used for defining water quality and water schemes for city
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
In this presentation, application of some parameters of water wwater analysis (i.e., Acidity, Sulfate, Volatile Acid,Nitrogen,greases and oils) , procedure to measure that parameter, environmental significance of that parameter and importance of that parameter in waste water analysis.
Quality of water :
It includes all the physical, chemical and biological parameters along with test to be used for defining water quality and water schemes for city
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
In this presentation, application of some parameters of water wwater analysis (i.e., Acidity, Sulfate, Volatile Acid,Nitrogen,greases and oils) , procedure to measure that parameter, environmental significance of that parameter and importance of that parameter in waste water analysis.
wholesomeness, Requirements for Domestic Use. Impurities in Water. Objects & purpose of Water Analysis.Collection of Samples. Classification of Analysis of Water: Physical,
Chemical & Biological Examination of Water.
Handout prepared to the "Introduction to water and waste water management|.
Brief introduction about water and wastewater monitoring.
Contact: adnansirage@gmail.com
Determination of ec ,temp , oil & greaseJenson Samraj
Here, my topic is based on the Determination of Oil and grease which is a rare topic and in it its all discussed in a very easiest concept so that all the users can improve their knowledge by this presentation.
most important topic for more clearance of water quality standards which covers latest Indian and WHO guidelines and provides a real scenario of water standards in India and the recent advances made for purification of water in India and worldwide. The presentation is little bit lengthy but deals with all required aspects in short.
this presentation is about the reuse of treated wastewater.Different application and technologies involved. I have also put four case studies taken from some journals mentioned.
This presentation provides with information regarding the processes , methods , applications of Water Treatment and simple design of water treatment filters. It incorporates chlorination, aeration, and other miscellaneous methods for water treatment
INTRODUCTION TO WATER POLLUTION PARAMETERS -CONCEPT, OBJECTIVES AND NEED OF W...Arvind Kumar
INTRODUCTION TO WATER POLLUTION PARAMETERS
-CONCEPT, OBJECTIVES AND NEED OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING, SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
by DR. I.D. MALL Department of Chemical Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Roorkee- 247667
wholesomeness, Requirements for Domestic Use. Impurities in Water. Objects & purpose of Water Analysis.Collection of Samples. Classification of Analysis of Water: Physical,
Chemical & Biological Examination of Water.
Handout prepared to the "Introduction to water and waste water management|.
Brief introduction about water and wastewater monitoring.
Contact: adnansirage@gmail.com
Determination of ec ,temp , oil & greaseJenson Samraj
Here, my topic is based on the Determination of Oil and grease which is a rare topic and in it its all discussed in a very easiest concept so that all the users can improve their knowledge by this presentation.
most important topic for more clearance of water quality standards which covers latest Indian and WHO guidelines and provides a real scenario of water standards in India and the recent advances made for purification of water in India and worldwide. The presentation is little bit lengthy but deals with all required aspects in short.
this presentation is about the reuse of treated wastewater.Different application and technologies involved. I have also put four case studies taken from some journals mentioned.
This presentation provides with information regarding the processes , methods , applications of Water Treatment and simple design of water treatment filters. It incorporates chlorination, aeration, and other miscellaneous methods for water treatment
INTRODUCTION TO WATER POLLUTION PARAMETERS -CONCEPT, OBJECTIVES AND NEED OF W...Arvind Kumar
INTRODUCTION TO WATER POLLUTION PARAMETERS
-CONCEPT, OBJECTIVES AND NEED OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING, SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
by DR. I.D. MALL Department of Chemical Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Roorkee- 247667
Water has its own taste, color, smell and constituents. Not all water can be used for all purposes. Eg. Sea water can not be used by us for drinking. The suitability of water for different purposes is determined by its quality parameters. The Quality of water is equally important than quantity. Even if present in huge amounts, we can not use salt water in many life support activities. Water has its own Physical properties, Chemical composition and Biological Properties. This module highlights the water quality parameters that are essential.
Nearly all water in the world contains contaminants, even in the absence of nearby pollution-causing activities
Many dissolved minerals, carbon compounds, and microbes find their way into drinking water as it comes in contact with air and soil
When pollutant and contaminant levels in drinking water are high, they may affect household routines and be detrimental to human health
The only way to ensure that your water supply is safe is to have a periodic laboratory water quality analysis done on your drinking water. Hach India is the leading provider of high end water quality analysis equipment in india
Determination of the Ph &Turbidity Value in Betul Block Five YearIJERA Editor
Acidic and basic are two extremes that describe chemicals, just like hot and cold are two extremes that describe
temperature. Mixing acids and bases can cancel out their extreme effects; much like mixing hot and cold water
can even out the water temperature. A substance that is neither acidic nor basic is neutral. The ph of the water in
betul block is increasing year by year and day by day. It was observed that there are 0.5% increase in the ph of
water in betul block. The optimum pH will vary in different supplies according to the composition of the water
and the nature of the construction materials used in the distribution system, but is often in the range 6.5–9.5.
Extreme pH values can result from accidental spills, treatment breakdowns, and insufficiently cured cement
mortar pipe linings. No health-based guideline value is proposed for pH.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. S.P.C. Govt. College Ajmer.
2022-2023
M.Sc. Chemistry Sem. 3rd
Student’s Name – Megha Palariya
Environmental Chemistry Seminar
2. Topic- Water Parameters &Treatment
Content
Introduction
Types of Water
Quality of Water
Physical Parameters
Chemical Parameters
Drinking Water Treatment
Drinking Water Treatment Plant
Refrences
3. Introduction~
Water is a vital natural resource which is essential for
multiplicity of purposes, like drinking,agriculture,power
generation ,transportation and waste disposal. In the chemical
process industrial water is used as a reaction media a solvent or
scrubbing medium and a heat transfer agent. As a source of life
for man, plants and animals it cannot be replaced by any other
solvent.
The chief sources of water are rain water,sea water,ground
water and surface water.
4. Types of water
• Chemical water~ Pure combination of H2O
• Portable water~ Doesn’t contain harmful substance, it is fit for
drinking that is free from objectionable tastes,odors,colors&
turbidity.
• Palatable water~ Aesthetically good Appearance wise
• Polluted water~ Water which Contains harmful but doesn’t contain
pathogens
• Wholesome water~ Water which is chemically not pure but doesn’t
contain harmful substance
• Contaminated water~ Water which contains pathogens disease
causing microorganisms
• Mineral water~ Water which contains minerals like Fe,Ca,Mn in a
permissible limit
5. Quality of water There are 3 parameters to measure the
quality of water.
Physical Chemical Biological
• Algae and Phtoplankton.
• Total Solids
• pH
• Alkalinity
• Hardness
• Presnece of different chemicals
• Turbidity
• Conductivity
• Temperature
• Taste
• Odour
6. Physical parameter~
• Turbidity~ .Turbidity Is expressed as the amount of suspended matter in
mg/liter or ppm.
.The standard unit Is that which is produced by 1 gram of finally divides
siliya in 1leter of Distiled water
.It is due to suspended matter like silt clay organic or inorganic matter.
.due to presence of decay vegetational matter
. due to presence of Algae fungi bacteria protozoa etc.
.Permissible limit: 5-10 ppm
7. • Conductivity~ The total amount of dissolved salts present in water
can be easily estimated by measuring the specific conductivity of
water.
. More the salinity means more will be the conductivity.
.Permissilbe Value: NIL.
• Temperature~ The temperature of water to be supplied should be
between 10℃ -20℃. Temp. greater than 25℃ is highly objectionable.
.Temp. affect the chemical and biological reactions and increase in
temp. Of 10℃, doubles the biological activity.
8. • Taste and Odour~ Taste is .due to dissolved minerals
.due to inorganic salts
Odour is .due to dissolved gases H2S, CO2, NH3 etc.
.due to dissolved organic Vegetational matter.
Both Odour and Taste are inseparable and both are measured in terms of Threshold
Odour Number (TON).
TON= A+B/A
Where A- Volume of Raw Water Sample
B-Volume of distilled water sample which is used for
dilution
Permissible Value of TON: 1-3
Now a days odour is measured by a sensitive instrument known as ‘Osmoscope’.
9. Chemical Parameters~
Total Solids~ The term solid refers to thr matter that remains as residue
upon evaporation. Total solids include both dissolved solids and suspended
solids.potable Water contain mineral matters in dissolved whereas industrial
effluents and sewage contain huge amount of undissolved matter.
Dissolved solids= Total Solids – Suspended Solids
As per indian standard, Permissible limit of total dissolved solids= 500-1000
ppm
pH~ pH is a measure of hydrogen ion activity is used to express the intensity
of acidic or alkaline condition of a solution.It is also an important factor in
water analysis since it enterns imto the calculation of acidity and alkalinity.
10. • Permissible limit 6.6-8.8
• The pH of a sample can be determined electrometrically,
colorimetrically or by potentiometer
• Alkalinity~Alkalinity of water is due to the presence of carbonate,
bicarbonate and hydroxide ions.
.it is define as quantity of ions of water
that will react to neutralise hydrogen ions.
indicator pH range Original
indicator
Find color
Methyl orange 2.8-4.4 Red yellow
phenophataline 8.6-10.3 yellow red
11. • Hardness~it is defined as concentration of multivalent
metalliccations in solution.
.Multivalent metallic cations most abundant in natural water is Calcium
& Magnesium.
.Other ions which lead to hardness are Fe+ ,Mn+2 but are found in
much smaller quantities and hence for all practical puroposes
hardness is reprensted by the sum of Ca+2 & Mg+2 ions.
.Permissible vlue of total hardness: 75-200ppm.
. if hrdness lies in the range
Range Type of water
Less than 75ppm Soft water
75-200ppm Moderate water
Greater than 200ppm Hard water
12. Presence of different chemical compound~
• Chloride content~ Chloride in water are derived mostly from natural
mineral deposit,agricultural or irrigation discharge.
.Presence of chloride in high quantity indicates pollution of water due
to sewage or industrial water.{which leades to metabolic disorders}
.Chloriden ions are estimated by mohr’s method in which raw water is
titrated with standard AgNO3 solution using K2CrO4 as indicator.
.Permitted vaule of chloride <250ppm.
.Presence of sulphates~are due to industrial effulents & leads to
laxative effect & diarrhoea.
.Permissble value of Sulphates <250ppm.
13. • Presence of lead and arsenic~ leads to accumulation of toxins in
the body tissue.
.Permissible limit: NIL
• Presnece of ferrous and maganese~ leads to decolorization
of clothes,appearnce of stains on clothes.
.Permisssible limit: Fe<0.3ppm
Mn<0.05ppm
• Presnce of copper~its large quantity affects lungs & causes
respiratary problems.
.Permissible limit: 0.05-1.5mg/L.
14. • Fluorides~ excess value {greater than 1.5pm} results in
decolouration of teeth called mottling of teeth .
.Greater concentration of fluoride causes deformation of bones called
bone fluorosis.
.Permissible value: 1-1.5ppm
.Upto 1mg/L helps to prevent dental cavities.
• Dissolved gases~ CH4 kwon for its explosive tendency
.H2S imparts bad taste and odour
.CO2 indicates biological acitivity,imparts bad taste and water becomes
corrosive.
.Permissible value: Nil
15. • Dissolved Oxggen {DO}~ .Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the
most important indicators of water quality. It is essential for the
survival of fish and other aquatic organisms.
.When dissolved oxygen becomes too low, fish and other aquatic
organisms cannot survive.
.Permissible value: 5-10ppm
• Biochemical oxygen demand~ The ammount of oxygen that is
required for the complete decomposition of biodgradeable organic matter
.Permissible value: Nil
