Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
Ecological Succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over a period of time.
But, over a long period of time, the climate conditions of an ecosystem is bound to change.
No ecosystem has existed or will remain unchanged over a Geological Time Scale.
Biotic factors also regulate the size of populations more intensely. Finally, the influence of biotic interactions can occur at two different levels. Interspecific effects are direct interactions between species, and the intraspecific effects represent interactions of individuals within a single species.
you will learn about the primary and secondary productivity involved in ecosystem and about its types. it includes gross and net primary productivity also.
The gradual replacement of one community by another in the development of vegetation towards a climax is the culmination stage in plant succession for a given environment.
Points on biomes,habitat,ecotone and their differentations.
also on terrestrial ,wetland,fresh water,marine habitat and their types .Explained much with pictures..so easy to remember and to take class .Hope this may help....
There are several aspects in which the components of geography and ecology are similar in their concepts and applications.
In several areas, these two subjects also go hand-in-hand.
Geography and ecology are related to each other. An understanding of ecology and its relation with geography is needed. This module explains their inter-relationships.
Ecological Succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over a period of time.
But, over a long period of time, the climate conditions of an ecosystem is bound to change.
No ecosystem has existed or will remain unchanged over a Geological Time Scale.
Biotic factors also regulate the size of populations more intensely. Finally, the influence of biotic interactions can occur at two different levels. Interspecific effects are direct interactions between species, and the intraspecific effects represent interactions of individuals within a single species.
you will learn about the primary and secondary productivity involved in ecosystem and about its types. it includes gross and net primary productivity also.
The gradual replacement of one community by another in the development of vegetation towards a climax is the culmination stage in plant succession for a given environment.
Points on biomes,habitat,ecotone and their differentations.
also on terrestrial ,wetland,fresh water,marine habitat and their types .Explained much with pictures..so easy to remember and to take class .Hope this may help....
There are several aspects in which the components of geography and ecology are similar in their concepts and applications.
In several areas, these two subjects also go hand-in-hand.
Geography and ecology are related to each other. An understanding of ecology and its relation with geography is needed. This module explains their inter-relationships.
An Introduction to Ecology 1
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
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3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
E-content is a Comprehensive package of teaching material put into hypermedia format. Hypermedia is multimedia with internet deplorability. E-content can not be created by a teaching faculty alone . It needs the role of teacher, Video editor, production assistants, web developers (HTML 5 or Adobe captivate, etc). Analyze the learner needs and goals of the instructional material development, development of a delivery system and content, pilot study of the material developed, implementation, evaluating, refining the materials etc. In designing and development of E-content we have to adopt one of the instructional design models based on our requirements.
Pedagogy is the most commonly understood approach to teaching. It refers to the theory and practice of learning. Pedagogy is often described as the act of teaching. Pedagogy has little variations between traditional teaching and online teaching. Online teaching pedagogy is a method of effective teaching practice specifically developed for teaching via the internet. It has a set of prescribed methods, strategies, and practices for teaching academic subjects in an online (or blended) environment, where students are in a physical location separate from the faculty member.
Technology has changed the possibilities within teaching and learning. Classes, which prior to the digital era were restricted to lectures, talks, and physical objects, no longer have to be designed in that manner. Training in a synchronous virtual classroom can only be successful with the active participation and engagement of the learners. Explore the Virtual Classroom’s features and see how they can support and enhance your tutoring style.
• The monitoring and evaluation of the institutional processes require a carefully structured system of internal and external review. The NAAC expects the Institutions to undertake continuous Academic and Administrative Audits (AAA). This presentation is intended to serve as advisory to all accredited HEIs who volunteer to undertake AAA. The pros and cons of this process are also highlighted. Academic and Administrative Audit is the process of evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of the administrative procedure. It includes assessment of policies, strategies & functions of the various administrative departments, control of the overall administrative system, etc. This checklist gives an overview what the audit committee members may look into while visiting an institution for this purpose. It invariably follows the Quality Indicators Framework prescribed by Accreditation Council in India.
• The monitoring and evaluation of the institutional processes require a carefully structured system of internal and external review. The NAAC expects the Institutions to undertake continuous Academic and Administrative Audits (AAA). This presentation is intended to serve as advisory to all accredited HEIs who volunteer to undertake AAA.
Chemical analysis data of water samples can not be used directly for understanding. They are to be used for various calculations in order to determine the quality parameters that have a lot of significances. A. Balasubramanian and D. Nagaraju, of the Department of Studies in Earth Science, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, Karnataka, India have recently brought out a software and its application manual as a good book for reference and execution. The Name of the software is WATCHIT meaning Water Chemistry Interpretation Techniques. This software computes more than 100 parameters pertaining to water quality interpretations. The software follows its own method of approach to determine the required results. Systems International Units are used. Limited input parameters are required. This is suitable for all scientific research, government water quality data interpretations and for understanding the quality of water before using it.
Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of waste water for different purposes like domestic usage, industries, agriculture etc. This technical article highlights most of the popular methods of water conservation. A special note on rainwater harvesting is also provided.
This module gives an overview of general applications of current hydrogeological aspects. It is for the basic understanding of students and research scholars.
Climate Extreme (extreme weather or climate event) refers to the occurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of observed values of the variable. Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters.
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT POSSIBILITIES IN CHAMARAJANAGAR TALUK...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
Any unplanned development and utilization of water resources with result in water scarcity. In many parts of the developing world. Such a situation exists. In order to do proper planning and
management of water resources, it is necessary to conduct detailed analyses of the factors, which influence the water availability and its uses. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis have been undertaken for proper utilization of water resources in Chamarajanagar Taluk, which has been identified as one of the drought hit districts of Karnataka, in India. The factors analysed in this work are, surface and groundwater availability, land use, cropping pattern, recharge potential of soils and the rainfall pattern in typical areas of Taluk. It is observed that the problem of water scarcity is mainly due to the lack of irrigation planning and management. Hence, a
modified cropping pattern is suggested by taking into consideration of all available water resources and other conditions.
In broad terms, cultural geography examines the cultural values, practices, discursive and material expressions and artefacts of people, the cultural diversity and plurality of society.
It also emphasizes on how cultures are distributed over space, how places and identities are produced, how people make sense of places and build senses of place, and how people produce and communicate knowledge and meaning.
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
Soils are complex mixers forming the skin of the earth's surface. Soil is a dynamic layer in which many complex chemical, physical and biological activities are going on constantly. Soils become adjusted to conditions of climate, landform and vegetation, and will change internally when those controlling conditions change. Soils are products of weathering. Soils play a dominant role in earth's geomorphic processes in a cyclic manner. The characteristics of soils are very essential for several reasons. This module highlights these characteristics.
GIS TECHNIQUES IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN CHAMARAJANAGAR ...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
The over-exploitation and contamination of groundwater continue to threaten the long-term sustainability of our precious water resources, in spite of the best efforts made by various agencies.
This has many serious implications to the economic development of a country like India. Lack of
judicious planning and integration of environmental consideration to ground water development
projects are primarily responsible for such a state of affair in the ground water sector. Geographical Information Systems could be of immense help in planning sustainable ground water management strategies, especially in hard rock areas with limited ground water potential. Data collected from
Satellite Imagery and through field investigations have been integrated, on a GIS platform, for demarcation and prioritization of areas suitable for ground water development and ground water augmentation. An attempt has also been made to assess the vulnerability of the area to ground water
contamination. This paper demonstrates the utility of GIS in planning judicious management of ground water resources in a typical hard rock area of Chamarajanagar Taluk, Karnataka, state India.
Nanobiomaterials are very effective components for several biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. Among the metallic, organic, ceramic and polymeric nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials have shown certain prominent biomedical applications. Enormous works have been done to synthesize, analyse and administer the metallic nanoparticles for various kinds of medical and therapeutic applications, during the last forty years. In these analyses, the prominent biomedical applications of ten metallic nanobiomaterials have been reviewed from various sources and works. It has been found that almost nine of them are used in a very wide spectrum of medical and theranostic applications.
A variety of Nano-biomaterials are synthesised, characterised and tested to find out their potentialities by global scientific communities, during the last three decades. Among those, nanostructured ceramics, cements and coatings are being considered for major use in orthopaedic, dental and other medical applications. The development of novel biocompatible ceramic materials with improved biomedical functions is at the forefront of health-related applications, all over the world. Understanding of the potential biomedical applications of ceramic nanomaterials will provide a major insight into the future developments. This study reviews and enlists the prominent potential biomedical applications of ceramic nanomaterials, like Calcium Phosphate (CaP), Tri-Calcium Phosphate (TCP), Hydroxy-Apatite(HAP), TCP+HAP, Si substituted HAP, Calcium Sulphate and Carbonate, Bioactive Glasses, Bioactive Glass Ceramics, Titania-Based Ceramics, Zirconia Ceramics, Alumina Ceramcis and Ceramic Polymer Composites.
The present forest and tree cover of the country is 78.37 million ha in 2007 which is 23.84% of the geographical areas and it includes 2.82% tree cover. This becomes 25.25%, if the areas above tree line i.e., 4000m are excluded from the total geographical area. The forest cover is classified into 3 canopy density classes.
1. Very Dense Forest (VDF) with canopy density more than 70%
2. Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) with Canopy density between 40-70% and
3. Open Forest (OF) with Canopy density between 10-40%
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
2. Introduction:
The term ecology is widely used on various contexts
in the magazines, dailies, radio and television - mass
media communications, government and public
meetings.
It is commonly used whenever discussions decision
making, pl: ns and legal allocations are made to
conserve the natural resources, control the pollution
problems and to protect the life from risks. In general,
ecology is recognized as one of the natural sciences.
3. It is considered to be a science concerned with the
nature and the interrelations of living world.
The term ecology has been derived from the Greek
word "oikos " meaning `habitation' or `house' or
`living place'.
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home'
which is called as the `environment'. The term
`environment' refers to those parts of the world or the
total set of circumstances which surround an organism
or a group of organisms.
4. These two terms are inseparable. The science of
Ecology involves,
1. the study of the relation of organisms or a group of
organisms to their environment,
2. the study of the totality of man and his environment
and
3. the application of other disciplines like
Palaeoecology, Oceanography, Hydrology,
Limnology, Climatology, Zoogeography,
Geomorphology, Physics and Chemistry.
5. Biology is the science of life. Ecology deals with
organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems and
the biosphere.
The place of living is the organism's environment.
Hence, ecology is, sometimes, called as
environmental biology.
The interrelation of organisms and the environment
may be between
a. an organism & its place of living, b. an organism &
its neighbor,
c. an organism & its own community, d. an organism
& other communities,
6. e. a group of organisms & an organism and f. a
community to a community.
( or ) due to
a. the effect of environment over an organism,
b. the effect of environment over a group of
organisms, c. the change of environment over life and
d. the change of environment over a change of
environment.
Ecology was first described as a separate discipline in
1886 by the German Zoologist Ernst Haeckel.
7. It is a multidisciplinary science aimed to deal with
many environmental problems.
The study of Ecology deals with
1. the spatial distribution of an abundance of
organisms,
2. the temporal changes in the occurrence, abundance
and activities of organisms,
8. 3. the interrelations between organisms, communities
and populations,
4. the structural adaptation and functional adjustments
of organisms to the change in environment,
5. the behavior of organisms under natural
environment,
6. the productivity of organisms and energy to
mankind and
9. 7. the development of interactive models for
predictive purposes.
Subdivisions
In general, ecology is classified into
a. animal ecology and
b. plant ecology.
10. Animal ecology :
This branch deals with the animal population, changes
in population, their bahaviour, and their relationships
with the environment.
Plant ecology:
This branch deals with the relationships of plants to
other plants and their environment.
However, animals mostly depend on plants for both
food and shelter. Hence animal ecology deals with
both animal and plant communities.
11. The science of ecology is divided into
a) synecology and
b) autecology, based on the organism and habitats.
A . SYNECOLOGY
This branch deals with the study of groups of
organisms or the community. This is a habitat based
study. A habitat is a place where an organism or
species population or a community thrives.
12. There are two major habitats as
1. terrestrial habitats and
2. aquatic habitats.
Aquatic habitats & Terrestrial habitats.
Marine, Fresh water, Estuarine, etc.
The branches related are:
Marine ecology,
Estuarine ecology,
Limnology, etc
Forests, Grasslands,Deserts, etc.
13. The branches related are:
Forest ecology,
Grassland
ecology, etc.
Synecology is divisible into population ecology and
community ecology. A population emerges when
individuals of the same species aggregate themselves
to function as a single unit. Much interactions occur
when such populations inhabit an area.
14. A community in turn represents a group of
populations. It denotes the co-habitation of different
species in a geographical region.
Synecology refers to ecological studies revealing the
interrelationships between the species constituting a
community.
The study includes
1. population characteristics,
2. position of an individual in a population and. its
relationship (intraspecific),
3. regulation of population,
15. 4. impact of population on the environment,
5. community characteristics and their
interrelationships(interspecific),
6. successional changes and
7. the impact of communities over an environment.
B. AUTECOLOGY
This branch deals with the study of species or the
relationship of an organism to one or more
environmental conditions. This is also called as
species ecology.
16. It deals with the nutrition, growth, reproduction,
development and life history of individual species in
an environment.
The following are the approaches in autecology ;
1. Describing the type of habitat where in the
organisms of a species live in.
2. Physical factors of the environment (air,
temperature, light, water; oxygen, chemicals) and
their interaction with that particular environment and
the organism.
17. 3. The influence of various biotic factors (predation,
parasitism, competition, exploitation etc) which have
a bearing on the life and environment.
4. The interaction of organisms with other organisms
of different species.
5. Life and seasonal changes of the environment.
6. Pattern of reproduction and dispersal of organisms.
18. BRANCHES OF ECOLOGY
1. Population Ecology :
Study of a population, its growth, competition, means
of dispersal etc.
2. Community Ecology :
Study of distribution of animals in various
environments.
3. Ecosystem Ecology : Relation and interaction of
plant and animal communities with their total
environment.
19. It deals with the formation of soil, chemical cycles,
food and feeding relationship, exchange of energy and
productivity.
4. Evolution Ecology :
Concerned with the manner in which all ecological
structure and functions have evolved.
5. Geographical Ecology :
Deals with the distribution of organisms over the
world and the factors and forces brought out this
distribution.
20. 6. Palaeoecology :
Deals with the organisms and their environment
existed in the distant geological past.
7. Applied Ecology :
Deals with wild life management, forest conservation,
biological control, animal husbandry and pollution
control.
8. Oceanography :
Study of marine habitat and organisms.
9. Limnology : Study of life in freshwater bodies.
21. 10. Terrestrial Ecology :
This is a major field including
a. Forest Ecology
Forest ecology is the scientific study of the
interrelated patterns, processes, flora, fauna and
ecosystems in forests.
The management of forests is known as forestry,
silviculture, and forest management.
22. b. Cropland Ecology
Cropland ecosystem not only provides people with
grains, vegetables, fibers, etc., but also plays an
important role in air regulation, soil and water
conservation, environmental decontamination, etc.
c. Grassland Ecology:
Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is
dominated by grasses (Poaceae), however sedge
(Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) families can also
be found.
23. Major grassland biomes of the Earth: steppe, prairie,
pampa, campos, (grass)veld, tussock.
Tropical grasslands: llanos, savanna. Grassy
semideserts.
Physiognomy, dominant grasss genera, characteristic
vegetation dynamics. Climate as a major determinant
of grassland distribution The role of climate in the
development of grasslands: temperature and
precipitation.
24. Edaphic determinants: effect of soil and bedrock Soil-
grassland interactions, soil physical, chemical and
biological characteristics in grasslands. Soil water
relations as an important local modifier of regional
climate.
Grass – fungi interactions. Grassland ecology is the
study of all aspects of the ecology of grasslands,
which are regions dominated by grass species but
containing other non-woody plants and, in the case of
savannahs, some trees as well.