Relays are electrically operated switches that use a low-power signal to control a circuit with higher power. They have various operating principles and types. Relays allow for control of circuits with complete isolation and for one signal to control multiple circuits. Common types include latching, induction, reed, mercury-wetted, and solid-state relays. Relays are used where control of high power loads is needed, such as in protection devices, contactors, stabilizers, inverters, and welders. They provide advantages of fast operation, reliability, and allowing control of AC and DC circuits with one device.
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as making contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof.
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as making contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof.
Industrial Star Delta Starter for a 3-Phase Induction Motorelprocus
The most basic feature of an Induction motor is its self starting mechanism. Due to the rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor, because of which current starts flowing in the rotor.
Transformer types core, shell, toroidal. steps to design a EI core type transformer by calculating tongue width, stack height etc and two examples are given
star delta auto starter with forward reverse and motor protectionBHUPATI PRADHAN
It is a project on pure electrical engineering. Here three phase motor is starting from star to delta automatically by using some components.In other hand it also provide protection to the motor.
It is based on current transformer description
It's working and applications are present in it ,it also includes videos of it's windings and it's inrush ability of transformer, and also about instrument transformer and it's working with applications.Current transformers are used-in measuring high currents and connected with it in parallel to it
Industrial Star Delta Starter for a 3-Phase Induction Motorelprocus
The most basic feature of an Induction motor is its self starting mechanism. Due to the rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor, because of which current starts flowing in the rotor.
Transformer types core, shell, toroidal. steps to design a EI core type transformer by calculating tongue width, stack height etc and two examples are given
star delta auto starter with forward reverse and motor protectionBHUPATI PRADHAN
It is a project on pure electrical engineering. Here three phase motor is starting from star to delta automatically by using some components.In other hand it also provide protection to the motor.
It is based on current transformer description
It's working and applications are present in it ,it also includes videos of it's windings and it's inrush ability of transformer, and also about instrument transformer and it's working with applications.Current transformers are used-in measuring high currents and connected with it in parallel to it
Do công ty LS Cable sản xuất tại Hàn Quốc. Sản phẩm này thuộc nhóm sản phẩm chất lượng cao cấp nhất trên thế giới (dùng lớp cách điện Epoxy theo công nghệ nhúng của Mỹ), và chất lượng ngang hàng với các nhà sản xuất Mỹ / EU. Sản phẩm này cung cấp cho Sân bay Changi Singapore là công trình lớn nhất S.E.A, và công trình Keangnam Landmark Hà nội ( là công trình lớn nhất tại Việt nam). Hiện tại sản phẩm này đang được bán đại trà trên toàn thế giới, và thuộc top 5 nhà sản xuất hàng đầu thế giới. Đây cũng là sản phẩm cao cấp nhất được cung cấp tại Việt Nam với thời gian bảo hành lên đến 2 năm kể từ ngày đóng điện an toàn. Hiện LS Cable đã cung cấp hơn 50 công trình tại VN, trong đó có những công trình tiêu biểu như : Royal City, Time City, Crowne Plaza HN, Petroland Tower HCM, Petrovietnam Power Landmark, Crescent Mall HCM, Bệnh viện Đại Học Y Dược, Bệnh Viện Đa Khoa Hoàn Mỹ, Bệnh Viện Miền Đông, Diamond Island HCM, Kenton Residence HCM, Dargon Hill Residence, Riverside Residence Phú Mỹ Hưng, River Park Phú Mỹ Hưng, Saigon Airport Plaza, Khách sạn Grand, Khách sạn 5 sao Le Meriden, Royal City HN, Sail Tower ….Sản phẩm này cũng chiếm thị phần số 1 tại Singapore hiện nay.
Types of Relay - Which One Should You UseWagoIndia
Looking for a reliable and easy-to-use relay module? Click here to explore range of WAGO relay and optocoupler modules for your application. Visit us at https://www.wago.com/in/interface-electronic/discover-relays-optocouplers
Looking for a reliable and easy-to-use relay module? Click here to explore range of WAGO relay and optocoupler modules for your application. Visit us at https://www.wago.com/in/interface-electronic/discover-relays-optocouplers
Electromagnetic relays used for power system .pptxNANDHAKUMARA10
In this relay, the armature is attracted to the pole of a magnet. The electromagnetic force exerted on the moving element is proportional to the square of the current flow through the coil. This relay responds to both the alternating and direct current.
For AC quantity the electromagnetic force developed is given as
equation-1The above equation shows that the electromagnetic relay consists two components, one constant independent of time and another dependent upon time and pulsating at double supply frequency. This double supply frequency produces noise and hence damage the relay contacts.
The difficulty of a double frequency supply is overcome by splitting the flux developing in the electromagnetic relay. These fluxes were acting simultaneously but differ in time phase. Thus the resulting deflecting force is always positive and constant. The splitting of fluxes is achieved by using the electromagnet having a phase shifting networks or by putting shading rings on the poles of an electromagnet.
The electromagnetic attraction relay is the simplest type of relay which includes a plunger (or solenoid), hinged armature, rotating armature (or balanced) and moving iron polarised relay.
A reactor is a type of coil which has numerous turns and larger ohmic resistance rate. Electrical Reactors are usually used to limit the short-circuit currents which can possibly cause harm to a few apparatus of the power system. https://teee-inductors.com/reactors/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
3. INTRODUCTION
• A relay is an electrically operated switch.
• Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate
a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as
solid-state relay.
• Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a
low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between
control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must
be controlled by one signal.
• The first relays were used in long distance telegraph
circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from
one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit.
• A type of relay that can handle the high power required to
directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a
contactor.
4. PRINCIPLE
• A relay may also be called an “electromagnetic switch”
• Relays use a “low amperage circuit” to control a “high
amperage circuit”
• The low amperage circuit controls an electromagnetic device.
• The electromagnetic device “closes/opens” the high amperage
circuit.
5. OPERATION
• A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire
wrapped around a soft iron core, an iron yoke which
provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable
iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts.
• The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked
to one or more sets of moving contacts.
• It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-
energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit.
• In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay
pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may
have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their
function.
• The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the
armature to the yoke.
6. • When an electric current is passed through the coil it
generates a magnetic field that activates the armature,
and the consequent movement of the movable contact(s)
either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a
connection with a fixed contact.
• If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-
energized, then the movement opens the contacts and
breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts
were open.
• When the current to the coil is switched off, the
armature is returned by a force, approximately half as
strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position.
Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is
also used commonly in industrial motor starters.
7. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a
low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high
voltage or current application it reduces arcing.
When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode
is often placed across the coil to dissipate the energy
from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation,
which would otherwise generate a voltage spike
dangerous to semiconductor circuit components.
9. Latching relay
• A latching relay (also called "impulse", "keep", or "stay"
relays)maintains either contact position indefinitely without power
applied to the coil.
• The advantage is that one coil consumes power only for an instant
while the relay is being switched, and the relay contacts retain this
setting across a power outage.
• A latching relay allows remote control of building lighting without
the hum that may be produced from a continuously (AC) energized
coil.
• This type is widely used where control is from simple switches or
single-ended outputs of a control system, and such relays are found
in avionics and numerous industrial applications.
10. Induction type relay
• These are used as protective relays in AC systems alone and are
usable with DC systems.
• The actuating force for contacts movement is developed by a
moving conductor that may be a disc or a cup ,through the
interaction of electromagnetic fluxes due to fault currents.
• These are of several types like shaded pole, watt-hour and induction
cup structures and are mostly used as directional relays in power-
system protection and also for high-speed switching operation
applications.
11. Reed relay
• Reed relays can switch. A reed relay is a reed switch enclosed in
a solenoid.
• The switch has a set of contacts inside an faster than larger relays
and require very little power from the control circuit. However,
they have relatively low switching current and voltage ratings.
• Though rare, the reeds can become magnetized over time, which
makes them stick 'on' even when no current is present; changing
the orientation of the reeds with respect to the solenoid's
magnetic field can resolve this problem.
• Sealed contacts with mercury-wetted contacts have longer
operating lives and less contact chatter than any other kind of
relay.
12. Mercury-wetted relay
• A mercury-wetted relay is a form of reed relay in
which the contacts are wetted with mercury.
• Such relays are used to switch low-voltage signals
(one volt or less) where the mercury reduces the
contact resistance and associated voltage drop, for
low-current signals where surface contamination may
make for a poor contact, or for high-speed
applications where the mercury eliminates contact
bounce.
• Mercury wetted relays are position-sensitive and
must be mounted vertically to work properly.
Because of the toxicity and expense of liquid
mercury, these relays are now rarely used.
13. Solid-state relay
• A solid state relay or SSR is a solid state electronic
component that provides a function similar to an
electromechanical relay but does not have any moving
components, increasing long-term reliability.
• A solid-state relay uses a thyristor, TRIAC or other solid-
state switching device, activated by the control signal, to
switch the controlled load, instead of a solenoid
• An optocoupler (a light-emitting diode (LED) coupled with a
phototransistor) can be used to isolate control and
controlled circuits.
• As every solid-state device has a small voltage drop across
it, this voltage drop limits the amount of current a given
SSR can handle.
14. ADVANTAGES:-
• Electromagnetic relays have fast operation and fast
reset.
• They can be used for both ac and dc systems for
protection of ac and dc equipment.
• They have the properties such as simple, robust,
compact and most reliable & These relays are almost
instantaneous.
DISADVANTAGES:-
• The directional feature is absent in electromagnetic
relays. Requires periodic maintenance and testing
unlike static relays.
• Relay operation can be affected due to ageing of the
components and dust, pollution resulting in spurious
trips.
15. APPLICATIONS:-
• Electromagnetic relays are employed for the protection of
various ac and dc equipments.
• The over/under current and voltage protection of various ac
and dc equipments.
• For differential protection.
• Used as auxiliary relays in the contact systems of protective
relay schemes.
16. SERIES JP 'T' TYPE RELAY
• T type relay is a Compact PCB mounting relay with a
Intetnational standard foot print.
• It has a switching Capacity of 30A at NO and 20A at NC at 240
AC. Available in various coil voltages in both Open type as well
as Epoxy sealed versions. 40A model also avaliable under
series 'JH'.
Applications-
• Automobiles
• Air conditioning
• Ventilators
• Heaters
• Power Conditioning .
17. HF1(SERIES) CHASSIS
MOUNTING POWER RELAY
•CHASSIS MOUNTING POWER RELAY is a heavy duty 30A
power relay available in varies AC as well as DC coils.
•It is special between Phase insulation barrier to prevent ionisation.
•The relay is available in both vertical as well as horizontal
mounting.
•Applications-
•Stabilizers
•Inverters
•Heaters
•Circuit Breakers
•Welding Machines
18. Conclusion
This was touched-on before but it’s
worth special attention. Remember
that certain devices require
considerable current (amps).
High current devices required big,
heavy switches to handle the current.
Unfortunately, these would be ugly and
expansive, so engineers use relays.