Succession
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Ecological succession is a series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time, typically resulting in an increase in species diversity. Succession can be primary, occurring in areas with no previous community traces like new lava, or secondary, in partially disturbed areas where soil survives. Pioneer species alter the environment making it suitable for other species in successional stages from grasses to shade-tolerant trees in a climax community.
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Ecological Succession
This presentation summarizes the key concepts of an ecological succession, citing clear examples. It gives readers an understanding of the stages involved in both primary and secondary succession.
Forest succession and stages ppt
Ecological succession describes the natural process of environmental change through which the species composition of an area evolves over time. Primary succession begins from abiotic conditions like newly exposed rock, while secondary succession follows disturbances that remove existing life but leave soil intact. Succession proceeds through stages as pioneer species establish and modify conditions, allowing more complex plants and wildlife to gradually occupy the area until a climax community develops. Forest succession in Oregon moves from lichen and moss pioneers to shrub, young forest, mature forest, and finally climax stages dominated by species like hemlock, pine and fir.
Xerosere
Ecological succession begins on bare rock surfaces through pioneering crustose lichens. As lichens decompose, they provide nutrients for mosses to grow. Moss growth traps more soil particles and creates suitable conditions for herbs. Herbaceous plants further weather the rock and add humus. Shrubs later invade and are followed by trees, which constitute the climax forest community. Multiple intermediate seral stages typically evolve over time as the ecosystem advances towards its climax conditions.
Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process by which one ecological community replaces another over time. There are two types of succession: primary and secondary. Primary succession occurs in areas without soil, like volcanic slopes, and involves pioneer species that help form soil and allow other plants and animals to move in over time. Secondary succession occurs in areas with existing soil that has been disturbed, like after a forest fire, and the process of the community reestablishing is faster since soil is already present. Both primary and secondary succession follow a similar pattern of colonization from small pioneer species to larger plants and animals that make up a climax community.
Succession Definitions
Ecological succession is the orderly progression of a vegetation community through developmental stages over time, eventually reaching a climax community. The key stages are:
1) Pioneer species first colonize the bare ground, exploiting the lack of competition. Moss and other low-growing plants are common pioneers.
2) After a few years, competition and environmental changes increase as the number of species grows. Soil develops, temperatures moderate, and nutrients rise with more complex food webs and larger herbivores present.
3) Further successional stages occur until a stable climax community is reached that is in equilibrium with the local climate and environment. In the UK, deciduous oak woodland is a common climax community
ecological succession
Ecological succession describes how communities of plants and animals change over time in a particular area. There are two types of succession: primary succession, which occurs in areas without soil like after a volcanic eruption, and secondary succession, which occurs in areas with existing soil like after a forest fire. During primary succession, pioneer species like lichens and mosses establish first and help develop soil over time. Later stages see grasses and shrubs followed by trees. Secondary succession reestablishes ecosystems more quickly since soil remains intact, beginning with plants adapted to disturbed areas like fireweed before trees and other late stage species return. All succession leads eventually to a climax community of species best adapted to the local environment that will persist until
Succession notes 2013
Primary succession occurs when organisms first colonize lifeless areas, gradually changing conditions until an ecosystem forms. Secondary succession occurs more rapidly when organisms recolonize areas where ecosystems previously existed but were disturbed. Both primary and secondary succession involve predictable changes in communities over time that help maintain equilibrium in ecosystems.
Ecological succession
The numbers and types of species that live in them generally change through time. This is called ecological succession.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Govt. Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
Phone: 9010705687
Recommended
Ecological Succession
This presentation summarizes the key concepts of an ecological succession, citing clear examples. It gives readers an understanding of the stages involved in both primary and secondary succession.
Forest succession and stages ppt
Ecological succession describes the natural process of environmental change through which the species composition of an area evolves over time. Primary succession begins from abiotic conditions like newly exposed rock, while secondary succession follows disturbances that remove existing life but leave soil intact. Succession proceeds through stages as pioneer species establish and modify conditions, allowing more complex plants and wildlife to gradually occupy the area until a climax community develops. Forest succession in Oregon moves from lichen and moss pioneers to shrub, young forest, mature forest, and finally climax stages dominated by species like hemlock, pine and fir.
Xerosere
Ecological succession begins on bare rock surfaces through pioneering crustose lichens. As lichens decompose, they provide nutrients for mosses to grow. Moss growth traps more soil particles and creates suitable conditions for herbs. Herbaceous plants further weather the rock and add humus. Shrubs later invade and are followed by trees, which constitute the climax forest community. Multiple intermediate seral stages typically evolve over time as the ecosystem advances towards its climax conditions.
Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process by which one ecological community replaces another over time. There are two types of succession: primary and secondary. Primary succession occurs in areas without soil, like volcanic slopes, and involves pioneer species that help form soil and allow other plants and animals to move in over time. Secondary succession occurs in areas with existing soil that has been disturbed, like after a forest fire, and the process of the community reestablishing is faster since soil is already present. Both primary and secondary succession follow a similar pattern of colonization from small pioneer species to larger plants and animals that make up a climax community.
Succession Definitions
Ecological succession is the orderly progression of a vegetation community through developmental stages over time, eventually reaching a climax community. The key stages are:
1) Pioneer species first colonize the bare ground, exploiting the lack of competition. Moss and other low-growing plants are common pioneers.
2) After a few years, competition and environmental changes increase as the number of species grows. Soil develops, temperatures moderate, and nutrients rise with more complex food webs and larger herbivores present.
3) Further successional stages occur until a stable climax community is reached that is in equilibrium with the local climate and environment. In the UK, deciduous oak woodland is a common climax community
ecological succession
Ecological succession describes how communities of plants and animals change over time in a particular area. There are two types of succession: primary succession, which occurs in areas without soil like after a volcanic eruption, and secondary succession, which occurs in areas with existing soil like after a forest fire. During primary succession, pioneer species like lichens and mosses establish first and help develop soil over time. Later stages see grasses and shrubs followed by trees. Secondary succession reestablishes ecosystems more quickly since soil remains intact, beginning with plants adapted to disturbed areas like fireweed before trees and other late stage species return. All succession leads eventually to a climax community of species best adapted to the local environment that will persist until
Succession notes 2013
Primary succession occurs when organisms first colonize lifeless areas, gradually changing conditions until an ecosystem forms. Secondary succession occurs more rapidly when organisms recolonize areas where ecosystems previously existed but were disturbed. Both primary and secondary succession involve predictable changes in communities over time that help maintain equilibrium in ecosystems.
Ecological succession
The numbers and types of species that live in them generally change through time. This is called ecological succession.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Govt. Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
Phone: 9010705687
Plant succession
This document summarizes plant succession, which is the process of community change over time as different plant species colonize an area. It discusses primary succession, which begins in unoccupied areas like bare rock or sand, and secondary succession, which begins after an existing vegetation is destroyed. The stages of succession - including pioneer, seral, and climax communities - are explained. Primary examples provided are hydrosere, which occurs in aquatic environments like lakes, and xerosere, which occurs in dry environments like bare rock. Key trends during succession include increasing structural complexity, species diversity, biomass, and stability.
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The document provides definitions and review questions for a unit test on organisms and the environment. It defines key terms related to ecology, succession, habitats, populations, species, water, and sustainability. It also provides example questions and answers about primary and secondary succession, the goal of succession, impacts of fertilizer and groundwater use.
Subliminal Science Objective 2
Primary succession occurs in areas where no ecosystem previously existed, starting with bare rock and slowly developing mosses, lichens, grasses, shrubs, young trees and eventually a mature forest climax community over time. Secondary succession is the process of ecological recovery after a disturbance, where soil is already present, and the succession starts with weeds and grasses and progresses through similar stages as primary succession to a climax community. The key difference is that secondary succession has pre-existing soil while primary succession starts without soil.
046 ecological succession
Succession is the natural, orderly change in plant and animal communities that occurs at the same place over a period of time. In all communities, the composition of species changes over a period of time. Ecological succession leads to species diversity as it progresses. Secondary succession generally occurs faster than primary succession and is more likely to actually occur than latter
Succession Lesson1
The document discusses coastal ecosystems, specifically sand dune and salt marsh ecosystems. It describes how ecosystems are made up of biotic and abiotic factors that interact, and how succession leads to changes in vegetation over time in response to changing environmental conditions. Succession in sand dunes is called psammosere and in salt marshes is called halosere. Through the process of succession, pioneer species first colonize before more diverse and woody vegetation develops, eventually reaching a climax community best suited to the environment.
Hydrosere
1. Plant succession is the orderly change of plant communities over time in a given area. Hydrosere is the succession that occurs in aquatic environments like ponds and lakes.
2. The stages of hydrosere succession include a phytoplankton stage, rooted submerged stage, rooted floating stage, reed-swamp stage, sedge meadow stage, woodland stage, and a climax forest stage.
3. Xerosere is succession on bare rock surfaces. It begins with crustose lichens colonizing the rock, followed by foliose and fruticose lichens, then mosses, herbs, shrubs, trees, and ultimately a climax forest community.
U3.4 Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process by which the composition or structure of a biological community evolves over time. It is triggered by a disturbance which kills or displaces existing community members. Pioneer species are the first to colonize the disturbed area, improving conditions for subsequent species and facilitating further ecological succession. Over time, the community may progress to a relatively stable climax ecosystem, though disturbances ensure nature remains dynamic. Succession can occur through primary colonization of new areas or secondary regrowth after minor disturbances in previously inhabited areas. Aquatic succession involves sediment filling in bodies of water over time. Fire is a common disturbance supporting fire climax ecosystems through periodic resetting.
mosaic approach to landscape management. #biodiversity
the mosaic approach to landscape management is an evolutionary step up from a species approach; you design the places important species can thrive. It's being done well in England.
Ecology ecological succession
Ecological succession is the gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure over time in an area. It occurs through two main types - primary succession, which establishes communities on new areas like bare rock, and secondary succession, which occurs in previously inhabited areas affected by disturbances. Succession proceeds through stages from pioneer to climax communities as conditions change. Deforestation in the Amazon has led to large-scale land use changes and succession, with many secondary forest bird species colonizing but few displacing original forest birds over time. Roads may facilitate some species invasions but succession appears reversible through forest regrowth.
AP Environmental Science Ch. 5, part 3 Miller LITE
This document discusses ecological succession, which is the process of change in an ecosystem over time as the environment changes. There are two types of succession: primary and secondary. Primary succession occurs on new land with no soil, beginning with pioneers like mosses and lichens that break down rock to form soil and allow more complex plants and trees to eventually form a climax community. Secondary succession occurs more quickly on previously inhabited land that has been disturbed, like abandoned farmland, as soil is already present. Succession is always occurring as environments constantly change due to factors like fires, floods, or other disturbances.
Luis Flores project succession
This document discusses ecological succession. It defines primary succession as occurring on new surfaces without soil, like after a volcanic eruption, and secondary succession occurring after a disturbance that removes vegetation but leaves soil intact, like after a clear-cutting. Several abiotic and biotic factors that can influence succession patterns are described, including soil development, moisture retention, light availability, species interactions, temperature, and rainfall. Primary and secondary succession are illustrated through examples of a volcanic eruption and clear-cutting respectively.
Natural & Cultural Landscape
The document defines key terms related to natural and cultural landscapes. It describes natural landscapes as consisting of relief, climate, soils, and vegetation interacting as a system. Cultural landscapes are defined as areas where human activities and modifications have influenced the natural landscape through land use, transport features, population and settlement. Interactions between natural elements and influences of natural features on cultural landscapes are also discussed.
Landslide and soil erosion
Landslides and soil erosion are naturally occurring geological processes that can be exacerbated by human activities like deforestation, construction, and agriculture. Landslides involve the downslope movement of earth and rock due to external forces like rainfall, earthquakes, or melting snow. Soil erosion is the removal of topsoil by wind and water. Common types of erosion include sheet erosion and gully erosion. Mitigation measures include terracing slopes, contour ploughing, and maintaining vegetative cover to control erosion and stabilize slopes. Uncontrolled human activities that disturb land and vegetation can increase the risks of landslides and erosion.
Soil erosion
The document discusses processes that shape Earth's surface, focusing on weathering and soil erosion. It defines soil erosion as the movement of rocks and soil from one place to another. The main agents of soil erosion are identified as water, wind, animals, and humans. Students are tasked with investigating the extent of soil erosion in their community and writing a paragraph on its effects on living things and the environment.
Soil Profile Rebuilding, A technique for Rehabilitating Compacted Urban Soils
This document discusses soil profile rebuilding as a technique for rehabilitating compacted urban soils. It begins by explaining the problems caused by compacted soil, such as reduced water infiltration and carbon storage. Soil profile rebuilding is then presented as a solution that involves using a backhoe to till compost deep into the soil profile. Studies found this technique increased water infiltration rates, reduced bulk density, and doubled tree canopy areas after 7 years compared to untreated soils. The document concludes by providing references for further information on soil profile rebuilding specifications and research.
2.factors affecting variety of species in an ecosystem
The document discusses factors that affect biodiversity in ecosystems, including species niches, adaptations, habitat destruction, and competition for resources. It provides examples of how Darwin's finches and desert plants adapted to their environments. Habitat destruction from human activities like agriculture, construction, pollution and overgrazing has reduced biodiversity by destroying habitats and causing species extinction. All animals exhibit behavioral adaptations to environmental stimuli that help their survival, like woodlice moving to damp dark places. Competition for essential resources occurs between members of the same and different species.
Weathering and Erosion
Rocks vary in size, shape, and texture due to weathering and erosion over hundreds of years. Weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering is caused by forces like water, wind, ice, and plants. Chemical weathering occurs when acids from water and carbon dioxide dissolve minerals. Erosion then transports these sediment particles to new locations through agents like wind, water, and animals. This constant weathering and erosion gradually reshapes the landscape over time.
Preventing soil erosion 02 20-12
Humans must work to prevent soil erosion through responsible stewardship of the earth. Key methods include terracing, contour plowing, and strip cropping to slow water runoff and preserve soil minerals. Reforestation helps stabilize soil with tree roots, while educating farmers on sustainable practices can discourage activities like kaingin that damage the land over time. Together, these farming techniques and education can reduce erosion and protect the soil for future generations.
Soil erosion
This document discusses soil erosion including its causes, types, and agents. It defines soil erosion as the detachment, transportation, and deposition of soil particles by forces like wind and water. The two main types of erosion are geologic erosion, which is the natural, balanced process of soil formation and loss, and accelerated erosion, which exceeds the natural rate due to human and natural causes. Water and wind are the primary agents of soil erosion. Factors like vegetation removal, improper land use, and slope steepness can increase soil erosion and negatively impact crop production, waterways, and infrastructure.
Soil erosion introduction
The document discusses soil erosion, which is defined as the detachment, transportation and deposition of soil particles by forces like water and wind. It notes that the top 30 cm of soil is important for wildlife and humans. Soil erosion is caused by the removal of natural protective cover through deforestation and overgrazing, as well as improper land use like leaving land barren or using crops that accelerate erosion. Effects of soil erosion include reduced soil fertility, silted reservoirs, and damage to infrastructure. The document then discusses factors that affect erosion like rainfall, slope and plant cover, and types of erosion such as geologic and accelerated erosion.
Trophic levels
Primary producers use energy from the sun or chemicals to produce organic molecules. Consumers rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients. There are different types of consumers including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, scavengers, decomposers, and detritivores. Food chains show the transfer of energy between organisms through eating, while food webs show complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem. Trophic levels refer to the steps in a food chain, with primary producers at the base and increasing consumer levels above. Only about 10% of available energy is transferred between trophic levels.
Notes symbiosis
Symbiosis is a close association between two different species. There are three types of symbiotic relationships: commensalism, where one species benefits while the other is not affected; mutualism, where both species benefit from the relationship; and parasitism, where one species benefits while harming the other. Examples provided include epiphytic plants in commensalism with trees, mycorrhizal fungi in a mutualistic relationship with plant roots, and tapeworms as parasites that live in animal digestive tracts and steal nutrients. The document concludes with a homework assignment to research and write about one example of mutualism and parasitism.
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Plant succession
This document summarizes plant succession, which is the process of community change over time as different plant species colonize an area. It discusses primary succession, which begins in unoccupied areas like bare rock or sand, and secondary succession, which begins after an existing vegetation is destroyed. The stages of succession - including pioneer, seral, and climax communities - are explained. Primary examples provided are hydrosere, which occurs in aquatic environments like lakes, and xerosere, which occurs in dry environments like bare rock. Key trends during succession include increasing structural complexity, species diversity, biomass, and stability.
Unit 6- Water and Succession review & answer key
The document provides definitions and review questions for a unit test on organisms and the environment. It defines key terms related to ecology, succession, habitats, populations, species, water, and sustainability. It also provides example questions and answers about primary and secondary succession, the goal of succession, impacts of fertilizer and groundwater use.
Subliminal Science Objective 2
Primary succession occurs in areas where no ecosystem previously existed, starting with bare rock and slowly developing mosses, lichens, grasses, shrubs, young trees and eventually a mature forest climax community over time. Secondary succession is the process of ecological recovery after a disturbance, where soil is already present, and the succession starts with weeds and grasses and progresses through similar stages as primary succession to a climax community. The key difference is that secondary succession has pre-existing soil while primary succession starts without soil.
046 ecological succession
Succession is the natural, orderly change in plant and animal communities that occurs at the same place over a period of time. In all communities, the composition of species changes over a period of time. Ecological succession leads to species diversity as it progresses. Secondary succession generally occurs faster than primary succession and is more likely to actually occur than latter
Succession Lesson1
The document discusses coastal ecosystems, specifically sand dune and salt marsh ecosystems. It describes how ecosystems are made up of biotic and abiotic factors that interact, and how succession leads to changes in vegetation over time in response to changing environmental conditions. Succession in sand dunes is called psammosere and in salt marshes is called halosere. Through the process of succession, pioneer species first colonize before more diverse and woody vegetation develops, eventually reaching a climax community best suited to the environment.
Hydrosere
1. Plant succession is the orderly change of plant communities over time in a given area. Hydrosere is the succession that occurs in aquatic environments like ponds and lakes.
2. The stages of hydrosere succession include a phytoplankton stage, rooted submerged stage, rooted floating stage, reed-swamp stage, sedge meadow stage, woodland stage, and a climax forest stage.
3. Xerosere is succession on bare rock surfaces. It begins with crustose lichens colonizing the rock, followed by foliose and fruticose lichens, then mosses, herbs, shrubs, trees, and ultimately a climax forest community.
U3.4 Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process by which the composition or structure of a biological community evolves over time. It is triggered by a disturbance which kills or displaces existing community members. Pioneer species are the first to colonize the disturbed area, improving conditions for subsequent species and facilitating further ecological succession. Over time, the community may progress to a relatively stable climax ecosystem, though disturbances ensure nature remains dynamic. Succession can occur through primary colonization of new areas or secondary regrowth after minor disturbances in previously inhabited areas. Aquatic succession involves sediment filling in bodies of water over time. Fire is a common disturbance supporting fire climax ecosystems through periodic resetting.
mosaic approach to landscape management. #biodiversity
the mosaic approach to landscape management is an evolutionary step up from a species approach; you design the places important species can thrive. It's being done well in England.
Ecology ecological succession
Ecological succession is the gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure over time in an area. It occurs through two main types - primary succession, which establishes communities on new areas like bare rock, and secondary succession, which occurs in previously inhabited areas affected by disturbances. Succession proceeds through stages from pioneer to climax communities as conditions change. Deforestation in the Amazon has led to large-scale land use changes and succession, with many secondary forest bird species colonizing but few displacing original forest birds over time. Roads may facilitate some species invasions but succession appears reversible through forest regrowth.
AP Environmental Science Ch. 5, part 3 Miller LITE
This document discusses ecological succession, which is the process of change in an ecosystem over time as the environment changes. There are two types of succession: primary and secondary. Primary succession occurs on new land with no soil, beginning with pioneers like mosses and lichens that break down rock to form soil and allow more complex plants and trees to eventually form a climax community. Secondary succession occurs more quickly on previously inhabited land that has been disturbed, like abandoned farmland, as soil is already present. Succession is always occurring as environments constantly change due to factors like fires, floods, or other disturbances.
Luis Flores project succession
This document discusses ecological succession. It defines primary succession as occurring on new surfaces without soil, like after a volcanic eruption, and secondary succession occurring after a disturbance that removes vegetation but leaves soil intact, like after a clear-cutting. Several abiotic and biotic factors that can influence succession patterns are described, including soil development, moisture retention, light availability, species interactions, temperature, and rainfall. Primary and secondary succession are illustrated through examples of a volcanic eruption and clear-cutting respectively.
Natural & Cultural Landscape
The document defines key terms related to natural and cultural landscapes. It describes natural landscapes as consisting of relief, climate, soils, and vegetation interacting as a system. Cultural landscapes are defined as areas where human activities and modifications have influenced the natural landscape through land use, transport features, population and settlement. Interactions between natural elements and influences of natural features on cultural landscapes are also discussed.
Landslide and soil erosion
Landslides and soil erosion are naturally occurring geological processes that can be exacerbated by human activities like deforestation, construction, and agriculture. Landslides involve the downslope movement of earth and rock due to external forces like rainfall, earthquakes, or melting snow. Soil erosion is the removal of topsoil by wind and water. Common types of erosion include sheet erosion and gully erosion. Mitigation measures include terracing slopes, contour ploughing, and maintaining vegetative cover to control erosion and stabilize slopes. Uncontrolled human activities that disturb land and vegetation can increase the risks of landslides and erosion.
Soil erosion
The document discusses processes that shape Earth's surface, focusing on weathering and soil erosion. It defines soil erosion as the movement of rocks and soil from one place to another. The main agents of soil erosion are identified as water, wind, animals, and humans. Students are tasked with investigating the extent of soil erosion in their community and writing a paragraph on its effects on living things and the environment.
Soil Profile Rebuilding, A technique for Rehabilitating Compacted Urban Soils
This document discusses soil profile rebuilding as a technique for rehabilitating compacted urban soils. It begins by explaining the problems caused by compacted soil, such as reduced water infiltration and carbon storage. Soil profile rebuilding is then presented as a solution that involves using a backhoe to till compost deep into the soil profile. Studies found this technique increased water infiltration rates, reduced bulk density, and doubled tree canopy areas after 7 years compared to untreated soils. The document concludes by providing references for further information on soil profile rebuilding specifications and research.
2.factors affecting variety of species in an ecosystem
The document discusses factors that affect biodiversity in ecosystems, including species niches, adaptations, habitat destruction, and competition for resources. It provides examples of how Darwin's finches and desert plants adapted to their environments. Habitat destruction from human activities like agriculture, construction, pollution and overgrazing has reduced biodiversity by destroying habitats and causing species extinction. All animals exhibit behavioral adaptations to environmental stimuli that help their survival, like woodlice moving to damp dark places. Competition for essential resources occurs between members of the same and different species.
Weathering and Erosion
Rocks vary in size, shape, and texture due to weathering and erosion over hundreds of years. Weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering is caused by forces like water, wind, ice, and plants. Chemical weathering occurs when acids from water and carbon dioxide dissolve minerals. Erosion then transports these sediment particles to new locations through agents like wind, water, and animals. This constant weathering and erosion gradually reshapes the landscape over time.
Preventing soil erosion 02 20-12
Humans must work to prevent soil erosion through responsible stewardship of the earth. Key methods include terracing, contour plowing, and strip cropping to slow water runoff and preserve soil minerals. Reforestation helps stabilize soil with tree roots, while educating farmers on sustainable practices can discourage activities like kaingin that damage the land over time. Together, these farming techniques and education can reduce erosion and protect the soil for future generations.
Soil erosion
This document discusses soil erosion including its causes, types, and agents. It defines soil erosion as the detachment, transportation, and deposition of soil particles by forces like wind and water. The two main types of erosion are geologic erosion, which is the natural, balanced process of soil formation and loss, and accelerated erosion, which exceeds the natural rate due to human and natural causes. Water and wind are the primary agents of soil erosion. Factors like vegetation removal, improper land use, and slope steepness can increase soil erosion and negatively impact crop production, waterways, and infrastructure.
Soil erosion introduction
The document discusses soil erosion, which is defined as the detachment, transportation and deposition of soil particles by forces like water and wind. It notes that the top 30 cm of soil is important for wildlife and humans. Soil erosion is caused by the removal of natural protective cover through deforestation and overgrazing, as well as improper land use like leaving land barren or using crops that accelerate erosion. Effects of soil erosion include reduced soil fertility, silted reservoirs, and damage to infrastructure. The document then discusses factors that affect erosion like rainfall, slope and plant cover, and types of erosion such as geologic and accelerated erosion.
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mosaic approach to landscape management. #biodiversity
mosaic approach to landscape management. #biodiversity
AP Environmental Science Ch. 5, part 3 Miller LITE
AP Environmental Science Ch. 5, part 3 Miller LITE
Soil Profile Rebuilding, A technique for Rehabilitating Compacted Urban Soils
Soil Profile Rebuilding, A technique for Rehabilitating Compacted Urban Soils
2.factors affecting variety of species in an ecosystem
2.factors affecting variety of species in an ecosystem
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Notes symbiosis
Symbiosis is a close association between two different species. There are three types of symbiotic relationships: commensalism, where one species benefits while the other is not affected; mutualism, where both species benefit from the relationship; and parasitism, where one species benefits while harming the other. Examples provided include epiphytic plants in commensalism with trees, mycorrhizal fungi in a mutualistic relationship with plant roots, and tapeworms as parasites that live in animal digestive tracts and steal nutrients. The document concludes with a homework assignment to research and write about one example of mutualism and parasitism.
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8[1].1 biotic & abiotic components
This document discusses the components and interactions within ecosystems. It defines an ecosystem and identifies its two main components as abiotic (non-living) factors like climate and biotic (living) organisms. The biotic components are classified into producers, consumers, and decomposers. Their interactions through food chains, food webs, and symbiosis are explained. Competition between organisms and predator-prey relationships are also covered.
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The document summarizes the key components of an ecosystem. It describes abiotic components as non-living physical and chemical factors like air, water, soil, and basic elements. Biotic components are the living parts, including populations of animals, plants, and microbes. It outlines the relationships between these groups, with autotrophs (producers) converting inorganic materials to organic materials through photosynthesis, heterotrophs (consumers) feeding on autotrophs or other organisms, and saprotrophs (decomposers) breaking down dead organic matter and recycling nutrients.
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Bonding with ecosystems
This is basically from one of the chapters of 9th std of SSC board of India..........abt the ecosystems...:)
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This document introduces the concepts of ecology, ecosystems, biotic and abiotic factors. It defines ecology as the study of relationships between living and non-living things in environments. An ecosystem includes all biotic factors such as plants, animals and microbes as well as abiotic factors like air, water and soil. Biotic factors interact with each other and abiotic factors in complex ways. The document also discusses biomes as large regional communities defined by climate and plant life, and provides examples of biomes and ecosystems.
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Succession
- 2. Succession (pg 12) • Ecological succession: series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time. Over the course of succession, the number of different species present typically increases.
- 3. Succession (pg 12) • Ecological succession: series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time. Over the course of succession, the number of different species present typically increases. • Succession answers these questions: 1. How do communities change over time?
- 4. Succession (pg 12) • Ecological succession: series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time. Over the course of succession, the number of different species present typically increases. • Succession answers these questions: 1. How do communities change over time? 2. How do ecosystems return to “normal” following a disturbance (flood, fire, logging, etc.)
- 5. Primary succession • Succession that occurs in an area in which no trace of a previous community is present
- 6. Primary succession • Succession that occurs in an area in which no trace of a previous community is present • Examples: Newly cooled lava, bare rock exposed by retreating glaciers
- 7. Primary succession • Succession that occurs in an area in which no trace of a previous community is present • Examples: Newly cooled lava, bare rock exposed by retreating glaciers • First species to colonize are called pioneer species. Lichens come first and begin the break the rock down into soil, then grasses arrive
- 8. Secondary Succession • Type of succession that occurs in areas that were only partially destroyed by disturbances
- 9. Secondary Succession • Type of succession that occurs in areas that were only partially destroyed by disturbances • Proceeds faster than primary succession because soil survives the disturbance
- 10. Secondary Succession • Type of succession that occurs in areas that were only partially destroyed by disturbances • Proceeds faster than primary succession because soil survives the disturbance • Examples: Wildfire, hurricane, flood, logging, farming
- 11. Why does Succession occur? • Pioneer species alter the environment, making it easier for other species to survive
- 12. Why does Succession occur? • Pioneer species alter the environment, making it easier for other species to survive • Example: Lichens and grasses add organic matter to the soil, making it suitable for larger plants like shrubs and trees.
- 13. Steps of Secondary Succession 1. Grasses and herbaceous plants (fireweed)
- 14. Steps of Secondary Succession 1. Grasses and herbaceous plants (fireweed) 2. Shrubs and small trees (willow and alder)
- 15. Steps of Secondary Succession 1. Grasses and herbaceous plants (fireweed) 2. Shrubs and small trees (willow and alder) 3. Sun-loving trees (douglas fir, ponderosa pine)
- 16. Steps of Secondary Succession 1. Grasses and herbaceous plants (fireweed) 2. Shrubs and small trees (willow and alder) 3. Sun-loving trees (douglas fir, ponderosa pine) 4. Shade-tolerant trees (spruce, hemlock)
- 17. Climax community • The final stage of succession. Community remains relatively stable until damaged or destroyed by a disturbance
- 18. Output (pg 13) • Draw primary and secondary succession • Use pictures on pg 106 and 107 as a guide