Economically important higher fungi
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This document provides an overview of economically important higher fungi. It discusses both beneficial and harmful fungi. Beneficial fungi discussed include edible mushrooms cultivated for food, fungi that aid in recycling organic matter, and fungi used in industries like baking, brewing, food processing, and medicine. Harmful fungi covered are plant pathogens, human pathogens, and fungi that cause food spoilage. The document also briefly discusses fungi used in biocontrol and mycoremediation.
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Economically important higher fungi
- 1. Economically Important Higher Fungi Jannat Iftikhar B11-16 BS(hons) 5th semester
- 2. Contents Beneficial fungi 1. Mushroom cultivation & edibility. 2. Recycling and reuse 3. Fungi in industry • Baking and brewing • Fungi in food processing • Fungi and enzyme production • Fungi in medicine • Commercially important fungal metabolites • Fungal drugs • Fungi in paper making 4. Fungi as Biocontrol agents 5. Mycoremediation Harmful fungi 1. Food spoilage by fungi 2. Fungi as Plant pathogens 3. Human diseases 4. Destruction to paper industry
- 5. Cultivated mushrooms Specie name Common name Volvariella volvacea Paddy straw mushroom Lentinus edodes Shiitake Pleurotus ostreatus P. Floridanus P. eringyi Oyster mushroom Flammulina velutipes Velvet foot mushroom, Winter mushroom Auricularia auricula Ear fungus Tremella fuciformis White jelly fungi Pholiota nameko Nameko Royal trumpet mushroom
- 6. Volveriella volvaceae Flammulina velutipes Lentinus edodes Pleurotus sp. Auricularia auricula Tremella fuciformis
- 7. Cultivated mushrooms Specie name Common name Hericium erinaceus H. coralloides Lions mane, Monkey’s head fungus Agaricus bisporus Button mushroom Ganoderma lucidum Reishi Agrocybe aegerita Pioppino mushroom, Chest nut mushroom Hysizygus tessulatus Brown beach mushroom Grifola frondosa Hen of woods Stropharia rugoso-annulata Wine cap
- 8. Pholiota nameko Ganoderma lucidum Hericium erinaceus Agrocybe aegerita Agaricus bisporus Hysizygus tessulatus
- 10. Other edible fungi Fungus name Common name Division Tuber melansporum Perigold truffle Ascomycota Morchella sp. Morels Ascomycota Dictyophora duplicata Bamboo sprouts Basidiomycota Ustilago esculenta Basidiomycota Langermannia gigantea Giant puff ball Basidiomycota Lactarius deliciosus Saffron milk cap Basidiomycota Armillaria mellae Honey mushroom Basidiomycota
- 11. Tuber melansporum Langermannia gigantea Morchella sp. Lactarius deliciosus Dictyophora duplicata Armillaria mellae
- 12. 2. Fungi as Recyclers
- 13. Fungi as recyclers act as recycler of dead organic matter of plants and animals. Lycoperdon perlatum Trametes versicolor
- 14. Fungi as recyclers • Agaricus • Volvariella • • • • • Lentinula Flammulina Pholiota Auricularia Ganoderma Grown on • Straw, by product of agriculture • Wood, sawdust, wood chips, by product of forestry
- 15. 3. Fungi in industry
- 16. Fungi in industry • • • • • • • Baking and brewing Fungi in food processing Fungi and enzyme production Fungi in medicine Commercially important fungal metabolites Fungal drugs Fungi in paper making
- 17. Baking and brewing Fungus name Product Division Sacchromyces carlsbergensis Lager Ascomycota S. cerevisiae Ales and wine Ascomycota S. uvarum Cider Ascomycota S. sake Saki Ascomycota Aspergillus oryzae sake Ascomycota Botrytis cinerea Sweet wine Deutromycota Cytarria harioti Used in baking Ascomycota
- 18. Fungi in food processing Fungus name Uses Division Penicillium caseolum Ripening of cheese Deutromycetes Penicillium roquefortii Give colour to cheese (blue cheese) Ascomycota Aspergillus oryzae Production of soya sauce Ascomycota Monoascus purpureus Alter colour of the food (red wine) Ascomycota Crysonilia baking Ascomycota
- 19. Fungi and enzyme production Fungus name Enzymes Penicillium spp. Aspergillus spp. Asparaginase , amylase, Glucose oxydase, catalase, Dextranase , Beta glucanase, Glucoamylase Trichoderma, Fusarium Cellulase Phanerochaete Trametes Lignilase Bjerkandera Xylanases Canthrellus cibarius, Agaricus campestris Proteases
- 20. Fungal pharcodynamics Specie name Pharmacodynamics Lentinula edodes, Polyporaceae Volvariella Antiviral effect Cardiac toner Collybia villutipes Decrease cholestrol Ganoderma lucidum Decrease level of sugar and blood pressure Armeriella tabescens Increase secretion of bile Hypsizygus marmoreus Antitumor
- 21. Commercially important fungal metabolites Specie name metabolite Uses Aspergillus spp. Organic acid, Gluconic acid, Lactonic acid, Citric acid Manufacture of citrates, flavoring ingredient, Manufacture of plastic Sacchromyces spp. Ethyl alcohol, glycerol Solvent, raw material for ether, ester, synthetic rubber, explosive Penicillium spp. , Saccchromyces spp. fats Soap, manufacture of food
- 22. Fungal drugs Fungus name Drug Penicillium chrysogenum , Penicillium griseofulvin Penicillin Griseofulvin Cephalosporium, Cephalsporin Cylindrocarpon lucidum Trichoderma polysporum Cyclosporin A Aspergillus fumigatus Gliotoxins Claviceps purpurea C. fusiformis , C. paspalii. Ergotamine, ergometrin Phoma sp. Squalestatin
- 23. Fungi in paper making • • • • Coriolus versicolor Polyporus ance Poria monticola Gloeophyllum trabeum
- 24. Coriolus versicolor Poria monticola Polyporus ance Gloeophyllum trabeum
- 25. 4. Fungi as Biocontrol Agent
- 26. Fungi in weed control Biocontrol fungus Weed target Septagloeum gillis Wallrothiella arecuthobii Wallrothiella arecuthobii Alternaria cassiae Casia obtusifolia Colletotrichum gloeosporiordes Jussaea decurrens Phyllosticta Glycosmis Puccinia chondrillina Puccinia coronata Condrilla juncea Poa annua Phragmidium violaceum Rubus sp.
- 27. Fungi in control of fungal plant diseases Biocontrol fungus Target fungus Trichoderma Armillaria mellae, Heterobasidion annosum, Rhizoctonia solani Fusarium roseum Claviceps purpurea Verticillium alboatrum Verticillium alboatrum Cicinnobolus cesatii Sphaerotheca fuliginea
- 28. Fungal pathogens of arthropods Genus Principal target Beauveria Colorado beetle , codling moth Hirsutella Citrus rust mite Metarhizium Spittlebug, mosquito larvae Verticillium Aphids, whitefly Aschersonia Whitefly, scale insect
- 29. Mycoremediation • Pleurotus ostreatus prey on fecal coliform bacteria. • Agaricus bisporus degrade gram + and gram – bacteria. • Gomphidius glutinosus, Craterellus tubaeformis, Laccaria amethystina used in remediation on radioactive metals.
- 30. Mycoremediation Fungus name Metal absorbed Aspergillus niger Cu A. oryzae Cd Penicillium chrysogenum Cromium, nickel, zinc, lead Sacchromyces cerevisiae Uranium
- 31. Fungi as source of biofuel • Phanaerochaete chrysosporium • Ceriporiopsis subvermispora Phanaerochaete chrysosporium Ceriporiopsis subvermispora
- 32. HARMFUL FUNGI
- 34. Fungi as plant pathogen Casual agent Disease name Taphrina sp. Peach leaf curl Verticillium, Fusarium Vascular wilt disease Podospheara Microspheara Powdery mildew (apple) Ustillago spp. smut fungi , Bunt of wheat Corn smut, Loose smut of barley, wheat etc Puccinia spp. Hollyhock , Cedar-apple, White pine blister, Cereal rusts Armillaria spp root rot of fruit and forest trees. Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Pythium. Damping of seedlings
- 35. Fungi as plant pathogen Casual agent Division Disease name Venturia spp. Ascomycota Apple scab, pear scab, die back Cleviceps purpurae Ascomycota Ergot of rye Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Deutromycota Anthracnose Botrytis cinerea Deutromycota Grey mould Ceratocystis fimbriata Ascomycota Black rot Erysiphe graminis, Erysiphe oidium Ascomycota Powdery mildews
- 36. Apple scab Grey mold Ergot of rye Black rot Anthracnose Powdery mildews
- 37. Rust on plants Die back
- 38. 2. Fungi as human pathogen
- 39. Fungi as human pathogens Fungus Disease Trichophyton spp. Epidermophyton spp. Athlete’s foot Microsporum Trichophyton Ring worm Microsporum Trichophyton Tinea cruris (jock itch) Histoplasma capsulatum Histoplomosis Cleviceps purpurae Ergotism
- 41. 3.Food spoilage by fungi
- 42. Food spoilage by fungi Specie name Food spoiled Fusarium spp. , A. paraciticus, P. citrinum, P. verrucosum, Fusarium graminearum, Chrysonilia sitophila Cereals and nuts Wellemia sebi, P. corylophilum A. glaucus Jam and jellies Botrytis cinerea, Gloesporium spp. , Monilia Fruits Penicillium, Aspergillus, Eurotium, Scopulariopsis Fish, meat and egg Eurotium herbariorum, A. versicolor, Scopulariopsis sp. Raw milk Sclerotinia, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Fusarium, Botrytis Vegetables
- 44. Destruction to paper industry • • • • • • • • • • • Polyporus adustus Chaetomium Aspergillus, Cephalothecium Stachybotrys Alternaria Fusarium Cladosporium Stemphyllium Dematium Polysticus hirsutus