Mushroom cultivation is an important industry that provides nutritional and economic benefits. Mushrooms are fungi that can be cultivated on materials like compost and wood logs. The document discusses the types and cultivation process of common edible mushrooms like oyster and button mushrooms. Mushroom cultivation is influenced by environmental factors such as moisture, temperature and light. Mushrooms have various health benefits as they are nutritious and contain proteins, vitamins and minerals. They also aid in bioremediation and decomposition of waste materials. The conclusion states that mushroom cultivation is a growing industry for its low cost and environmental benefits.

1. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
AND ITS IMPORTANCE
PRESENTED BY -
VIOLINA BHUYAN
M.Sc, DEPT. OF LIFE SCIENCE
BANGALORE UNIVERSITY

2. CONTENTS :
➢ INTRODUCTION
➢ TYPES OF MUSHROOM
➢ MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
➢ PROCESS OF MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
➢ ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON MUSHROOM GROWTH
➢ IMPORTANCE OF MUSHROOM
➢ CONCLUSION
➢ REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
➢ A mushroom or toadstool is a fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, that are produced
mainly above the ground on soil, wood logs, or on the surface of its food sources.
➢ Mushrooms belongs to a group of plants known as Fungi and they are the most common and
popular edible fungus that provides several important nutrients to human body.
➢ Most edible mushrooms inhabit the soil while wood inhabiting fungi are non-edible.

4. COMMON NAME – Oyster mushroom
KINGDOM –Fungi
DIVISION – Agaricomycetes
CLASS – Basidiomycetes
ORDER – Agaricales
FAMILY – Pleurotaceae
GENUS – Pleurotus
SPECIES – P. ostreatus
Mushroom CLASSIFICATION
Scientific classification of two of the most common mushroom - Agaricus bispora and Pleurotus ostreatus
COMMON NAME – Button mushroom
KINGDOM – Fungi
DIVISION – Agaricomycetes
CLASS –Basidiomycetes
ORDER – Agaricales
FAMILY – Agaricaceae
GENUS – Agaricus
SPECIES – A. bispora

5. ➢ Mushrooms have common features, whether edible or inedible

7. • In 18th century, mushrooms were cultivated in caves on composted animal manure beds to which later
rotten leaf litter was added.
• In the 1960’s rapid development and growth of mushroom industry, from a primitive cave culture into
highly technical and controlled methods with establishment of research laboratories was stimulated.
• Chinese were the earliest growers of mushroom. Auricularia auricula was first to be cultivated in China
in 600A.D.
• Pleurotus ostreatus (white oyster) was first cultivated in 1900.
• Pleurotus pulmonarius (brown oyster) was first cultivated in 1974.
History of mushroom cultivation

8. TYPES OF MUSHROOMS
EDIBLE MUSHROOMS NON-EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
NON-POISONOUS
MUSHROOMS
POISONOUS
MUSHROOMS
• Mostly belongs to genus
Agaricus.
• Common genera with
edible mushrooms are
❖ Termitomycete
❖ Pleurotus
❖ Chantharelles
❖ Lactaricus
❖ Boletus
❖ Russula
• Tasteless, papery/woody
• Non-fatal
• E.g.- Polypores
• Some can be fatal or some
only cause illness
• Diarrhea, hallucination,
dizziness, nausea.
Agaricus bisporus
Amanita
muscaria
Chlorophyllum molybdates
Polypores
Pleurotus ostreatus

9. How to distinguish poisonous mushrooms from edible mushrooms
Presence of white gills
Presence of a ring
Presence of vulva
Presence of warts on cap
If one finds 3 or more of these characters on one fungi, it is likely to be poisonous. However, some
edible mushrooms also have either 1 or 2 of these features making it very difficult for one to
identify the poisonous one.
Amanita pantberina
Agaricus rubescens

10. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
IN INDIA
➢ In India, mainly 4 types of mushrooms are cultivated i.e., Button mushrooms, Oyster, Milky and Paddy-straw
mushrooms.
➢ Total estimated mushroom production in India in 2016 was around 1.3 lakh tonnes of which, button mushroom
accounts for 3/4th of the production.
Fig. - data collected and shared by ICAR

11. Process of mushroom cultivation
Spawning Substrate Bedding
Casing
&
Pinning
Harvesting
Processing
&
Marketing
Spawning is the
mixing of spawn in
compost. Good
quality of
mushroom spawn
purchased from
commercial labs is
mixed with the
sterilized compost.
Substrate is the
medium on which
mushrooms grow.
E.g., paddy-
straws, wood logs,
wooden shaves
etc., are used for
different
mushroom
varieties.
The mushroom
spawn mixture is
transferred to
several hundred
beds of trays, or
other substrates
used for different
types of
mushrooms.
Casing made of
peat moss, is
spread over the
mushroom bed
serving as a
reservoir to hold in
moisture.
During pinning
stage, “pins” of
mushroom heads
push up through
the casing.
Mushrooms are
harvested through
hands throughout
a 16-35 days
cycle.
Different
mushroom kinds
take different days
cycle to fruit.
Harvested
mushrooms are
processed in order
to ensure best
quality, sorted
mushrooms are
packed and sold in
the market.

13. Environmental factors
on mushroom growth
1. Moisture availability
2. Aeration and light
3. Favorable pH and temperature
PROPER LIGHTING
FACILITY
MUSHROOM
DISEASE
WATERING CULTURE
TRAYS

14. Short term packaging
Dried (long term)
Long term storage
4. Pests and diseases
5. Packaging and storage
Dry bubble Cobweb disease
Green mold disease
Springtail
Infected mushroom
Sciarid larvae

15. IMPORTANCE
MUSHROOMS IN MEDICINE
– About 1800 species are used as medicines to cure various diseases.
– Lentinus edodes (shiitake) lowers blood pressure and have low
cholesterol content.
– Perenniporia mundula is used to treat pleurisy and impotency in
Zambia and Zimbabwe.
– Some species are used to cure nose bleeding and dizziness.
Mushrooms in bioremediation
– Secretes enzymes to hydrolyze unwanted waste materials from
industries.
– Oxidative enzymes produced by some fungi (ex- Phanerochaete
chrysosporium) are used in some industries.
– Some fungi can absorb heavy metals, dyes and cleans contaminated
soil. Example- White rot fungi, Pleurotus sp, Lentinula edodes.
Ganoderma sp Stinkhorn
Lentinus edodes
White rot fungi Peniophora sp

16. Mushrooms as decomposers / saprophytes
• Primary decomposer: Frist to colonize logs, twigs, secreting lignocellulosic enzymes.
Example- Oyster mushrooms, Phanerochaete sp, shitake and other wood fungi.
• Secondary decomposer: Grows on already composted materials with lots of available
simple sugars. Example- Agaricus sp.
Nutritional values of mushrooms
• About 2000-5000 species are used as food, serving as a major source of protein, vitamin B,C & D, amino acids, fibres and anti-
oxidants.
• Mushrooms are the only vegetarian source of vitamin D with vitamin B12 which is not available in any other plant source.
Phanerochaete chrysosporium
CHARACTERISTICS BENEFITS
HIGH QUALITY PROTEINS COMBATS MALNUTRITION
LOW SODIUM, HIGH POTASSIUM CONTROLS HYPERTENSION
ZERO STARCH, LOW SUGAR DELIGHTS DAIBETIES
ZERO CHOLESTEROL HEALTHY HEART
RICH IN FIBRE IMPROVES DIGESTION
FOLIC ACID, VIT B & MINERALS IMPROVES HEALTH
ABSCORBIC ACID & CAROTENOIDS ANTI-OXIDANTS
LOW CALORIE REDUCES OBESITY
SALENIUM ANTI-CANCEROUS
COPPER PROTECTS HEART

17. CONCLUSION
➢ Mushrooms are one of the most popular and versatile gift of nature.
➢ As mushroom holds high nutritional values, it is consumed as a delicacy along with normal
dietary, as well as these days they are processed to give a new product such as mushroom
pickle, seasonings, dried and canned mushrooms, etc.
➢ Many innovative products such as mushroom based building materials, medicines,
biodegradable packaging, mycelium based leather etc. are emerging in various industries and
markets.
➢ Mushrooms cultivation industry is a new growing business for developing countries like India
because they are easy to grow, low cost production, have small growth cycle, zero carbon
emission and waste generation.
➢ Hence mushroom holds a bright future in every aspect owing to its diverse properties.

18. references
➢ KASHANGURA,C., Kunjeku,E., Mabveni,A., Chirara,T., Mswaka,A., Manjonjo-Dalu,V.,(2004)edited.Manual For
Mushroom Cultivation.Biotechnology Trust of Zimbabwe.Harare.ref-14/05/2021
➢ Suman B, Sharma V,(2013) Mushroom Cultivation in India. Daya publishing House,Delhi.ISBN 978-93-5130-021-2,
ref-14/05/2021