The document provides information on the economic importance of fungi. It discusses how fungi are beneficial in many ways, including as food, medicines, organic acids, enzymes, and in agriculture. Several edible mushrooms and fungi used as food are described. Fungi also play important roles in producing antibiotics like penicillin, immunosuppressants, and antitumor agents. Additionally, fungi are used to produce organic acids, enzymes, and act as decomposers in agriculture. However, fungi can also be harmful by causing diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Major fungal diseases in plants like rusts, smuts, mildews, blights, and rots are described. Fungi also cause diseases in animals
Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.
Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:
They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way, they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests.
They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may cause illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
They live mutualistically with other organisms. Mutualistic fungi live harmlessly with other living organisms. Recall that mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species, in which both individuals benefit.
Economic importance of bacteria or application of bacteriaAbhay jha
Economic importance of bacteria their uses and application in everyday lif. Harms by bacteria different disease and profit of bacteria to be available in our environment and fora and funa. Different types of disease which are caused by bacteria to animals,humans and plants.
Roles in agriculture , Decay and Decomposition,
Role in medicine ,
Role in biofuels.
Biotechnology
Genetic engineering
Economic importance of bacteria
#Economic importance of bacteria
#Bacteria : economically important as these microorganisms are used by humans for many purposes.
#Beneficial uses of bacteria
#Genetic engineering :
#Biotechnology :
#Food processing :
#Bioremediation
#Industry importance of bacteria
#Fiber industry:
#Medicine (probiotics)
#Agriculture importance
Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.
Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:
They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way, they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests.
They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may cause illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
They live mutualistically with other organisms. Mutualistic fungi live harmlessly with other living organisms. Recall that mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species, in which both individuals benefit.
Economic importance of bacteria or application of bacteriaAbhay jha
Economic importance of bacteria their uses and application in everyday lif. Harms by bacteria different disease and profit of bacteria to be available in our environment and fora and funa. Different types of disease which are caused by bacteria to animals,humans and plants.
Roles in agriculture , Decay and Decomposition,
Role in medicine ,
Role in biofuels.
Biotechnology
Genetic engineering
Economic importance of bacteria
#Economic importance of bacteria
#Bacteria : economically important as these microorganisms are used by humans for many purposes.
#Beneficial uses of bacteria
#Genetic engineering :
#Biotechnology :
#Food processing :
#Bioremediation
#Industry importance of bacteria
#Fiber industry:
#Medicine (probiotics)
#Agriculture importance
Lichens are symbiotic association between algae and fungi. The branch of science which deals with the study of lichens is called lichenology. The fungal component of lichen is called mycobiont and algal component is phycobiont. The algae helps in preparation of food materials, whereas the fungi provides protection and shelter to the lichen. The lichens are classified into several types based on the nature of the fungal partner as well as on the basis of thallus morphology. They are also called pollution indicators as they are never seen in polluted areas. Lichen possess both beneficial as well as harmful properties. All these are discussed in the presentation. Hope you all enjoy and don't forget to comment the slides. Enjoy!!!
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They play a vital role in regulating ecosystems because they provide an important buffer system for other plants, which live alongside and benefit from the water and nutrients that bryophytes collect.
Lichens are symbiotic association between algae and fungi. The branch of science which deals with the study of lichens is called lichenology. The fungal component of lichen is called mycobiont and algal component is phycobiont. The algae helps in preparation of food materials, whereas the fungi provides protection and shelter to the lichen. The lichens are classified into several types based on the nature of the fungal partner as well as on the basis of thallus morphology. They are also called pollution indicators as they are never seen in polluted areas. Lichen possess both beneficial as well as harmful properties. All these are discussed in the presentation. Hope you all enjoy and don't forget to comment the slides. Enjoy!!!
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They play a vital role in regulating ecosystems because they provide an important buffer system for other plants, which live alongside and benefit from the water and nutrients that bryophytes collect.
This PPT has tried to explore the use of fungi in the different applied aspects for the welfare of the human civilization keeping the view of call of the time.
the presentation is about economic importance of fungi ( foe and enemy ). The fungal pathogens are the biggest threat to the agricultural and horticultural crops।
Fungi have both positive ad negative roles in our daily life. So they are our friends as well as foes (enemy).
They are described as below.
Beneficial Roles or Useful Activities.
i) Fungi are used as food. e.g. Mushrooms and Morels.
ii) Fungi are used in laboratory.
a) Baking Yeast (S. cerevisae)
b) Several alcoholic beverages such as wine, whiskey, beer, rum all are prepared by fermentation activity of sugar solution by wine yeast. (S. ellipsoidens) c) Some fungi are used in production of enzymes like amylase, pectimase
iii) Some fungi are used in production of several antibiotics and antibiotics and other useful medicine like penicillin, streptomycin, ergotine and ephedrine respectively.
iv) Several fungi are used in commercial production of different organic products like citric acid, fumaric, lactic and oxalic acid.
v) Fungi in agriculture:
a) Being saprophytes they decompose the organic matter and enhance the fertility of the soil.
b) Some fungi develop symbiotic relation with roots of higher plant like Pinus and help them in absorption of nutrients. Such fungi are known as mycorrhiza.
vi) Some fungi are used to produce hormone like Gibberellin.
Harmful Activities:
i) Food spoilage (destruction) caused by fungi like mucor and yeast.
ii) Some yeasts causes huge loss in silk industry to attack silk worms and kill the same.
iii) Several types of plant diseases caused by (different types of fungi) species of Nematospra they attack tomatoes, cotton and bean plants.
Similar disease like causal organisms
a. Stem rust of wheat – Pucvinia graministice
b. Early blight of potato – Alternaria solani
c. Late blight of potato – Phytiphtoria infestans
d. White rust of crucifer – Albugo candida
iv) Some fungi (Cryptococcus neoformans) may cause human disease like meningitis and brain tumor.
- Torula and other yeasts produce small nodules on the skin and lesions in the viscera and bones of man.
v) Some fungi are concerned with destruction of substances like attacks textile materials, paper, leather goods, rubber even optical instruments.
vi) Some fungi are not edible mushroom like different species Amanita.
This question has also been asked frequently in HSEB Board Exam as, Explain the economic importance of fungi, Fungi are our friends as well as enemies, Explain. etc.
Industrially important microbes their large scale productionVibhaKumari13
The above presentation is useful for the Students who want to gain and enrich their knowledge about the large scale production of industrially important microbes and fermentation procedure.
This will mainly be helpful for Students opting Agricultural microbiology
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
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The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
1. Economic Importance
of Fungi
Presented by:
Dr. Ankit Kumar Singh
Assistant Professor
Department of Botany
Marwari College
Lalit Narayan Mithila University
Darbhanga
ankitbhu30@gmail.com
For
B.Sc.
Part
I
(Hons.)
Students
(Paper-
1
group
B
(Mycology
and
Phytopathology)
Lecture No. 30
2. ➢ Fungi play a significant role in our daily life. They are our greatest friends as well as foes.
➢ Some fungi are prized for their usefulness to mankind, while others are highly injurious as
they are responsible for several disease in plants, animals and human beings.
➢ Some important useful and harmful activities of fungi are discussed below
Fungi are beneficial to us, directly or indirectly in many ways. They clean our environment by
removing organic dyes; they provide food medicines and several other useful products. Fungi
also play role in many industries.
Useful activities
Many edible fungi are of great economic value as food. They are regarded as delicacies of the
table. There are said to be over 200 species of edible fungi.
Mushrooms: Fleshy fruiting bodies of higher Fungi.
➢ Some mushrooms are edible – contain high amounts of proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates,
minerals, dietary fiber , amino acids etc.
e.g., Agaricus campestris (Field Mushrooms)
Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushrooms)
1. Fungi as Food:
3. Agaricus bisporus (Button mushroom)
Volvariella volvacea (Paddy straw mush room)
Morchella esculenta (Morels)
Tuber melanosporum (Black truffle)
Fungi as Single Cell Protein
Dried biomass of certain fungi are consumed as a protein source.
➢ Single cell protein (SCP) obtained from Yeast, species of Aspergillus, Penicillium,
Fusarium, Neurospora and Candida is a complete substitute for conventional protein food.
➢ Quorn , a meat substitute product contain mycoprotein as an ingredient , which is derived
from the fungus Fusarium venenatum.
Yeasts
Yeast is an Important sources of vitamins B and D complex.
Saccharomyces, Endomyces, Rhodotorula and Torulopsis are particularly rich in proteins and
hence they are mixed in incomplete livestock.
➢ A popular food Sufu is produced from species of Mucor and Antimucor.
4. ➢ Some foods like soybeans and cassava although rich in nutrients can not be easily digested
by man. These are made easily palatable by fermenting fungi.
➢ Soybeans are fermented by species of Rhizopus to prepare temeph , a food which is easily
digestible and tasty.
➢ Incaparina foods developed by the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama
consist of corn(26%), cotton seed flour (38%) , Sorghum (26%), food yeast(3%), minerals and
vitamins.
2. Fungi as medicines
Several fungi are used in the production of medicines
(i) Antibiotics : Antibiotics are metabolic substances produced by some living organisms
which are injurious to other living beings.
Penicillin - Alexander Fleming in 1944 for the first time extracted the wonder drug Penicillin
from Penicillium notatum is useful against most of the pathogenic bacteria.
Cephalosporins -produced from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium are used to treat
respiratory tract, skin and urinary tract infections.
5. Cyclosporin: from the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum is widely used as an
immunosuppressant and greatly improves the success rate of transplant operations.
Griseofulvin : produced from Penicillium griseofulvum - used to treat infections of the skin,
scalp, nails, feet etc.
(ii) Ergot: Ergot is prepared from the sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea. It contains some
alkaloids which are used to induce uterine contraction for abortion, in the treatments of
menstrual disorders etc.
iii) Antitumour agents: Shiitake mushroom- (Lentinula edodes) contain a polysaccharide
lentinan has anti-tumour potential.
Ganoderma lucidum : has polysaccharides that have anticancerous activity
iv) Vitamins: Vitamins are accessory micro-nutrients, which are required by living organisms
for their proper growth.
➢ Saccharomyces cerevisiae produce vitamin B complex .
➢ Synthesis of B-group vitamins by mycorrhizal fungi. The vitamin produced in largest
amounts by the mycorrhizal fungi was thiamin (vitamin B1).
6. ➢ Ergosterol, a precursor of vitamin D is synthesized by some yeasts and moulds.
(v) Production of Steroids : Steroid like cortisone is produced by Aspergillus niger from plant
glycosides by fermentation.
3. Fungi in Production of Organic acids
➢The important organic acids produced commercially as the result of the biochemical
activities of moulds are oxalic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, gallic acid, fumaric acid, etc.
Citric acid : Produced by fermenting sucrose and molasses by Aspergillus niger and A. wentii.
Kojic acid : Produced by the fermentation of sugars by Aspergillus oryzae
Itaconic acid : Produced by fermentation of sugars by Aspergillus itaconium, A. terreus etc.
Gluconic acid : Produced by fermenting sugars by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium
purpurogenum.
Fumaric acid : Produced by the fermentation of sugars by Rhizopus stolonifer.
Lactic acid, oxalic acid, Succinic acid : Some species of Mucor, Rhizopus etc. are used in the
production of Lactic acid, oxalic acid and Succinic acid .
7. 4. Fungi in enzyme production
Many intra and extracellular enzymes are found in fungi and some are extracted on
commercial scale.
Invertase: Yeasts , Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used for the extraction of enzyme invertase
which is used to hydrolyse sugars into glucose and fructose . It is used in confectionery and
paper industries.
Zymase: Yeasts , Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used for the extraction of enzyme Zymase
which is used in the preparation of ethyl alcohol by the fermentation of carbohydrates.
Amylase: Aspergillus niger and A. oryzae are used for the production of amylase used in
alcohol industry.
Cellulase: Trichoderma reesei is used for the production of cellulase used in the
saccharification of cellulosic and lignocellulosic wastes.
➢ Fungi are also used in the production of other enzymes like lipases, pectinases , proteases
etc.
8. 5. Fungi in Agriculture
Fungi play an important role in agriculture in various ways
Fungi as decomposers :
➢ Saprophytic fungi secrete enzymes and decompose dead remains of plants and animals .
Hence they are called as ‘vegetative vultures of Plant Kingdom.’
➢ During this process, complex organic compounds like cellulose, hemicelluloses, chitin,
pectin, lignin etc. are degraded by fungi and produce humus , a nutrient rich material .
➢ The humus help to maintain the physical and chemical properties of soil, increases soil
fertility and promotes various biological activities in the soil.
Fungi as biocontrol agents:
➢ Some fungi play an important role in the biological control of pests.
Trichoderma harzianum is used to control the blight of tomato. Blight of tomato(caused by
Alternaria solani).
➢ Trichoderma harzianum is used to control the blight of peanut (ground nut) caused by
Sclerotium rolfsii
The fungus Gliocladium roseum is used to control white mould, Sclerotinia diseases.
9. ➢ Trichoderma lignorum suppresses the growth of the root rot fungus Pythium.
➢ Growth of Rhizoctonia solani can be checked by Penicillium vermiculatum
Fungi in Biological research
Several fungi are used as important research tools for the study of various fundamental
biological processes.
➢They grow very fast and require a short period to complete their life cycle.
➢ Experimentation with fungi requires less space and inexpensive equipments.
➢ Neurospora crassa is used in genetic studies because it is a haploid organism and make
genetic analysis simple because recessive traits will be expressed in the offsprings.
➢ Analysis of genetic recombination (Tetrad analysis) is facilitated by the ordered
arrangement ascospores formed after meiosis in the ascus.
➢ Several strains of Aspergillus niger have been used as a test organism for determining
Mg, Cu, Zn and Mo in soils.
➢The slime mold Physarum polycephalum has been used as a model organism to study
DNA synthesis, morphogenesis, mitotic cycle, amoeboid movement, cell motility etc.
10. Harmful Activities
There are many fungal activities which are harmful to mankind. Fungi incite many diseases in
plants , animals and human beings.
➢ Fungi cause considerable loss to food, vegetable and fruit crops.
➢ They destroy valuable timbers and cause spoilage of foodand many other useful articles
1. Plant diseases: Most of the parasitic fungi cause diseases in plants, especially in flowering
plants. The common fungal diseases of plants are rusts, smuts, mildews, blights, rots and wilts.
Rust diseases: caused by fungi of the order Pucciniales. e.g., Wheat stem rust, also known
as black rust, is caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis.
Smut diseases: Caused by the fungus Ustilago. It mainly infects inflorescence, flowers,
anthers etc. The grains get filled with black powder of teliospores of the fungi. e.g. Loose smut
of wheat caused by Ustilago tritici
Covered smut of Barley - caused by Ustilago hordei . Grains are replaced by brown-black
balls.
Fungi as Pathogen
11. Powdery mildew:
✓ Powdery mildew is caused by fungi of the order Erysiphales.
✓ Infected leaves get covered with a white to gray powdery growth. e.g. Powdery mildew of
wheat caused by Erisiphae graminis
✓ Powdery mildew of peas caused by Erisiphae polygoni .
Blight diseases:
✓Blight diseases are characterized by a rapid and complete chlorosis , browning and death of
plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs or floral organs.
e.g. Late blight of potato caused by Phytophthora infestans , the disease which led to the
great Irish famine.
White rust of Crucifers
✓ White rust is a disease in plants caused by the fungus Albugo candida .
✓ Symptoms include chlorosis on leaf surfaces, white blister like growths on the
underside of leaves and on the stems of the plant, and swelling of the roots.
12. Blast diseases
✓A common disease of paddy , Oryza sativa by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae.
✓ Lesions develop on leaf sheaths and on the stems.
✓ The weakened stems are easily broken.
2. Animal diseases
Several fungal species live parasitically on animals and cause various diseases.
Ringworm (Tinea corporis)
✓This is a common fungal skin infection that looks like a circular rash.
✓ Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton are the most common genera of fungi
that cause ringworm in humans.
Aspergillosis
✓ Aspergillosis is caused by the fungus Aspergillus.
✓Symptoms include allergic reactions, lung infections, and infections in other organs.
13. Candidiasis
✓ Caused by the yeast Candida, the most common of which is Candida albicans.
✓ Can occur in the mouth and throat, vagina or blood stream.
Athlete’s foot
✓ Athlete's foot is a fungal infection caused by Trichophyton rubrum that usually begins
between the toes.
✓ It commonly occurs in people whose feet have become very sweaty while confined within
tightfitting shoes.
✓Symptoms include a scaly rash that usually causes itching, stinging and burning.
✓ This fungal infection is called athlete’s foot because it is commonly seen in athletes.
Spoilage of Food stuffs
➢ A large number of food articles, if not properly stored are spoiled by fungi, like Mucor,
Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Penicillium and yeast.
➢ Species of Mucor and Rhizopus are commonly seen on the bread and pickle.
➢ Dairy products are spoiled by the species of Mucor, Oidium, Torula, and Penicillium
14. ➢ Mucor mucedo and Rhizopus stolinifer spoil frozen meat by causing black spot disease.
➢ Some fungi infect food stuffs even at a very low temperature, Cladosporium herbaceum
can grow on meat stored at -6 degree Celsius.
➢ Several species of Aspergillus, Alterneria and Rhizopus cause post harvest disease in fruits
and vegetables thus shortening their storage life.
Thank You!!!
Dr. Ankit Kumar Singh
Assistant Professor
Department of Botany
Marwari College
Lalit Narayan Mithila University
Darbhanga
ankitbhu30@gmail.com