Metal-carbene complexes contain transition metals bonded to carbene ligands. There are two main types: Shrock and Fischer carbene complexes. Shrock carbenes use early transition metals and form via α-elimination, with the carbene carbon being nucleophilic. Fischer carbenes use late transition metals and form by nucleophilic attack, with the carbene carbon being electrophilic. Applications include alkene metathesis catalysis and the Fischer-Tropsch process for hydrocarbon synthesis.