shaik umme salma AEM- MFK -1710 COLLEGE OF FISHERIES MANGLORE

1. SK.UMME SALMA,
MFK 1710,
AEM. COFM

2. • Due to the severe impact humans have already inflicted on the landscape
and the expensive cost of real estate, restoring a landscape may be more
feasible than other options.
• This is a relatively new field and many advances have been made
• However, we rarely restore something to its former glory and functionality
INTRODUCTION

3. • Specifically, RE is “the process of intentionally altering a site to establish a
defined, indigenous, historic ecosystem”
• The goal is to emulate the structure, function, diversity and dynamics of the
specific ecosystem
• Moving a degraded system back towards one of greater structural and
functional diversity

4. • Reclamation
• Revegetation
• Rehabilitation
• Re-creation
• Ecological engineering
DIFFERENT RESTORATION APPROACHES

5. • Rehabilitation:
Simply improving degraded habitat, maybe not restoring it
• Reclamation:
Be stabilization of the land and/or minimizing further degradation
• Re-creation :
Attempt to return to historic condition, accuracy
• Replacement:
May recreate a site, which may not be historically accurate
• Enhancement or augmentation:
Add to the degraded condition, but not fully functional

6. • Ecosystem functioning is regulated by nutrient cycling , primary
productivity and energy flow between trophical levels
• And also controlled by top- down mechanism
• The ultimate goal of restoration efforts is to enhance functioning of
degraded ecosystem
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING

7. • Restoration of severely degraded soils involves the restocking of nutrient
capital into the soil
• The SOM(Soil Organic Matter) is one of the most important factor in
determining the functioning of soil(SOM directly increase soil nutrients)
• SOM can be increasing litter input from ecosystem , mineralization &
import top soil from a surrogate site
• Quality of litter inputs influence the rate of mineralization ,which is
usually in proportion to the nutrient capital in soil
RESTORATION OF SOIL

8. • Beach nourishment
• Dune building fences
• Replanting sites where previous failed or die back is experienced
• Applying fertilizer when required to growth and seed production
• Transplanting shrubs and trees on the dunes to facilitate succession
• Controlling invasive non-native plants
• Beneficial soil micro organisms are critical for successful dune
reconstruction
Restoration of coastal sand dunes

9. Abandoning the farms
Reducing logging
Reducing livestock grazing
Reduce non native species
PASSIVE RESTORATION ACTIVE RESTORATION
Restoration of buffer zones
Regeneration of Niches
Reforestation
Direct seeding of native
plants
Enrichment planting

11. • Restoration of critical habitat is essential for enhancing survival of
populations endangered species .
• The critical habitat for endangered species is composed of complex
factors and is specific for each species .
• The hierarchical order used by endangered species in selecting a critical
habitat is the geographical ranges of the species, the home of an
individual,the use of particular habitat elements with in the home range
and the actual food items that an animal selects.
RESTORATION OF CRITICAL HABITS

13. • Re-establishing the hydrological functioning.
• Aims at building the original hydrological conditions of degraded site by
using engineering solutions such as building levees or dams or filling
existing drainage systems.
• Effort can effectively restore important component of the natural
hydrology of wet land.
RESTORATION OF WETLANDS

14. • Introduction of native plants.
• Strategic seeding .
• Out planting of seedlings.
• Mature plants , rhizomes or cutting
of native plants .
• Transplant whole turfs of wet
lands to increase species richness .
• Control of invasive or undesirable
plants
ACTIVE PASSIVE
•Seed dispersal into degraded
wet lands are located adjacent
to pristine or less degraded
wet lands.
•Rhizome pieces can be
dispersed in floodwater as
such propagates can be
effective in establishing new
populations.

15. RESTORATION OF LAKES
• Prevent nutrient loads through engineering methods (sediment dredging
and removal).
• Increase in zooplankton populations can result in lower algal population.
• Biomanipulation: Restoration of the zooplankton populations is achieved
by reducing or removing temporarily resident fish populations.
• Top –down trophic control of algal populations.
• Prevent vegetation growth towards lakes
• Prevent water pollution from industries , garbages etc .
• Chemical treatment to raise pH of water (Acidification)

20. • Information on the geomorphic ,hydrological and ecological functioning of
the river.
• Prevent siltation of the river bed(soil erosion of agricultural lands is one of
the main factors behind siltation of rivers).
• Introducing irregular flow patterns to increase the hydrological
capacity(introducing gravels).
• Prevent the construction of reservoirs by large scales in rivers.
• Restoration strategies increase the complexity and heterogeneity of the
river environment.
RESTORATION OF RIVERS

21. RESTORATION OF INDIA

22. • To protect the natural environment
• To regenerate and restore degraded ecosystems and increase their
productivity and to generate employment through these activities
• To decentralise control over nature and natural resources
• To develop and share an understanding of nature and natural processes
8th FIVE YEAR PLAN OF INDIA

23. • To formulate a national policy for environment and an appropriate
institutional and legal framework in support of the policy.
• To ensure co-ordinated and integrated Governmental action aimed at
conserving nature and sustainable use of natural resources.
• To make individuals and institutions more accountable to the people for
their actions impinging on environment and ecosystem.
• To monitor the state of environment.

24. • The Ganga action plan was, launched by Shri Rajeev Gandhi, the then
Prime Minister of India on 14 Jan.
• 1986 with the main objective of pollution abatement.
• To improve the water quality by Interception.
• Diversion and treatment of domestic sewage and present toxic and
industrial chemical wastes from identified grossly polluting units entering
in to the river.
GANGA ACTION PLAN

25. HOLY GANGA

26. • Prime minister Narendra Modi affirmed to work for cleaning the river and
controlling Pollution.Subsequently, Namami Ganga
• In the budget tabled in Parliament on 2014 , the Union Finance
Minister Arun Jaitley announced an integrated Ganga development project
titled Namami Ganga and allocated 20,000 crore for this purpose.
• As a part of the program, government of India ordered the shut down of 48
industrial units around Ganga.
NAMAMI GANGA

27. POLLUTION IN GANGA
• Cities with most polluted Ganges water
• -Kanpur
• -Mirzapur
• -Varanasi
• -Allahabad
• -Patna
• - When Ganga flows from highly populous areas the Ganges collects large
amounts of human pollutants such as faecal coliforms and Schistosoma
mansoni.

29. RIVER YAMUNA
• The Yamuna is the largest tributary river of Ganga in northern India.
• It originates from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height 6,387 mtrs., on the
south western slopes of Banderpooch peaks in the Lower Himalayas.
• It travels a total length of 1,376 kilometers before merging with the
Ganges at Triveni Sangam, Allahabad, the site for the Kumbha Mela every
twelve years.

30. • YAMUNA, the largest tributary of the Ganga river, is all set to get an "eco
health" recamp in the region
• The Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) is a bilateral project between
the Government of India and Japan.
• It is one of the largest river restoration projects in India.
• The government of Japan, via the Japanese Bank for International
Cooperation (JBIC), has provided financial aid of 17.7 billion yen to carry
out the project, which is being executed by the National River
Conservation Directorate, the Ministry of Environment and Forests, and
the Government of India.
YAMUNA ACTION PLAN

31. POLLUTION IN YAMUNA RIVER
• According to one official it describes the river as a ‘sewage drain’ with
‘Biochemical oxygen demand’ values ranging from 14 to 28 mg/l and high
coliform content.
• Due to high density population growth, rapid industrialization, today
Yamuna is one of the most polluted rivers in the world.
•

34. • Restoration is the separate field in ecology.
• It provide an opportunity to recreate our natural existence .
• It is the scientific study supporting the practice of ecological restoration,
which is the practice of renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or
destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the environment by active human
intervention and action.
• We can make our ecosystem healthy through restoration.
SUMMARY

36. THANK U