DEFINITION OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PARTS OF PHYLLOSPHERE
MICROORGANISM OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF STEM (CAULOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF LEAVES(PHYLLOPLANE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FLOWER (ANTHOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FRUIT(CARPOSPHERE)
FACTORS INFLUENCING MICROBIAL GROWTH AND ACTIVITIES
POSITIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
NEGATIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
INTRODUCTION
Phosphate SOLUBILIZERS are a group of beneficial micro-organisms capable of breaking down of organic and inorganic insoluble phosphorous compounds to soluble P form that can easily be assimilated by plants.
Phosphorous (P) is a major growth-limiting nutrient, Plants acquire phosphorus from soil solution as phosphate anion.
TYPES
MECHANISM
ISOLATION
INOCULANT PRODUCTION
INOCULANT APPLICATION
ROLE OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
INTRODUCTION
Phosphate SOLUBILIZERS are a group of beneficial micro-organisms capable of breaking down of organic and inorganic insoluble phosphorous compounds to soluble P form that can easily be assimilated by plants.
Phosphorous (P) is a major growth-limiting nutrient, Plants acquire phosphorus from soil solution as phosphate anion.
TYPES
MECHANISM
ISOLATION
INOCULANT PRODUCTION
INOCULANT APPLICATION
ROLE OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
phyllosphere is a dynamic rapidly changing area surrounding the germinating seed. there are two categories of microbes one is positively enhancing and negatively reducing the plant yield
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
the presentation is about microbial endophytes, discovery of endophytes, their types, isolation methods of different types and identification and the useful impacts of them to the plant ecology.
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
Interaction of microorganisms with vascular plants.pptxMicrobiologyMicro
Microbial association with vascular plants
Plants—the major source of organic matter on which most soil microorganisms are dependent.
Different Microorganisms are associated with the leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots.
The microbial community influences plants in direct and indirect ways.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
phyllosphere is a dynamic rapidly changing area surrounding the germinating seed. there are two categories of microbes one is positively enhancing and negatively reducing the plant yield
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
the presentation is about microbial endophytes, discovery of endophytes, their types, isolation methods of different types and identification and the useful impacts of them to the plant ecology.
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
Interaction of microorganisms with vascular plants.pptxMicrobiologyMicro
Microbial association with vascular plants
Plants—the major source of organic matter on which most soil microorganisms are dependent.
Different Microorganisms are associated with the leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots.
The microbial community influences plants in direct and indirect ways.
Micro- organisms transform organic matter into plant nutrients that are assimilated by plants. Soil organisms represent a large fraction of global terrestrial .
It's relationship between fungi and orchid. It's called symbiotic relation. The type of fungi is endomycorrhizae. fungi is help in take phosphorus and nitrogen in soil and orchid gave a nutrition in fungi.
DEFINITION
RHIZOSPHERE EFFECT
MICROORGANISMS FOUND IN RHIZOSPHERE
FACTORS INFLUENCING THEIR GROWTH AND ACTIVITIES
POSITIVE EFFECT OF RHIZOSPHERIC MICROORGANISMS ON PLANTS
NEGATIVE EFFECT OF RHIZOSPHERIC MICROORGANISMS ON PLANTS
Carbon cycle is a biogeochemical in which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of earth.
In earth’s atmosphere , CO2 is only 0.32%.
The process of photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition move carbon through carbon cycle partly as CO2.
Carbon is the backbone of life on Earth.
SOURCES
CARBON CYCLE
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF CARBON CYCLE
TYPES
SLOW CARBON CYCLE
FAST CARBON CYCLE
CATEGORIES OF CARBON
PROCESS INVOLVED
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
COMBUSTION
RESPIRATION
DECOMPOSITION
MINERALISATION
IMMOBILISATION
ASSIMILATION
IMPORTANCE OF CARBON CYCLE
Mutation
A mutation is a change in the DNA’s nucleotide sequence.
An abrupt shift in the nucleotide sequence causes an organism’s morphological traits to change. Such a change is referred to as a mutation if it is heritable.
So, mutation is defined as any heritable change in the sequence of nucleotide of DNA.
Features
Change in number- it is the change in the number or arrangement of nucleotide sequence of a gene.
It is heritable change in the DNA sequence.
Permanent structural change inherited material DNA effects
Can be harmful/beneficial or have no effects.
Can be sometimes attributed to random chance events.
Can be caused by mistakes during cell division or
May be caused by exposure to DNA damaging agents to the environment such as radiation and Mutagenic chemicals.
Types
Point mutation
-Silent Mutation
-Non sense Mutation
-Mis sense Mutation
Frame shift mutation
Substitution
Addition
Deletion
Causes
MUTAGENS
Physical
Chemical
Biological
ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay) by Pranzly.pptPranzly Rajput
INTRODUCTION
The term ELISA was first used by Engvall & Perlma in 1971.
high sensitivity
useful & powerful method in estimating ng/mL to pg/mL ordered materials in the solution.
Similar To RIA, Except No Radio-labelling.
Alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase and beta-galactosidase are the enzymes used in the EIA tests.
PRINCIPLE
MATERIAL REQUIRED
REAGENTS
TYPES
NON-COMPETITIVE ELISA
DIRECT ELISA
INDIRECT ELISA
SANDWICH ELISA
COMPETITIVE ELISA
ELISA RESULT
QUALITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE
SEMI-QUANTITATIVE
PRECAUTIONS
The glutamate family :-
Conversion of a-Ketoglutarate to Glutamate
In the presence of enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase.
Synthesis of Glutamine -two step process.
Synthesis of Proline
Synthesis of Arginine- more complex pathway
Types of organs system.
∆Primary organs
Immature lymphocytes generated in hematopoiesis mature and become committed to a particular antigenic specificity within the primary lymphoid organs
Only after a lymphocytes has matured within a primary lymphoid organ is the cell immunocompetent (capable of mounting an immune response).
T cells arise in the thymus, and in many mammals—humans
-Bone marrow -supports self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into mature blood cells.
bone marrow is the site of B-cell origin and development
the long bones (femur, humerus), hip bones (ileum), and sternum tend to be the most active
contains several cell types that coordinate HSC development.
-Thymus
∆secondary organs
Lymph nodes and the spleen are the most highly organized of the secondary lymphoid organs and are compartmentalized from the rest of the body by a fibrous capsule.
lymphoid tissue is organized into structures called lymphoid follicles,
Until it is activated by antigen, a lymphoid follicle—called a primary follicle—comprises a network of follicular dendritic cells and small resting B cells.
After an antigenic challenge, a primary follicle becomes a larger secondary follicle—a ring of concentrically packed B lymphocytes surrounding a center (the germinal center)
-Spleen
-Lymph nodes
-Associated tissue
-MALT
-GALT
-BALT
-CALT
Types of immune cells
∆Lymphoid cells
-lymphocytes
constitute 20%–40% of the body’s white blood cells and 99% of the cells in the lymph
continually circulate in the blood and lymph and are capable of migrating into the tissue spaces and lymphoid organs
lymphocytes enlarge into 15 µm-diameter blast cells, called lymphoblasts; these cells have a higher cytoplasm : nucleus ratio and more organellar complexity than small lymphocytes.
Lymphoblasts proliferate and eventually differentiate into-
effector cells or into
memory cells.
* B-lymphocytes
*T-lymphocytes
* Natural killer cells
∆mononuclear phagocytes
The mononuclear phagocytic system consists of monocytes circulating in the blood and macrophages in the tissues.
-macrophages
-monocytes
∆granulocytes cells
Granulocytes are at the front lines of attack during an immune response and are considered part of the innate immune system.
Granulocytes are white blood cells (leukocytes) that are classified as neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, or eosinophils on the basis of differences in cellular morphology and the staining of their characteristic cytoplasmic granules
The cytoplasm of all granulocytes is replete with granules that are released in response to contact with pathogens.
These granules contain a variety of proteins with distinct functions:
Some damage pathogens directly;
some regulate trafficking and activity of other white blood cells, including lymphocytes
-neutrophills
-basophils
-eosinophils
-dendritic cells
-mast cells
∆Phosphorous cycle
∆Sources of phosphorus
-ROCK DEPOSITS (SEDIMENTS)
-AGRICULTURE CROPS CONTAIN 0.05-0.5%
-ORGANIC FORMS- IN FORM OF PHYTIN, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACID, PHOSPHORYLATED SUGAR, COENZYMES, ACID
-ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE(ATP)
-SOIL IS RICH IN ORGANIC PHOSPHOROUS
∆Steps in phosphorus cycle
WEATHERING OF ROCKS
ABSORPTION BY PLANTS
ABSORPTION BY ANIMALS
RETURNING TO THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH DECOMPOSITION
∆Process involved in phosphorus cycle
ALTERATION OF SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF phosphorus.
MINERALISATION
IMMOBILISATION OF PHOSPHOROUS
ASSIMILATION
OXIDATION/REDUCTION
Importance of phosphorus cycle
Types of Normal flora
Association between human and normal flora .
Characteristics of normal flora
Tissue specificity
Specific aadherence
Biofilm formation
Normal flora of skin
Normal flora of oral cavity
Normal flora of conjunctiva
Normal flora of respiratory tract
Normal flora of gastro intestinal tract
Normal flora of urogenital tract
Beneficial effect of normal flora
Harmful effect of normal flora
Disease caused by normal flora
Factors that affect microbial growth by Pranzly.pptxPranzly Rajput
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors
Intrinsic factors include
Characteristics of the food itself are called intrinsic factors.
These include naturally occurring compounds that influence microbial growth,
MOISTURE CONTENT
pH AND ACIDITY
NUTRIENT CONTENT
BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
REDOX POTENTIAL
NATURALLY OCCURING AND ADDED ANTIMICROBIAL
Extrinsic factors are those that refer to the environment surrounding the food.
TYPES OF PACKAGING AND ATMOSPHERES
EFFECT OF TIME/TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS ON MICROBIAL GROWTH
STORAGE AND HOLDING CONDITION
PROCESSING STEPS
antibiotic susceptibility testing
disk diffusion method
Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method
Stokes method
diluted method
agar dilution
test tube dilution
epsilometer test (E test)
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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2. CONTENT
• DEFINITION OF PHYLLOSPHERE
• PARTS OF PHYLLOSPHERE
• MICROORGANISM OF PHYLLOSPHERE
• PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF STEM (CAULOSPHERE)
• PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF LEAVES(PHYLLOPLANE)
• PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FLOWER (ANTHOSPHERE)
• PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FRUIT(CARPOSPHERE)
• FACTORS INFLUENCING MICROBIAL GROWTH AND ACTIVITIES
• POSITIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
• NEGATIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
3. The aerial part or areas of the plant that are above the
ground, such as the leaves, stems, and flowers, serve
as phyllosphere and serve as a habitat for various
microorganisms.
Microbes can colonize and develop their relationships
with plants, typically epiphytes, in the phyllosphere.
With huge surface areas and a variety of microbial
communities, leaves make up a significant microbial
habitat.
PHYLLOSPHERE
STEM
(CAULOSPHERE)
LEAVES
(PHYLLOPLANE)
FLOWERS
(ANTHOSPHERE)
FRUITS
(CARPOSPHERE)
4. MICROORGANISM OF PHYLLOSPHERE
• Many types of microbial communities, such as
bacteria, filamentous fungi, yeasts, algae, and
protozoans, have essential habitats in the
phyllosphere.
• microorganisms exhibit commensalism or
mutualism (symbionts) or antagonism type of
relationship on their host plants
• four major species of bacteria such as
Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroides, and
Actinobacteria
5. yeast genera such as
Cryptococcus,
Rhodotorula,
Sporobolomyces
Alternaria, Penicillium,
Cladosporium,
Acremonium, Mucor,
and Aspergillus are the
frequent filamentous
fungi colonizing as
epiphytes and
endophytes.
Bacteria found in the
phyllosphere include
Methylibium,
Hyphomicrobium,
Methylocella,
Proteobacteria,
Actinobacteria,
Bacteroidetes, Massilia,
Flavobacterium,
Pseudomonas, and
Rathayibacter
6. PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF
STEM (CAULOSPHERE)
• The caulosphere is a wooden aerial plant part which
harbors a large groups of microorganisms.
• not ideal habitat for many microorganisms because
the surface of the stem is hydrophobic as a result of
the chitin and wax covering.
• They need adaptation techniques to withstand the
change in temperature and moisture content
Saccharomyces,
Candida,
Hanseniaspora and
Lachancea are the
common fungal
inhabitants.
Bacteria like
Pseudomonas,
Proteobacteria,
and
Flavobacterium.
7. PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF
LEAVES (PHYLLOPLANE)
• The arrangement of leaf epidermal cells determines the leaf
physiology and the microenvironment, which allow the abundance and
distribution of microorganisms on the leaf surface.
• Epiphytes make biofilm-like growth, preferably in the form of larger
bacterial aggregates on the trichomes, veins, and epidermal cell
groves, along with the leaf exudates, creating a nutrient-rich region.
• Bacteria are the most abundant inhabitants of the phylloplane
• Fungal communities in the phyllosphere in temperate regions are
hypervariable, exhibit greater diversity in the phyllosphere of tropical
trees.
• The types of microorganisms inhabiting the phylloplane region also
depend on the type of plant species.
8. PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF
FLOWERS (ANTHOSPHERE)
• Fungal population are more
diverse in flowers than
bacteria
• The floral components are
pollen, nectar, sepals, petals,
stamens, style, ovary, and
stigmas, act as short-span
microsites for the colonization
of microorganisms.
Pseudomonas and
Acinetobacter
(Proteobacteria),
Metschnikowia
(Ascomycota), and
Cryptococcus
(Basidiomycota)
Fungi identified as
pestalotiopsis
disseminate, phomopsis,
and coelomycete sp. are
also isolated from some
medicinal flowers of the
temperate region.
9. PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF
FRUITS (CARPOSPHERE)
• Fruit skin inhabits diverse groups of microbes,
encompassing both bacteria and fungi.
• The entry of microorganisms inside the fruit is
comparatively less frequent due to the presence of a
tough, waterproof covering
• the type of microorganisms present on the fruit depends
on the chemical composition of the fruit.
• Lemons and Orange harbor a large number of Yeasts
while Grapes and Apples have a higher number of
Bacterial cells
10. FACTORS
INFLUENCING
MICROBIAL
GROWTH AND
ACTIVITIES
LIGHT
Bacteria and fungi
utilize sunlight to
produce different
chemical products that
promote their growth
and plant growth
TEMPERATURE
Temperature fluctuations are
observed with the changes in
day and night regimes in the
phyllosphere region
MICROBE-MICROBE
INTERACTIONS
could be cooperation,
parasitism, and competition.
PLANT SPECIES
nutrient content of
the fruits, flowers,
and stems affect
the growth and
activities of the
microbiome
present on the
plants.
11. POSITIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE
MICROORGANISMS
9. Increases the yields of the crop by removing contaminants, and producing novel
substances.
7. Influences the ecological relationship, adaptation,
growth, resistance, and infection of the plant host
4.
Enhance
nitrogen
fixation
5. Affects leaf functions and longevity, seed
mass, apical growth, flowering, and fruit
development.
1. Control
of plant
pathogens
2. Produce plant growth
factors like IAA and
cytokines that promote
nutrient uptake and crop
yield
3. Alters
plant
surface
properties
8. The
degradation of
organic
pollutants
6. Promote
the growth
of plants
12. NEGATIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE
MICROORGANISMS
1. Large number of microorganisms might increase
competition with plants for nutrients, water, and
space.
2. Microorganism in
phyllosphere might act as plant
pathogens, resulting in different
forms of plant diseases
3. Result in the loss of different
beneficial microorganisms in
phyllosphere region.