How is power transformer protected??? This provides a basic understanding of power transformer. Furthermore, the protective relay application on power transformer is included.
Protection of lines
Overcurrent Protection schemes
PSM, TMS
Numerical examples
Carrier current and three-zone distance relay using impedance relays
Protection of bus bars by using Differential protection
How is power transformer protected??? This provides a basic understanding of power transformer. Furthermore, the protective relay application on power transformer is included.
Protection of lines
Overcurrent Protection schemes
PSM, TMS
Numerical examples
Carrier current and three-zone distance relay using impedance relays
Protection of bus bars by using Differential protection
this is a presentation on High voltage circuit breaker. here in this ppt i include various types of circuit breakers which are used in high voltage power system like vacuum CB, SF6 CB, Oil CB, Air CB. I explained various terms used in case of CBs, Hope you will find it usefull.
The substation is the part of a power system in which the voltage is transformed from high to low or low to high for transmission, distribution, transformation, and switching..etc
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
It describes about the circuit breaker and components and types of high voltage circuit breaker. It also explains about the working principle of the circuit breaker.
In this presentation talk about:
Able to describe Substation.
Importance of substation.
Factors governing the selection of side.
Classification of Sub-Station.
Elements of a substation.
Operation of substation.
Hazards & safety.
Recent substation accident Bangladesh.
Design of substation (with Transformer Design) SayanSarkar55
This ppt is made for the subject Machine Design. Here the basic types, equipment, designs of substation is described with the preocess and calculation of designing a transformer also.
this is a presentation on High voltage circuit breaker. here in this ppt i include various types of circuit breakers which are used in high voltage power system like vacuum CB, SF6 CB, Oil CB, Air CB. I explained various terms used in case of CBs, Hope you will find it usefull.
The substation is the part of a power system in which the voltage is transformed from high to low or low to high for transmission, distribution, transformation, and switching..etc
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
It describes about the circuit breaker and components and types of high voltage circuit breaker. It also explains about the working principle of the circuit breaker.
In this presentation talk about:
Able to describe Substation.
Importance of substation.
Factors governing the selection of side.
Classification of Sub-Station.
Elements of a substation.
Operation of substation.
Hazards & safety.
Recent substation accident Bangladesh.
Design of substation (with Transformer Design) SayanSarkar55
This ppt is made for the subject Machine Design. Here the basic types, equipment, designs of substation is described with the preocess and calculation of designing a transformer also.
The following topics will be covered: the definition of a substation, an overview of the different type of substations and the functions of substations
Testing and Condition Monitoring of Substation EquipmentsSumeet Ratnawat
Testing and condition monitoring of substation equipments,Transformer specifications,Monitoring of Transformer,On-load Tap changer,Overhauling,Tan delta and capacitance,Thermal imaging,Sweep frequency response analysis,Oil analysis of Switchgear elements containing oil,tests on insulating oil,Breaker monitoring,Condition monitoring of CT,Condition monitoring of CVT,Surge Arresters,Condition monitoring of relays.
The presentation is delivering the general aspects of transmission of electric energy. At the beginning need of transmission is presented, and then the various aspects of transmission, which affect the choice of scheme of transmission are presented. At the end of presentation, the topic is summarized as comparison among the HVAC and HVDC transmission.
This presentation was given by shivlal mohal, during the final semester of electric engineering.
10 different equipment used in Distribution SubstationDevanshVarma1
A significant factor is the safety and protection of equipment as well as functioning individuals. In addition, as technology advances, different components are regularly upgraded to maintain up with the most delinquent progress to provide consistent Power distribution accessories production.
A switchgear or electrical switchgear is a generic term which includes all the switching devices associated with mainly power system protection. It also includes all devices associated with control, metering and regulating of electrical power system. Assembly of such devices in a logical manner forms a switchgear. This is the very basic definition of switchgear.
⋗To get more with details
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2SvKI7eepP241VLoui1D5A
Presentation made at the Nigerian Institution of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (NIEEE) Lagos Chapter. This article gives the reader the basic knowledge of what sub-stations are, how they are designed and the factors considered at the design stage as well as the various protections used at sub-stations.
Design of a generating substation with the description of designing a transformer. Here we show some basic components of a substation. and we also show the parameters and calculation to design a transformer of a specific ratings.
The present-day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electric power is generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. The electric power is produced at the power stations which are located at favourable places, generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission and distribution
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
2. SUBSTATION
• SUBSTATION - A station in the power transmission system at
which electric power is transformed to a conveniently used
form. The station may consist of transformers, switches,
circuit breakers and other auxilliary equipment. Its main
function is to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from
the generating station, by either step-up or step-down the
voltage to a value appropriate for local use and provide
facilities for switching. Substations have some additional
functions. Its provide points where safety devices may be
installed to disconnect circuits or equipment in the event of
trouble.
Some substation, such as power plant switchyard are
simply switching stations where different connections can be
made between various transmission lines.
4. A. BUSBAR
• BUSBAR (or bus, for short) – is a term we use for a main bar
or conductor carrying an electric current to which many
connection may be made.
Buses are merely convenient means of connecting
switches and other equipment into various arrangements.
The usual arrangement of connections in most substations
permit working on almost any piece of equipment without
interruption to incoming or outgoing feeders. In the
switchyard or substation, buses are open to the air.
Aluminum or copper conductors supported on porcelain
insulators, carry the electric energy from point to point.
6. B. DISCONNECTS
• DISCONNECT – is an easily removed piece of the actual
conductor of a circuit. The purpose of disconnects is to isolate
equipment. Disconnects are not used to interrupt circuits;
they are no-load devices. A typical use of disconnects is to
isolate a circuit breaker by installing one disconnect on either
side of the circuit breaker (in series with the breaker).
Operation of disconnects is one of the most important and
responsible jobs of a power plant operator. One error in
isolation of equipment, or the accidental grounding of line
equipment, can be a fatal mistake.
8. C. CIRCUIT BREAKER
• CIRCUIT BREAKER – is used to interrupt circuits while current
is flowing through them. The making and breaking of contacts
in a Oil type circuit breaker are done under oil, this oil serves
to quench the arc when the circuit is opened. The operation
of the breaker is very rapid when opening. As with the
transformer, the high voltage connections are made through
bushings. Circuit breakers of this type are usually arranged for
remote electrical control from a suitably located switchboard.
Some recently developed circuit breakers have no oil, but
put out the arc by a blast of compressed air; these are called
air circuit breakers. Another type encloses the contacts in a
vacuum or a gas (sulfur hexafluoride, SF6) which tends to self
maintain the arc.
10. D. CURRENT TRANSFORMER
• CURRENT TRANSFORMER – Current transformer are used
with ammeters, watt meters, power-factor meters, watt-hour
meters,compensators, protective and regulating relays and
the trip coil of circuit breakers. One current transformer can
be used to operate several instruments, provided that the
combined burden does not exceed that for which the
transformer is designed and compensated. The current
transformer is connected directly in series with the line.
11.
12. E. VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
• VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER – also know as potential
transformer, are used with volt-meters, wattmeters, watt-
hour meters, power-factor meters, frequency meters,
synchroscopes and synchronizing apparatus, protective and
regulating relays and the no-voltage and over-voltage trip
coils of automatic circuit breakers. One transformer can be
used for a number of instruments at the same time if the total
current taken by the instrument does not exceed that for
which the transformer is designed and compensated. The
ordinary voltage transformer is connected across the line, and
the magnetic flux in the core depends upon the primary
voltage
13.
14. F. EARTHING SWITCH
• EARTHING SWITCH – also known as ground disconnect, which
used to connects the equipment to a grid of electrical
conductors buried in the earth on the station property. It is
intended to protect people working on the grounded
equipment. It does this by completing a circuit path, thereby
reducing the voltage difference between the equipment and
its surroundings. For safety reasons, it is important that
ground disconnects and all associated connections have good
contact and low resistance. It is also important that the
protective ground not be accidentally remove, that is why all
the earthing switches, disconnect switches and circuit
breakers are all interlocked to each other and proper/correct
sequencing must be followed.
15. G. SURGE ARRESTOR
• SURGE ARRESTOR – are devices used to provide the
necessary path to ground for such surges, yet prevent any
power current from following the surge. An ideal arrester
must therefore have the following properties:
1. Ability to remove the surge energy from the line in a min. time.
2. High resistive to flow of power current.
3. A valve action automatically allowing surge to pass and then
closing up so as not to permit power current to flow to
ground.
4. Always ready to perform.
5. Performance such that no system disturbances are introduced
by its operation.
6. Economically feasible
16.
17. • OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE – by a ground wire is meant a
wire, generally of steel, supported from the top of
transmission-line towers and solidly grounded at each tower.
It is considered a preventive device, but it does not entirely
prevent the formation of travelling waves on a line.
Furthermore, those lines which are not equipped with ground
wires will be subjected to disturbances which produce surges
that must be allowed to escaped to ground, or the apparatus
connected to the line must be strong enough to reflect or
absorb these surges until they are entirely damped out.
18.
19. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
• BUSBARS & OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE
At least once a year
Visual Inspection & Examination of all wiring connectors.
Check Insulator , clean or apply HVIC if necessary.
Check the physical condition of bus (cables or bars)
For ground wire, check or test the grounding system.
• DISCONNECT & EARTHING SWITCHES
At least once a month
Visual Inspection.
Check heating resistor located at its control panel for proper functioning.
At least once a year
Clean contacts of disconnectors as well as earthing switches and apply electrical
contact grease , if necessary.
20. Check disconnectors and earthing switches, joints and bearings of the operating
linkages for deformed bearing points.
Check flexible connections of earthing switches.
Check all screwed joints for tight fit.
Clean insulators if necessary, when an excessive amount of dirt has
accumulated.
Carry-out the maintenance of operating mechanism.
• VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
At least once a month
Inspect the voltage divider to be sure that no oil leak or serious accumulation of
soot, dust or salt composite is present.
Inspect the intermediate voltage transformer and check the minimum
permissible oil level.
At least once a year
Check all screwed joints & contact for tight fit.
Clean insulators if necessary, when an excessive amount of dirt has
accumulated.
21. CURRENT TRANSFORMER
At least once a month
Visual Inspection to check oil level and defects or possible oil leaks.
At least once a year
Check all screwed joints & contact for tight fit.
Clean insulators if necessary, when an excessive amount of dirt has
accumulated.
Check primary and secondary connectors and conduct necessary tightening.
Note: Never open a secondary winding of a CT while on service.
•SURGE ARRESTOR
At least once a year
Visual Inspection & Examination of all wiring connectors.
Check Insulator and metal circular ring, clean or apply HVIC if necessary.
Check the physical condition of bus (cables or bars)
22. For ground wire, check or test the grounding system.
Note: Arrestors should never be touched unless completely disconnected from all
live lines and equipment and effectively connected to ground at the line side of
the arrestor.