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How to Start Mushroom Cultivation, Growing,
Processingand Packaging- FoodandAgriculture
(Poisonous Mushroom, Edible Mushroom,
Button Mushroom, Oyster Mushroom,
Straw Mushroom)
Introduction
Mushroom is a nutritious vegetarian delicacy and has many varieties. Most of them are edible. It
contains many vitamins and minerals but very low on sugar and fat. It is easily digestible. It is very
popular in most of the developed countries and is being accepted in many developing countries.
Market for mushroom is growing rapidly because of its rich nutritional value and special taste aroma,
flavor etc. Many exotic preparations are made from them like soup, pickles, it can be cooked in
traditional way as standard vegetable. It is also used as stuffing for various food preparations and for
garnishing.
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Its consumption is basically confined to the urban region. It has a very short life after being
harvested and are sold in fresh form. Their shelf life is enhanced by processing and properly
packing in good quality polythene or proper canning. This can then be stored and transported
for selling in far of markets. The global mushroom market is primarily driven by the increasing
demand for the organic products. Mushrooms are highly popular in Asian countries such as
China,India,andJapan.
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Mushroom cultivation can directly improve livelihoods through economic, nutritional and
medicinal contributions. However, it is essential to note that some mushrooms are poisonous
and may even be lethal, thus the need for extra caution in identifying those species that can be
consumed as food. Mushrooms are a good source of vitamin B, C and D, including niacin,
riboflavin, thiamine, and folate, and various minerals including potassium, phosphorus,
calcium,magnesium,iron andcopper.
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Mushrooms are the health food of the world. These are that fast growing basidiomycetous fungi
which produce fleshy fruit bodies. They are rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals, so they are
consumed as energy rich food. Mushroom has been attracting attention of mankind since ancient
times and use of mushroom, as food is as old as human civilization. Mushrooms are superior to
many vegetables and beans in their nutritive value. It is very rich in protein, vitamins and
minerals. Fresh mushroomscontainabout85%water and3.2%protein.
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But dried mushrooms water content is low and protein level is high as 34 to 44% and the fat
content islessthan0.3%. Thereare about 100 speciesofediblemushrooms allovertheworld. But
only three of them are cultivated in India which are Agaricus bisporus, Volvariella volvacea and
pleurotus sajor caju. Unfortunately, it is realized that mushrooms did not receive universal
acceptance over the years since a number of naturally growing mushrooms are poisonous. Now
the situation has been changed because the cultivated edible mushrooms are totally safe for
humanconsumption.
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Mushroom cultivation fits in very well with sustainable farming and has several advantages: it uses
agricultural waste products, a high production per surface area can be obtained, after picking; the
spent substrate is still a good soil conditioner. They have less carbohydrate so they are believed to
be suitable for diabetic patients. Fresh mushrooms have very limited life and hence they need to be
consumed within few hours. But processing and canning increases their shelf life to few months.
Osmotic dehydration is one of the important methods of processing mushroom which involves
dryingtechnologyofmushroom.
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Some of the fundamentals of the book are nutritive value of edible mushrooms, medicinal value
of mushrooms, advantages of mushrooms, symptoms of mushroom poisoning, morphology of
common edible mushrooms, classification of fungi a brief survey, chemical composition, anti
nutritional factors and shelf life of oyster mushroom , osmotic dehydration characteristics of
button mushrooms, mushroom cultivation, cultivation of white button mushroom (agaricus
bisporus), actors determining the amount of spawn needed, fungidues for mushroom diseases
insectides formushroompets etc.
The present book contains cultivation, processing, dehydration, preservation and canning of
various species of mushrooms. It is resourceful book for agriculturists, researchers, agriculture
universities, consultantsetc.
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o
Table of Contents
1. NUTRITIVE VALUE OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
2. MEDICINAL VALUE OF MUSHROOMS
3. ADVANTAGES OF MUSHROOMS
How to Avoid Discomfort While Eating Mushrooms?
4. POISONOUS MUSHROOMS
Distinctive Features of Poisonous Mushrooms
Symptoms of Mushroom Poisoning
How to Avoid Mushroom Poisoning
5. MORPHOLOGY OF COMMON EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
Agaricus Bisporus
Volvariella Volvacea
Pleurotus Sajor-caju
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6. COMMON EDIBLE MUSHROOMS OF INDIA
7. WHERE AND WHEN TO GO MUSHROOMING
8. HOW TO COLLECT AND IDENTIFY FUNGI
Steps in the Description of Macro-and Micro-characteristics
of Gill Fungi
(Mode of development)
9. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI - A BRIEF SURVEY
Fungi
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Deuteromycetes-Fungi Imperfecti
10. DELICIOUS RECIPES OF MUSHROOM
Mushroom omelette
Stuffed Potatoes
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Mushrooms on Toast
Mushroom Soup
Mushroom Pakoras
Mushroom Pulao
Mushroom Pickle 1
Mushroom pickle 2
Mushrooms and Peas
Mushrooms and Paneer
Mushroom Samosa
Liver with Mushroom
11. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTI-NUTRITIONAL FACTORS AND
SHELF-LIFE OF OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS)
Material and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
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12. COMPOSITION AND FOOD VALUE OF SCLEROTIUM (OSU) AND
EDIBLE MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS TUBER-REGIUM)
Conclusion
13. OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF BUTTON
MUSHROOMS
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
14. EFFECT OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING ON LOW
MOLECULAR WEIGHT CARBOHYDRATES OF OYSTER MUSHROOMS
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
15. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
Advantages of mushroom cultivation
Comparison of nutritive value of mushrooms with other foods
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Salient features of mushroom cultivation
Importance of mushroom cultivation for India
Types suitable for cultivation
16. CULTIVATION OF WHITE BUTTON MUSHROOM (AGARICUS
BISPORUS)
Temperature
Moisture
Ventilation
Good Spawn
Suitable Growing Space
Compost and Methods of Composting
Nature and Quality of the Basic Material
Organic and Inorganic Supplements
Management of the Compost During Composting
Long Method
Short Method
A Compost Fermentation Method by Means of
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Forced Air Circulation
Fermentation Chamber for Compost
Formulation of Compost
Process of Composting and Fermentation
Mechanical composting
Loading the Barrel
Composting Cycle
Spawn and Methods of Spawning
Advantages of Grain Spawn
Disadvantages of Grain Spawn
Methods of Preparation of Grain Spawn
Agaricus bisporus
Volvariella volvacea
Factors Determining the Amount of Spawn Needed
Method of Spawing
Storage of Spawn
Casing
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Sterilisation of Casing Soil
Chemical Sterilisation
Time of Casing
Cropping and Harvesting
Diseases
Soft Mildew or Cobweb (Dactylium dendroides)
Brown plaster mould (Papulospora byssina)
White plaster mould (Scopulariopsis fumicola)
Olive green mould (Chaetomium olivacearum)
Inky cap (Coprinus lagopus and C. comatus)
Green Mould (Trichoderma viride)
Truffle disease (Pseudobalsamia microspora)
Bubble disease (Mycogone perniciosa)
Dry Bubble, Brown Spot Disease
(Verticillium malthousei or V. psiallistae)
Bacterial Blotch (Pseudomonas tolaassi)
Virus Diseases
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Control
Insect Pests
Sciarids
Phorids
Spring tails
Cecid
Mites
Nematodes
Control
Fungidues for Mushroom Diseases Insectides for Mushroom Pets
Abnormalities of Mushrooms
Rose comb
Long stalked mushroom
Scaly and cracked mushroom
Open Mushrooms
Stroma
Preservation
Storage in Fresh Conditions
Controlled Atmosphere
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Preservation by Gamma Radiation
Freeze Drying
Steeping preservation
Dehydration of Mushrooms
Canning of Mushroom
Do's and Don'ts of Mushroom Growing
Mushroom Farm Design
Construction and Insulation
Peak Heating Chamber/bulk Chamber/tunnel
Initial Consideration/Work Plan
Casing Pasteurization Chamber
Economically Viable Commercial Button Mushroom Unit
Economics
Fixed costs
Variable Costs
Economics of Canned Product
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17. CULTIVATION OF AGARICUS BITORQUIS
Harvesting
False truffle (Diehliomyces microspora)
Control
Bacterial Blotch and Pests
Control
18. CULTIVATION OF PADDY STRAW MUSHROOM (VOLVARIELLA SPP.)
Diseases and Pests
Preservation
Canning
Economics of Production of Paddy Straw Mushroom
19. CULTIVATION OF PLEUROTUS SPP.
Method of Cultivation
Preparation of Spawn
Cultivation
Economics of Pleurotus Cultivation in Hells on a Small Scale
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20. CULTIVATION OF STROPHARIA RUGOSO ANNULATA
Cultivation
Layout of Beds
Production and Planting of Spawn
Cropping
Harvesting
21. CULTIVATION OF AURICULARIA SPP. (JEW'S EAR)
Laying of logs
Cropping yard
Bag method cultivation
Harvesting
22. CULTIVATION OF FLAMMULINA VELUTIPES
Cultivation
Spawn
Spawning and Cropping
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23. CULTIVATION OF PHOLIOTA NAMEKO
Moisture, light and aeration
Japanese Method
Spawn
Inoculation
Laying
Raising
Cropping
Taiwan Method of Cultivation
Construction of plastic mushroom growing houses
Preparation of sawdust medium
Bagging and sterilization of medium
Inoculation and incubation
Fruiting
Cropping
Mori
Ham
Song
Royse
Difference between bag method and log method of cultivation
Important factors
24. TYPES OF MUSHROOMS
Orange Peel Fungus
Aleuria aurantia (Pers. ex Hook.) Fuckel
Otidea Onotica
(Batsch ex S.F. Gray) Fuckel
Sarcosphaera crassa
(Santi ex Steudel) Pouz
Discina Perlata (Fr.) Fr
Lorchel, Turban Fungus
Gyromitra esculenta (Pers. ex Pers.) Fr
Common White Helvella, False Morel
Helvella Crispa (Scop.) ex Fr.
Common Morel
Morchella esculenta Pers. ex St. Amans
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Morchella Elata Fr
Early Morel
Verpa bohemica (Krombh.) Schroet
Choiromyces venosus
(Fr.) Th. Fries
Summer Truffle, Common (English) Truffle
Tuber aestivum Vitt
Winter Truffle
Tuber Brumale Vitt
Elaphomyces Granulatus Fr
Common Earth-ball
Scleroderma citrinum Pers
Pisolithus Arrhizus
(Pers.) Rauschert
Astraeus hygrometricus
(Pers.) Morg
Cyathus Striatus
(Huds.) ex Pers
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Sphaerobolus Stellatus
Tode ex Pers
Bovista Nigrescens
Pers. ex Pers
Common Puffball
Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. ex Pers
Giant Puffball
Langermannia gigantea (Batsch ex Pers.) Rostk
Geastrum triplex Jungh
Wood Witch, Stinking Polecat, Stinkhorn
Phallus impudicus L. ex Pers
Hysterangium Graveolens Velen
Anthurus archeri
(Berk.) E. Fischer
Blackening Russula
Russula nigricans (Bull. ex Merat) Fr.
Common Yellow Russula
Russula ochroleuca (Pers.) ex Fr.
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Russula Cyanoxantha
(Schaeff. ex Schw.) Fr.
Grass Green Russula
Russula aeruginea Lindbl. in Fr.
Russula Olivacea
(Schaeff. ex Secr.) Fr.
Russula Mustelina Fr.
Russula Xerampelina
(Schaeff) ex. Fr. (S. Str.)
Russula integra
(L. ex Hook.) Fr.
Russula paludosa Britz
Sickener
Russula emetica (schaeff. ex Fr.) S.F. Gray
Russula sanguinea
(Bull. ex St. Amans) Fr.
Lactarius piperatus
(Fr.) S. F. Gray
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Fleecy Milk Cap
Lactarius vellereus (Fr.) Fr.
Woolly Milk Cap
Lactarius torminosus (Schaeff. ex. Fr.) S. F. Gray
Saffron Milk Cap
Lactarius deliciosus (L. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray
Lactarius helvus (Fr.) Fr.
Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr.
Strobilomyces floccopus
(Vahl ex Fr.) P. Karst.
Porphyrellus pseudoscaber
(Sect.) ex Sing.
Gyroporus castaneus
(Bull. ex Fr.) Quel.
Boletus cavipes
Klotzsch in Fr.
Boletus variegatus
Bow. ex. Fr.
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Gyrodon lividus
(Bull. ex Fr.) Sacc
Suillus grevillei
(Klotzsch) Singer
Suillus viscidus Fr.
Suillus placidus
(Bonorden) Sing.
Slippery Jack
Suillus luteus (L. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray
Suillus fluryi Huijsm
Suillus granulatus
(L. ex Fr.) O. Kuntze
Phylloporus rhodoxanthus
(Schw.) Bres
Xerocomus parasiticus
(Bull. ex Fr.) Quel.
Xerocomus rubellus
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Red-cracked Boletus
Xerocomus chrysenteron (Bull ex St. Amans) Quel
Xerocomus subtomentosus
(L. ex Fr.) Quel.
Xerocomus porosporus Imler
Chalciporus piperatus
(Bull. ex Fr.) Sing
Boletus Lupinus Fr. SS. Romagnesi
Red-stalked Boletus
Boletus erythropus (Fr. ex Fr.) Krombh.
Boletus Luridus
Schaeff. ex Fr.
Devil Boletus
Boletus satanas Lenz
Boletus Impolitus Fr.
Boletus aereus Bull. ex Fr.
Boletus Aestivalis
(Paulet) ex Fr.
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Edible Boletus, Cepe
Boletus edulis Bull. ex Fr.
Bitter Boletus
Tylopilus felleus (Bull. ex Fr.) P. Karst.
Krombholziella Aurantiaca
(Bull. ex St. Amans) R. Maire
Krombholziella Rufescens
(Konr.) Sut.
Krombholziella Oxydabilis (Sing.) Sut.
Brown Birch Boletus
Krombholziella Scabra (Bull. ex Fr.) R. Maire
Paxillus involutus
(Batsch ex Fr.) Fr.
Paxillus Atrotomentosus
(Batsch ex Fr.) Fr.
False Chanterelle
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulf. ex Fr.) R. Maire
Omphalotus Olearius
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(DC. ex Fr.) Sing.
Gomphidius Roseus
(Fr.) P. Karst.
Gomphidius Glutinosus
(Schaeff. ex Fr.) Fr.
Chroogomphus Rutilus
(Schaeff. ex Fr.) O.K. Miller
Ivory Wax Cap
Hygrophorus eburneus (Bull. ex Fr.) Fr.
Goat Moth Wax Cap
Hygrophorus Cossus (Sow. ex Fr.) Fr.
Pinewood Wax Cap
Hygrophorus Hypothejus (Fr.) Fr.
Hygrophorus marzuolus
(Fr.) Bres.
Camarophyllus Pratensis
(Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Hygrocybe nigrescens
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Omphalina epichysium
(Pres. ex Fr.) Quel.
Gerronema chrysophyllum
(Fr. ) Sing.
Laccaria amethystina
(Huds. ex Hook) Cooke
Laccaria laccata
(Scop. ex Fr.) Cooke
Clitocybe odora
(Bull. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Clitocybe clavipes
(Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Clitocybe geotropa
(Bull. ex St. Amans) Quel.
Clitocybe maxima
(F. Wett. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Common Funnel Cap
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Clitocybe gibba (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Clitocybe cerussata
(Fr.) Kumm.
Clitocybe candicans
(Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Clitocybe brumalis
(Fr. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Lepista nebularis
(Batsch ex Fr.) Harmaja
Wood Blewitt, Bluette, Blue Leg
Lepista nuda (Bull. ex Fr.) W. G. Smith
Blewitt, Bluette, Blue Leg
Lepista saeva (Fr.) P. D. Orton
Tricholomopsis rutilans
(Schaeff. ex Fr.) Sing.
Tricholoma caligatum
(Viv.) Ricken
Tricholoma colossus (Fr.) Quel.
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Tricholoma Fulvum
(DC. ex Fr.) Sacc.
Tricholoma Vaccinum
(Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Tricholoma Portentosum
(Fr.) Quel.
Tricholoma flavovirens
(Pers. ex Fr.) Lund.
Tricholoma sejunctum
(Sow. ex Fr.) Quel.
Sulphurous Tricholoma
Tricholoma Sulphureum (Bull. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Tricholoma Columbetta
(Fr.) Kumm.
Tricholoma Terreum
(Schaeff. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Honey Fungus, Honey Agaric, Shoestring Mushroom
Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Kumm.
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Lyophyllum connatum
(Schum. ex Fr.) Sing
Lyophyllum fumosum
(Pers. ex Fr.) Orton
Tephrocybe atrata
(Fr. ex Fr.) Donk
St. George Mushroom
Calocybe gambosa (Fr.) Donk
Giant Clitocybe
Leucopaxillus giganteus (Sibth. ex Fr.) Sing.
Melanoleuca brevipes
(Bull. ex Fr.) Pat.
Catathelasma imperiale
(Fr.) Sing.
Wood Woolly-foot
Collybia Peronata (Bolt. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Russet Shank
Collybia Dryophila (Bull. ex Fr.) Quel.
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Greasy Tough Shank
Collybia butyracea (Bull. ex Fr.) Quel.
Spotted Tough Shank
Collybia maculata (Alb. et Schw. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Hohenbuehelia Petaloides
(Bull. ex Fr.) Schulz.
Megacollybia Platyphylla
(Pers. ex Fr.) Kotl. et Pouz.
Slimy Beech Tuft
Oudemansiella mucida (Schrad ex Fr.) Hoehn.
Rooting Shank
Oudemansiella radicata (Relhan ex Fr.) Sing.
Strobilurus Esculentus
(Wulf. ex Fr.) Sing.
Little Wheel Toadstool
Marasmius rotula (Scop. ex Fr.) Fr.
Marasmius scorodonius (Fr.) Fr.
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Fairy Ring Fungus, Fairy Ring Champignon, Scotch Bonnet
Marasmius oreades (Bolt. ex Fr.) Fr.
Lilac Mycena
Mycena pura (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Mycena rosea
(Bull.) ex Sacc. et Dalla Costa
Mycena fagetorum
(Fr.) Gill.
Xeromphalina campanella
(Batsch ex Fr.) R. Maire
Velvet Shank, Winter Fungus
Flammulina velutipes (Curt. ex Fr.) Sing.
The Miller
Clitopilus prunulus (Scop. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Nolanea verna
(Lundell) Kotl. et Pouz.
Livid Entoloma
Entoloma lividum (Bull. ex St. Amans) Quel.
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Entoloma nidorosum
(Fr.) Quel.
Entoloma hirtipes
(Schum. ex Fr.) Moser
Volvariella speciosa
(Fr.) Sing.
Pluteus cervinus
(Schaeff. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Grisette
Amanita vaginata (Bull. ex Fr.) Vitt
Amanita umbrinolutea Secr.
Fly Agaric
Amanita muscaria (L. ex Fr.) Hook
Amanita regalis
(Fr.) Michael
Caesar Mushroom, Imperial Mushroom
Amanita caesarea (Scop. ex Fr.) Grev.
Panther Cap
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Amanita pantherina (DC. ex Fr.) Krombh.
Amanita gemmata
(Fr.) Gill.
Death Cap
Amanita phalloides (Fr.) Link
Destroying Angel
Amanita virosa (Fr.) Bertillon
False Death Cap
Amanita citrina (Schaeff) ex Roques
Amanita porphyrea
(Alb. et Schw. ex Fr.) Schummel
Amanita spissa (Fr.) Opiz
Blusher
Amanita rubescens (Pers. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray
Agaricus brunnescens Peck
Red-staining Agaric Wood Mushroom
Agaricus silvaticus (Schaeff. ex Krombh) Kumm.
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Common Field Agaric, Meadow Mushroom
Agaricus campestris L. ex Fr.
Agaricus augustus Fr.
Agaricus abruptibulbus Peck
Horse Agaric, Horse Mushroom
Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. ex Fr.
Yellow Stainer
Agaricus xanthoderma Genev.
Lepiota cristata
(Alb. et Schw. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Lepiota clypeolaria
(Bull. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Parasol Mushroom
Macrolepiota procera (Scop ex Fr.) Sing.
Shaggy Parasol
Macrolepiota rhacodes (Vitt.) Sing
Macrolepiota excoriata
(Schaeff. ex Fr.) Acker-Sch.
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Cystoderma amianthinum
(Scop. ex Fr.) Maubl
Cystoderma cinnabarinum
(Alb. et Schw. ex Fr.) Maubl
Shaggy Mane, Shaggy Cap, Lawyer Wig
Coprinus Comatus (Mull. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray
Common Ink Cap
Coprinus atramentarius (Bull. ex Fr.) Fr.
Glistening Ink Cap
Coprinus micaceus (Bull. ex Fr.) Fr.
Panaeolus papilionaceus
(Bull ex Fr.) Quel.
Psathyrella candolleana
(Fr. ex Fr.) R. Maire
Psathyrella velutina
(Pers. ex S. F. Gray) Sing.
Yellow Cow-pat Toadstool
Bolbitius vitellinus (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr.
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Agrocybe dura
(Bolt. ex Fr.) Sing.
Agrocybe praecox
(Pers. ex Fr.) Sing.
Stropharia rugosoannulata
Farlow in Murrill
Verdigris Agaric
Stropharia aeruginosa (Curt. ex Fr.) Quel.
Stropharia albonitens (Fr.) P. Karst.
Brick Red Hypholoma, Bricktop, Bricktop Mushroom
Hypholoma sublateritium (Fr.) Quel.
Sulphur Tuft
Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Hypholoma capnoides
(Fr. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Psilocybe semilanceata
(Fr. ex Weinm) Kumm.
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Pholiota destruens
(Brond) Gill.
Shaggy Pholiota
Pholiota squarrosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Pholiota carbonaria (Fr.) Sing.
Gymnopilus spectabilis (Fr.) Sing
Gymnopilus sapineus (Fr.) R. Maire
Kuehneromyces mutabilis
(Schaeff. ex Fr.) Sing. et Smith
Tubaria conspersa (Pers. ex Fr.) Fayod
Crepidotus variabilis
(Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Inocybe patouillardii Bres
Inocybe fastigiata
(Schaeff. ex. Fr.) Quel.
Inocybe argillacea (Pers. ex Pers.) Sing.
Inocybe lacera (Fr.) Kumm.
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Hebeloma radicosum (Bull. ex Fr.) Ricken
Jew Ear, Judas Ear
Hirneola auricula-judae (Bull. ex St. Amans) Berk.
Yellow Brain Fungus, Witches Butter
Tremella mesenterica Retz. ex Hook.
Yellow Chanterelle Pixie Stool
Cantharellus cibarius Fr. ex Fr.
Cantharellus tubaeformis
Bull. ex Fr.
Oyster Fungus, Oyster-cap Fungus, Oyster Mushroom
Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kumm.
Lentinus Lepideus
(Fr. ex Fr.) Fr.
25. GLOSSARY OF BASIC MYCOLOGICAL TERMS
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Mushroom Cultivation and Processing
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Thorough analysis of the project
Economic feasibility study of the Project
Market potential survey/research
Report Compilation
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Who do we serve?
o Public-sector Companies
o Corporates
o Government Undertakings
o Individual Entrepreneurs
o NRI’s
o Foreign Investors
o Non-profit Organizations, NBFC’s
o Educational Institutions
o Embassies & Consulates
o Consultancies
o Industry / trade associations
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Sectors We Cover
o Ayurvedic And Herbal Medicines, Herbal Cosmetics
o Alcoholic And Non Alcoholic Beverages, Drinks
o Adhesives, Industrial Adhesive, Sealants, Glues, Gum &
Resin
o Activated Carbon & Activated Charcoal
o Aluminium And Aluminium Extrusion Profiles & Sections,
o Bio-fertilizers And Biotechnology
o Breakfast Snacks And Cereal Food
o Bicycle Tyres & Tubes, Bicycle Parts, Bicycle Assembling
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Bamboo And Cane Based Projects
o Building Materials And Construction Projects
o Biodegradable & Bioplastic Based Projects
o Chemicals (Organic And Inorganic)
o Confectionery, Bakery/Baking And Other Food
o Cereal Processing
o Coconut And Coconut Based Products
o Cold Storage For Fruits & Vegetables
o Coal & Coal Byproduct
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Copper & Copper Based Projects
o Dairy/Milk Processing
o Disinfectants, Pesticides, Insecticides, Mosquito Repellents,
o Electrical, Electronic And Computer based Projects
o Essential Oils, Oils & Fats And Allied
o Engineering Goods
o Fibre Glass & Float Glass
o Fast Moving Consumer Goods
o Food, Bakery, Agro Processing
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Fruits & Vegetables Processing
o Ferro Alloys Based Projects
o Fertilizers & Biofertilizers
o Ginger & Ginger Based Projects
o Herbs And Medicinal Cultivation And Jatropha (Biofuel)
o Hotel & Hospitability Projects
o Hospital Based Projects
o Herbal Based Projects
o Inks, Stationery And Export Industries
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Infrastructure Projects
o Jute & Jute Based Products
o Leather And Leather Based Projects
o Leisure & Entertainment Based Projects
o Livestock Farming Of Birds & Animals
o Minerals And Minerals
o Maize Processing(Wet Milling) & Maize Based Projects
o Medical Plastics, Disposables Plastic Syringe, Blood Bags
o Organic Farming, Neem Products Etc.
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Paints, Pigments, Varnish & Lacquer
o Paper And Paper Board, Paper Recycling Projects
o Printing Inks
o Packaging Based Projects
o Perfumes, Cosmetics And Flavours
o Power Generation Based Projects & Renewable Energy Based Projects
o Pharmaceuticals And Drugs
o Plantations, Farming And Cultivations
o Plastic Film, Plastic Waste And Plastic Compounds
o Plastic, PVC, PET, HDPE, LDPE Etc.
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Potato And Potato Based Projects
o Printing And Packaging
o Real Estate, Leisure And Hospitality
o Rubber And Rubber Products
o Soaps And Detergents
o Stationary Products
o Spices And Snacks Food
o Steel & Steel Products
o Textile Auxiliary And Chemicals
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Township & Residential Complex
o Textiles And Readymade Garments
o Waste Management & Recycling
o Wood & Wood Products
o Water Industry(Packaged Drinking Water & Mineral
Water)
o Wire & Cable
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23841561
Website :
www.niir.org
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Take a look at NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on
#StreetView
https://goo.gl/VstWkd
WWW.NIIR.ORG www.entrepreneurindia.co
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visit us at:
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How to Start Mushroom Cultivation, Growing, Processing and Packaging - Food and Agriculture (Poisonous Mushrooms, Edible Mushrooms, Button Mushroom, Oyster Mushroom, Straw Mushroom)

  • 1. How to Start Mushroom Cultivation, Growing, Processingand Packaging- FoodandAgriculture (Poisonous Mushroom, Edible Mushroom, Button Mushroom, Oyster Mushroom, Straw Mushroom)
  • 2. Introduction Mushroom is a nutritious vegetarian delicacy and has many varieties. Most of them are edible. It contains many vitamins and minerals but very low on sugar and fat. It is easily digestible. It is very popular in most of the developed countries and is being accepted in many developing countries. Market for mushroom is growing rapidly because of its rich nutritional value and special taste aroma, flavor etc. Many exotic preparations are made from them like soup, pickles, it can be cooked in traditional way as standard vegetable. It is also used as stuffing for various food preparations and for garnishing. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 3. Its consumption is basically confined to the urban region. It has a very short life after being harvested and are sold in fresh form. Their shelf life is enhanced by processing and properly packing in good quality polythene or proper canning. This can then be stored and transported for selling in far of markets. The global mushroom market is primarily driven by the increasing demand for the organic products. Mushrooms are highly popular in Asian countries such as China,India,andJapan. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 4. Mushroom cultivation can directly improve livelihoods through economic, nutritional and medicinal contributions. However, it is essential to note that some mushrooms are poisonous and may even be lethal, thus the need for extra caution in identifying those species that can be consumed as food. Mushrooms are a good source of vitamin B, C and D, including niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, and folate, and various minerals including potassium, phosphorus, calcium,magnesium,iron andcopper. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 5.
  • 6. Mushrooms are the health food of the world. These are that fast growing basidiomycetous fungi which produce fleshy fruit bodies. They are rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals, so they are consumed as energy rich food. Mushroom has been attracting attention of mankind since ancient times and use of mushroom, as food is as old as human civilization. Mushrooms are superior to many vegetables and beans in their nutritive value. It is very rich in protein, vitamins and minerals. Fresh mushroomscontainabout85%water and3.2%protein. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 7. www.entrepreneurindia.co But dried mushrooms water content is low and protein level is high as 34 to 44% and the fat content islessthan0.3%. Thereare about 100 speciesofediblemushrooms allovertheworld. But only three of them are cultivated in India which are Agaricus bisporus, Volvariella volvacea and pleurotus sajor caju. Unfortunately, it is realized that mushrooms did not receive universal acceptance over the years since a number of naturally growing mushrooms are poisonous. Now the situation has been changed because the cultivated edible mushrooms are totally safe for humanconsumption.
  • 8. www.entrepreneurindia.co Mushroom cultivation fits in very well with sustainable farming and has several advantages: it uses agricultural waste products, a high production per surface area can be obtained, after picking; the spent substrate is still a good soil conditioner. They have less carbohydrate so they are believed to be suitable for diabetic patients. Fresh mushrooms have very limited life and hence they need to be consumed within few hours. But processing and canning increases their shelf life to few months. Osmotic dehydration is one of the important methods of processing mushroom which involves dryingtechnologyofmushroom.
  • 9. www.entrepreneurindia.co Some of the fundamentals of the book are nutritive value of edible mushrooms, medicinal value of mushrooms, advantages of mushrooms, symptoms of mushroom poisoning, morphology of common edible mushrooms, classification of fungi a brief survey, chemical composition, anti nutritional factors and shelf life of oyster mushroom , osmotic dehydration characteristics of button mushrooms, mushroom cultivation, cultivation of white button mushroom (agaricus bisporus), actors determining the amount of spawn needed, fungidues for mushroom diseases insectides formushroompets etc.
  • 10. The present book contains cultivation, processing, dehydration, preservation and canning of various species of mushrooms. It is resourceful book for agriculturists, researchers, agriculture universities, consultantsetc. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 11. www.entrepreneurindia.c o Table of Contents 1. NUTRITIVE VALUE OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS 2. MEDICINAL VALUE OF MUSHROOMS 3. ADVANTAGES OF MUSHROOMS How to Avoid Discomfort While Eating Mushrooms? 4. POISONOUS MUSHROOMS Distinctive Features of Poisonous Mushrooms Symptoms of Mushroom Poisoning How to Avoid Mushroom Poisoning 5. MORPHOLOGY OF COMMON EDIBLE MUSHROOMS Agaricus Bisporus Volvariella Volvacea Pleurotus Sajor-caju
  • 12. www.entrepreneurindia.co 6. COMMON EDIBLE MUSHROOMS OF INDIA 7. WHERE AND WHEN TO GO MUSHROOMING 8. HOW TO COLLECT AND IDENTIFY FUNGI Steps in the Description of Macro-and Micro-characteristics of Gill Fungi (Mode of development) 9. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI - A BRIEF SURVEY Fungi Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes-Fungi Imperfecti 10. DELICIOUS RECIPES OF MUSHROOM Mushroom omelette Stuffed Potatoes
  • 13. www.entrepreneurindia.co Mushrooms on Toast Mushroom Soup Mushroom Pakoras Mushroom Pulao Mushroom Pickle 1 Mushroom pickle 2 Mushrooms and Peas Mushrooms and Paneer Mushroom Samosa Liver with Mushroom 11. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTI-NUTRITIONAL FACTORS AND SHELF-LIFE OF OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS) Material and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion
  • 14. www.entrepreneurindia.co 12. COMPOSITION AND FOOD VALUE OF SCLEROTIUM (OSU) AND EDIBLE MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS TUBER-REGIUM) Conclusion 13. OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF BUTTON MUSHROOMS Materials and Methods Results and Discussion 14. EFFECT OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING ON LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT CARBOHYDRATES OF OYSTER MUSHROOMS Materials and Methods Results and Discussion 15. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION Advantages of mushroom cultivation Comparison of nutritive value of mushrooms with other foods
  • 15. www.entrepreneurindia.co Salient features of mushroom cultivation Importance of mushroom cultivation for India Types suitable for cultivation 16. CULTIVATION OF WHITE BUTTON MUSHROOM (AGARICUS BISPORUS) Temperature Moisture Ventilation Good Spawn Suitable Growing Space Compost and Methods of Composting Nature and Quality of the Basic Material Organic and Inorganic Supplements Management of the Compost During Composting Long Method Short Method A Compost Fermentation Method by Means of
  • 16. www.entrepreneurindia.co Forced Air Circulation Fermentation Chamber for Compost Formulation of Compost Process of Composting and Fermentation Mechanical composting Loading the Barrel Composting Cycle Spawn and Methods of Spawning Advantages of Grain Spawn Disadvantages of Grain Spawn Methods of Preparation of Grain Spawn Agaricus bisporus Volvariella volvacea Factors Determining the Amount of Spawn Needed Method of Spawing Storage of Spawn Casing
  • 17. www.entrepreneurindia.co Sterilisation of Casing Soil Chemical Sterilisation Time of Casing Cropping and Harvesting Diseases Soft Mildew or Cobweb (Dactylium dendroides) Brown plaster mould (Papulospora byssina) White plaster mould (Scopulariopsis fumicola) Olive green mould (Chaetomium olivacearum) Inky cap (Coprinus lagopus and C. comatus) Green Mould (Trichoderma viride) Truffle disease (Pseudobalsamia microspora) Bubble disease (Mycogone perniciosa) Dry Bubble, Brown Spot Disease (Verticillium malthousei or V. psiallistae) Bacterial Blotch (Pseudomonas tolaassi) Virus Diseases
  • 18. www.entrepreneurindia.co Control Insect Pests Sciarids Phorids Spring tails Cecid Mites Nematodes Control Fungidues for Mushroom Diseases Insectides for Mushroom Pets Abnormalities of Mushrooms Rose comb Long stalked mushroom Scaly and cracked mushroom Open Mushrooms Stroma Preservation Storage in Fresh Conditions Controlled Atmosphere
  • 19. www.entrepreneurindia.co Preservation by Gamma Radiation Freeze Drying Steeping preservation Dehydration of Mushrooms Canning of Mushroom Do's and Don'ts of Mushroom Growing Mushroom Farm Design Construction and Insulation Peak Heating Chamber/bulk Chamber/tunnel Initial Consideration/Work Plan Casing Pasteurization Chamber Economically Viable Commercial Button Mushroom Unit Economics Fixed costs Variable Costs Economics of Canned Product
  • 20. www.entrepreneurindia.co 17. CULTIVATION OF AGARICUS BITORQUIS Harvesting False truffle (Diehliomyces microspora) Control Bacterial Blotch and Pests Control 18. CULTIVATION OF PADDY STRAW MUSHROOM (VOLVARIELLA SPP.) Diseases and Pests Preservation Canning Economics of Production of Paddy Straw Mushroom 19. CULTIVATION OF PLEUROTUS SPP. Method of Cultivation Preparation of Spawn Cultivation Economics of Pleurotus Cultivation in Hells on a Small Scale
  • 21. www.entrepreneurindia.co 20. CULTIVATION OF STROPHARIA RUGOSO ANNULATA Cultivation Layout of Beds Production and Planting of Spawn Cropping Harvesting 21. CULTIVATION OF AURICULARIA SPP. (JEW'S EAR) Laying of logs Cropping yard Bag method cultivation Harvesting 22. CULTIVATION OF FLAMMULINA VELUTIPES Cultivation Spawn Spawning and Cropping
  • 22. www.entrepreneurindia.co 23. CULTIVATION OF PHOLIOTA NAMEKO Moisture, light and aeration Japanese Method Spawn Inoculation Laying Raising Cropping Taiwan Method of Cultivation Construction of plastic mushroom growing houses Preparation of sawdust medium Bagging and sterilization of medium Inoculation and incubation Fruiting Cropping Mori Ham Song
  • 23. Royse Difference between bag method and log method of cultivation Important factors 24. TYPES OF MUSHROOMS Orange Peel Fungus Aleuria aurantia (Pers. ex Hook.) Fuckel Otidea Onotica (Batsch ex S.F. Gray) Fuckel Sarcosphaera crassa (Santi ex Steudel) Pouz Discina Perlata (Fr.) Fr Lorchel, Turban Fungus Gyromitra esculenta (Pers. ex Pers.) Fr Common White Helvella, False Morel Helvella Crispa (Scop.) ex Fr. Common Morel Morchella esculenta Pers. ex St. Amans www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 24. Morchella Elata Fr Early Morel Verpa bohemica (Krombh.) Schroet Choiromyces venosus (Fr.) Th. Fries Summer Truffle, Common (English) Truffle Tuber aestivum Vitt Winter Truffle Tuber Brumale Vitt Elaphomyces Granulatus Fr Common Earth-ball Scleroderma citrinum Pers Pisolithus Arrhizus (Pers.) Rauschert Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morg Cyathus Striatus (Huds.) ex Pers www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 25. Sphaerobolus Stellatus Tode ex Pers Bovista Nigrescens Pers. ex Pers Common Puffball Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. ex Pers Giant Puffball Langermannia gigantea (Batsch ex Pers.) Rostk Geastrum triplex Jungh Wood Witch, Stinking Polecat, Stinkhorn Phallus impudicus L. ex Pers Hysterangium Graveolens Velen Anthurus archeri (Berk.) E. Fischer Blackening Russula Russula nigricans (Bull. ex Merat) Fr. Common Yellow Russula Russula ochroleuca (Pers.) ex Fr. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 26. Russula Cyanoxantha (Schaeff. ex Schw.) Fr. Grass Green Russula Russula aeruginea Lindbl. in Fr. Russula Olivacea (Schaeff. ex Secr.) Fr. Russula Mustelina Fr. Russula Xerampelina (Schaeff) ex. Fr. (S. Str.) Russula integra (L. ex Hook.) Fr. Russula paludosa Britz Sickener Russula emetica (schaeff. ex Fr.) S.F. Gray Russula sanguinea (Bull. ex St. Amans) Fr. Lactarius piperatus (Fr.) S. F. Gray www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 27. Fleecy Milk Cap Lactarius vellereus (Fr.) Fr. Woolly Milk Cap Lactarius torminosus (Schaeff. ex. Fr.) S. F. Gray Saffron Milk Cap Lactarius deliciosus (L. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray Lactarius helvus (Fr.) Fr. Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr. Strobilomyces floccopus (Vahl ex Fr.) P. Karst. Porphyrellus pseudoscaber (Sect.) ex Sing. Gyroporus castaneus (Bull. ex Fr.) Quel. Boletus cavipes Klotzsch in Fr. Boletus variegatus Bow. ex. Fr. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 28. Gyrodon lividus (Bull. ex Fr.) Sacc Suillus grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer Suillus viscidus Fr. Suillus placidus (Bonorden) Sing. Slippery Jack Suillus luteus (L. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray Suillus fluryi Huijsm Suillus granulatus (L. ex Fr.) O. Kuntze Phylloporus rhodoxanthus (Schw.) Bres Xerocomus parasiticus (Bull. ex Fr.) Quel. Xerocomus rubellus www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 29. Red-cracked Boletus Xerocomus chrysenteron (Bull ex St. Amans) Quel Xerocomus subtomentosus (L. ex Fr.) Quel. Xerocomus porosporus Imler Chalciporus piperatus (Bull. ex Fr.) Sing Boletus Lupinus Fr. SS. Romagnesi Red-stalked Boletus Boletus erythropus (Fr. ex Fr.) Krombh. Boletus Luridus Schaeff. ex Fr. Devil Boletus Boletus satanas Lenz Boletus Impolitus Fr. Boletus aereus Bull. ex Fr. Boletus Aestivalis (Paulet) ex Fr. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 30. Edible Boletus, Cepe Boletus edulis Bull. ex Fr. Bitter Boletus Tylopilus felleus (Bull. ex Fr.) P. Karst. Krombholziella Aurantiaca (Bull. ex St. Amans) R. Maire Krombholziella Rufescens (Konr.) Sut. Krombholziella Oxydabilis (Sing.) Sut. Brown Birch Boletus Krombholziella Scabra (Bull. ex Fr.) R. Maire Paxillus involutus (Batsch ex Fr.) Fr. Paxillus Atrotomentosus (Batsch ex Fr.) Fr. False Chanterelle Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulf. ex Fr.) R. Maire Omphalotus Olearius www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 31. (DC. ex Fr.) Sing. Gomphidius Roseus (Fr.) P. Karst. Gomphidius Glutinosus (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Fr. Chroogomphus Rutilus (Schaeff. ex Fr.) O.K. Miller Ivory Wax Cap Hygrophorus eburneus (Bull. ex Fr.) Fr. Goat Moth Wax Cap Hygrophorus Cossus (Sow. ex Fr.) Fr. Pinewood Wax Cap Hygrophorus Hypothejus (Fr.) Fr. Hygrophorus marzuolus (Fr.) Bres. Camarophyllus Pratensis (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm. Hygrocybe nigrescens www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 32. Omphalina epichysium (Pres. ex Fr.) Quel. Gerronema chrysophyllum (Fr. ) Sing. Laccaria amethystina (Huds. ex Hook) Cooke Laccaria laccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Cooke Clitocybe odora (Bull. ex Fr.) Kumm. Clitocybe clavipes (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm. Clitocybe geotropa (Bull. ex St. Amans) Quel. Clitocybe maxima (F. Wett. ex Fr.) Kumm. Common Funnel Cap www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 33. Clitocybe gibba (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm. Clitocybe cerussata (Fr.) Kumm. Clitocybe candicans (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm. Clitocybe brumalis (Fr. ex Fr.) Kumm. Lepista nebularis (Batsch ex Fr.) Harmaja Wood Blewitt, Bluette, Blue Leg Lepista nuda (Bull. ex Fr.) W. G. Smith Blewitt, Bluette, Blue Leg Lepista saeva (Fr.) P. D. Orton Tricholomopsis rutilans (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Sing. Tricholoma caligatum (Viv.) Ricken Tricholoma colossus (Fr.) Quel. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 34. Tricholoma Fulvum (DC. ex Fr.) Sacc. Tricholoma Vaccinum (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm. Tricholoma Portentosum (Fr.) Quel. Tricholoma flavovirens (Pers. ex Fr.) Lund. Tricholoma sejunctum (Sow. ex Fr.) Quel. Sulphurous Tricholoma Tricholoma Sulphureum (Bull. ex Fr.) Kumm. Tricholoma Columbetta (Fr.) Kumm. Tricholoma Terreum (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Kumm. Honey Fungus, Honey Agaric, Shoestring Mushroom Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Kumm. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 35. Lyophyllum connatum (Schum. ex Fr.) Sing Lyophyllum fumosum (Pers. ex Fr.) Orton Tephrocybe atrata (Fr. ex Fr.) Donk St. George Mushroom Calocybe gambosa (Fr.) Donk Giant Clitocybe Leucopaxillus giganteus (Sibth. ex Fr.) Sing. Melanoleuca brevipes (Bull. ex Fr.) Pat. Catathelasma imperiale (Fr.) Sing. Wood Woolly-foot Collybia Peronata (Bolt. ex Fr.) Kumm. Russet Shank Collybia Dryophila (Bull. ex Fr.) Quel. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 36. Greasy Tough Shank Collybia butyracea (Bull. ex Fr.) Quel. Spotted Tough Shank Collybia maculata (Alb. et Schw. ex Fr.) Kumm. Hohenbuehelia Petaloides (Bull. ex Fr.) Schulz. Megacollybia Platyphylla (Pers. ex Fr.) Kotl. et Pouz. Slimy Beech Tuft Oudemansiella mucida (Schrad ex Fr.) Hoehn. Rooting Shank Oudemansiella radicata (Relhan ex Fr.) Sing. Strobilurus Esculentus (Wulf. ex Fr.) Sing. Little Wheel Toadstool Marasmius rotula (Scop. ex Fr.) Fr. Marasmius scorodonius (Fr.) Fr. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 37. Fairy Ring Fungus, Fairy Ring Champignon, Scotch Bonnet Marasmius oreades (Bolt. ex Fr.) Fr. Lilac Mycena Mycena pura (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm. Mycena rosea (Bull.) ex Sacc. et Dalla Costa Mycena fagetorum (Fr.) Gill. Xeromphalina campanella (Batsch ex Fr.) R. Maire Velvet Shank, Winter Fungus Flammulina velutipes (Curt. ex Fr.) Sing. The Miller Clitopilus prunulus (Scop. ex Fr.) Kumm. Nolanea verna (Lundell) Kotl. et Pouz. Livid Entoloma Entoloma lividum (Bull. ex St. Amans) Quel. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 38. Entoloma nidorosum (Fr.) Quel. Entoloma hirtipes (Schum. ex Fr.) Moser Volvariella speciosa (Fr.) Sing. Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Kumm. Grisette Amanita vaginata (Bull. ex Fr.) Vitt Amanita umbrinolutea Secr. Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria (L. ex Fr.) Hook Amanita regalis (Fr.) Michael Caesar Mushroom, Imperial Mushroom Amanita caesarea (Scop. ex Fr.) Grev. Panther Cap www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 39. Amanita pantherina (DC. ex Fr.) Krombh. Amanita gemmata (Fr.) Gill. Death Cap Amanita phalloides (Fr.) Link Destroying Angel Amanita virosa (Fr.) Bertillon False Death Cap Amanita citrina (Schaeff) ex Roques Amanita porphyrea (Alb. et Schw. ex Fr.) Schummel Amanita spissa (Fr.) Opiz Blusher Amanita rubescens (Pers. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray Agaricus brunnescens Peck Red-staining Agaric Wood Mushroom Agaricus silvaticus (Schaeff. ex Krombh) Kumm. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 40. Common Field Agaric, Meadow Mushroom Agaricus campestris L. ex Fr. Agaricus augustus Fr. Agaricus abruptibulbus Peck Horse Agaric, Horse Mushroom Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. ex Fr. Yellow Stainer Agaricus xanthoderma Genev. Lepiota cristata (Alb. et Schw. ex Fr.) Kumm. Lepiota clypeolaria (Bull. ex Fr.) Kumm. Parasol Mushroom Macrolepiota procera (Scop ex Fr.) Sing. Shaggy Parasol Macrolepiota rhacodes (Vitt.) Sing Macrolepiota excoriata (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Acker-Sch. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 41. Cystoderma amianthinum (Scop. ex Fr.) Maubl Cystoderma cinnabarinum (Alb. et Schw. ex Fr.) Maubl Shaggy Mane, Shaggy Cap, Lawyer Wig Coprinus Comatus (Mull. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray Common Ink Cap Coprinus atramentarius (Bull. ex Fr.) Fr. Glistening Ink Cap Coprinus micaceus (Bull. ex Fr.) Fr. Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull ex Fr.) Quel. Psathyrella candolleana (Fr. ex Fr.) R. Maire Psathyrella velutina (Pers. ex S. F. Gray) Sing. Yellow Cow-pat Toadstool Bolbitius vitellinus (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 42. Agrocybe dura (Bolt. ex Fr.) Sing. Agrocybe praecox (Pers. ex Fr.) Sing. Stropharia rugosoannulata Farlow in Murrill Verdigris Agaric Stropharia aeruginosa (Curt. ex Fr.) Quel. Stropharia albonitens (Fr.) P. Karst. Brick Red Hypholoma, Bricktop, Bricktop Mushroom Hypholoma sublateritium (Fr.) Quel. Sulphur Tuft Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds. ex Fr.) Kumm. Hypholoma capnoides (Fr. ex Fr.) Kumm. Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr. ex Weinm) Kumm. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 43. Pholiota destruens (Brond) Gill. Shaggy Pholiota Pholiota squarrosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm. Pholiota carbonaria (Fr.) Sing. Gymnopilus spectabilis (Fr.) Sing Gymnopilus sapineus (Fr.) R. Maire Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Sing. et Smith Tubaria conspersa (Pers. ex Fr.) Fayod Crepidotus variabilis (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm. Inocybe patouillardii Bres Inocybe fastigiata (Schaeff. ex. Fr.) Quel. Inocybe argillacea (Pers. ex Pers.) Sing. Inocybe lacera (Fr.) Kumm. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 44. Hebeloma radicosum (Bull. ex Fr.) Ricken Jew Ear, Judas Ear Hirneola auricula-judae (Bull. ex St. Amans) Berk. Yellow Brain Fungus, Witches Butter Tremella mesenterica Retz. ex Hook. Yellow Chanterelle Pixie Stool Cantharellus cibarius Fr. ex Fr. Cantharellus tubaeformis Bull. ex Fr. Oyster Fungus, Oyster-cap Fungus, Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kumm. Lentinus Lepideus (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr. 25. GLOSSARY OF BASIC MYCOLOGICAL TERMS www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 45. Niir Project Consultancy Services (NPCS) can provide Startup Book on Mushroom Cultivation and Processing (with Dehydration, Preservation and Canning) See more http://goo.gl/vGh1Xi http://goo.gl/gRhM4U http://goo.gl/aIQ1xq
  • 47. https://goo.gl/VstWkd WWW.ENTREPRENEURINDIA.COwww.niir.org Take a look at NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on #Streetview
  • 48. Locate us on Google Maps https://goo.gl/maps/BKkUtq9gevT2 www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 49. Contact us Niir Project Consultancy Services 106-E, Kamla Nagar, New Delhi-110007, India. Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886 Mobile: +91-9811043595 Fax: +91-11-23841561 Website : www.niir.org www.entrepreneurindia.co Take a look at NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on #StreetView https://goo.gl/VstWkd WWW.NIIR.OR G www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 50. AN ISO 9001:2008 COMPANY www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 51. o One of the leading reliable names in industrial world for providing the most comprehensive technical consulting services o We adopt a systematic approach to provide the strong fundamental support needed for the effective delivery of services to our Clients’ in India & abroad Who are we? www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 52. o Project Identification o Detailed Project Reports/Pre-feasibility Reports o Business Plan o Industry Trends o Market Research Reports o Technology Books and Directory o Databases on CD-ROM o Laboratory Testing Services o Turnkey Project Consultancy/Solutions o Entrepreneur India (An Industrial Monthly Journal) What do we offer? www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 53. o We have two decades long experience in project consultancy and market research field o We empower our customers with the prerequisite know-how to take sound business decisions o We help catalyze business growth by providing distinctive and profound market analysis o We serve a wide array of customers , from individual entrepreneurs to Corporations and Foreign Investors o We use authentic & reliable sources to ensure business precision How are we different ? www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 54. Our Approach Requirement collection Thorough analysis of the project Economic feasibility study of the Project Market potential survey/research Report Compilation www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 55. Who do we serve? o Public-sector Companies o Corporates o Government Undertakings o Individual Entrepreneurs o NRI’s o Foreign Investors o Non-profit Organizations, NBFC’s o Educational Institutions o Embassies & Consulates o Consultancies o Industry / trade associations www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 56. Sectors We Cover o Ayurvedic And Herbal Medicines, Herbal Cosmetics o Alcoholic And Non Alcoholic Beverages, Drinks o Adhesives, Industrial Adhesive, Sealants, Glues, Gum & Resin o Activated Carbon & Activated Charcoal o Aluminium And Aluminium Extrusion Profiles & Sections, o Bio-fertilizers And Biotechnology o Breakfast Snacks And Cereal Food o Bicycle Tyres & Tubes, Bicycle Parts, Bicycle Assembling www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 57. Sectors We Cover Cont… o Bamboo And Cane Based Projects o Building Materials And Construction Projects o Biodegradable & Bioplastic Based Projects o Chemicals (Organic And Inorganic) o Confectionery, Bakery/Baking And Other Food o Cereal Processing o Coconut And Coconut Based Products o Cold Storage For Fruits & Vegetables o Coal & Coal Byproduct www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 58. Sectors We Cover Cont… o Copper & Copper Based Projects o Dairy/Milk Processing o Disinfectants, Pesticides, Insecticides, Mosquito Repellents, o Electrical, Electronic And Computer based Projects o Essential Oils, Oils & Fats And Allied o Engineering Goods o Fibre Glass & Float Glass o Fast Moving Consumer Goods o Food, Bakery, Agro Processing www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 59. Sectors We Cover Cont… o Fruits & Vegetables Processing o Ferro Alloys Based Projects o Fertilizers & Biofertilizers o Ginger & Ginger Based Projects o Herbs And Medicinal Cultivation And Jatropha (Biofuel) o Hotel & Hospitability Projects o Hospital Based Projects o Herbal Based Projects o Inks, Stationery And Export Industries www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 60. Sectors We Cover Cont… o Infrastructure Projects o Jute & Jute Based Products o Leather And Leather Based Projects o Leisure & Entertainment Based Projects o Livestock Farming Of Birds & Animals o Minerals And Minerals o Maize Processing(Wet Milling) & Maize Based Projects o Medical Plastics, Disposables Plastic Syringe, Blood Bags o Organic Farming, Neem Products Etc. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 61. Sectors We Cover Cont… o Paints, Pigments, Varnish & Lacquer o Paper And Paper Board, Paper Recycling Projects o Printing Inks o Packaging Based Projects o Perfumes, Cosmetics And Flavours o Power Generation Based Projects & Renewable Energy Based Projects o Pharmaceuticals And Drugs o Plantations, Farming And Cultivations o Plastic Film, Plastic Waste And Plastic Compounds o Plastic, PVC, PET, HDPE, LDPE Etc. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 62. Sectors We Cover Cont… o Potato And Potato Based Projects o Printing And Packaging o Real Estate, Leisure And Hospitality o Rubber And Rubber Products o Soaps And Detergents o Stationary Products o Spices And Snacks Food o Steel & Steel Products o Textile Auxiliary And Chemicals www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 63. Sectors We Cover Cont… o Township & Residential Complex o Textiles And Readymade Garments o Waste Management & Recycling o Wood & Wood Products o Water Industry(Packaged Drinking Water & Mineral Water) o Wire & Cable www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 64. Contact us Niir Project Consultancy Services 106-E, Kamla Nagar, New Delhi-110007, India. Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886 Mobile: +91-9811043595 Fax: +91-11-23841561 Website : www.niir.org www.entrepreneurindia.co Take a look at NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on #StreetView https://goo.gl/VstWkd WWW.NIIR.ORG www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 66. For more information, visit us at: www.entrepreneurindia.co