Three main points:
1. Desertification is a type of land degradation where dry regions become more arid, losing vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by factors like drought, overgrazing, overcultivation, and removal of trees.
2. Categories of desertification range from light to very severe based on damage to vegetation and soil. Countermeasures include reforestation, soil fixation, contour trenching, and managed grazing.
3. Large-scale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve desertification due to unsuitable climate with low rainfall, as the natural vegetation is grassland or desert in semiarid and arid regions with 50-500mm of rain. Previous attempts at aff
This presentation includes the introduction to global warming and its hazardous impacts on the earth. It covers the effects of global warming on irrigation engineering as well.
Best Regards:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Rehman
In this ppt i try to explain introduction of land degradation .and also causes of it .and explain with figure . i expect that my ppt usefull to all.THIS PPT use for enviroment also.
I’m professional presentation maker . These presentations are for sale for 20$ each, if required you can contact me on my gmail id bestpptmaker@gmail.com and you can also suggest me topics for your required presentations
all information about deforestation
what is deforestation?
its history in india..
present condition of deforestation in India.
its causes and how we control on it.
references of the content taken in this.
soil erosion is the one of the severe problem now a days. we should know about types of soil erosion , its effect on environment and how it to be prevented by various method..in these slides gives brief idea about types and erosion of soil erosion.
Factors responsible for land degradation and management o...sunil kumari
Factors responsible for land degradation and management of degraded land.
Land degradation means
Causes of Land Degradation
Methods for Assessing Land Degradation
Prevention and Control Measures for Land Degradation
This presentation includes the introduction to global warming and its hazardous impacts on the earth. It covers the effects of global warming on irrigation engineering as well.
Best Regards:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Rehman
In this ppt i try to explain introduction of land degradation .and also causes of it .and explain with figure . i expect that my ppt usefull to all.THIS PPT use for enviroment also.
I’m professional presentation maker . These presentations are for sale for 20$ each, if required you can contact me on my gmail id bestpptmaker@gmail.com and you can also suggest me topics for your required presentations
all information about deforestation
what is deforestation?
its history in india..
present condition of deforestation in India.
its causes and how we control on it.
references of the content taken in this.
soil erosion is the one of the severe problem now a days. we should know about types of soil erosion , its effect on environment and how it to be prevented by various method..in these slides gives brief idea about types and erosion of soil erosion.
Factors responsible for land degradation and management o...sunil kumari
Factors responsible for land degradation and management of degraded land.
Land degradation means
Causes of Land Degradation
Methods for Assessing Land Degradation
Prevention and Control Measures for Land Degradation
SOIL EROSION AND CONSERVATION Copy.pptxDAMINI SAHA
It is my very fast ppt presentation. I gathered all the information from internet. Hope this will helps you to understand the whole topic in simple manner.
General introduction of deforestation term.
Causes of deforestation.
Effects of deforestation on the Environment (Atmospheric, Hydrological, soil, and biodiversity).
The economic impact of deforestation.
Rates of deforestation.
Deforestation in India.
How to control deforestation, by reducing emissions or reforestation or forest plantations.
All the things we use and consume are obtained from natural resources. Due to the increase in population, industrialization, and urbanization, the demand for natural resources is increasing and their availability is limited. So there is a need for proper management of natural resources
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
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Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
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"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
3. DESERTS
A large, dry, barren region, usually having sandy or rocky
soil and little or no vegetation. Water lost to evaporation
and transpiration in a desert exceeds the amount of
precipitation; most deserts average less than 25 cm (9.75
inches) of precipitation each year, concentrated in short
local bursts.
4. Deserts of the World
Approximately one-third of the Earth's land surface is
desert, arid land with meager rainfall that supports only
sparse vegetation and a limited population of people and
animals.
5. Desertification
Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a
relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically
losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. It is
caused by a variety of factors.Desertification is a significant
global ecological andenvironmental problem
( ARID: Lacking moisture,especially having insufficient rainfall to
support trees or woody plants )
6. Categories of desertification
CATEGORIES OF DESERTIFICATION
Light Desertification:In this type of desertification, a very
slight damage occurs in vegetation cover and soil. This
damage does not affect the biological capacity of the
environment and can be neglected .
Moderate desertification:A medium degree of damage of
vegetation cover occurs and formation of small sand dunes
and salinization of the soil which reduces production by 10-
25%.
7. Severe Desertification:In this type, spreading of weeds and
unwanted shrubs in the pasture at the expense of desirable and
wanted species occurs as well as increasing of the erosion
activity which affects the vegetation cover and reduces
production up to 50%.
Very severe desertification:In this type of desertification,
composition of active naked great sand dunes occurs and
formation of many grooves and valleys and the salinization of
the soil which leads to soil degradation.It is the most serious type
of desertification.
8. Causes of Desertification
• There are 4 main factors in desertification
• Drought
• Over grazing
•Over cultivation
• Trees used for fuel and shelter
9. Drought –
A long period without rainfall.
Causes crops to die.
Lack of food.
May have to move to find food.
10. Overgrazing –
Too many animals grazing on the land.
Animals eat all the vegetation.
Vegetation fails to grow.
Soil is exposed to rain and wind.
Soil is washed or blown away.
11. Overcultivation
Many crops being grown on the land year after year.
No rotation of crops.
Crops take all the nutrients from the soil.
The soil becomes infertile and nothing can grow.
Because there are no crops to protect the soil the soil is
again easily eroded by the wind and rain.
12. REMOVAL OF TREES FOR FUEL AND
SHELTER
There are few trees in the desert and their roots hold
the soil together.
When the trees are removed for firewood or to build
shelter the roots die and the soil becomes loose.
Yet again this means the soil can be easily blown or
washed away.
13. COUNTER MEASURES &PREVENTION FOR
DESERTIFICATION
Desertification is recognized as a major threat to biodiversity.
Some countries have developed Biodiversity Action Plans to
counter its effects, particularly in relation to the protection of
endangered flora and fauna.The culture of prevention requires a
change in governments’ and peoples’ attitudes through improved
incentives.
• REFORESTATION.
• FIXATION OF SOIL.
• CONTOUR TRENCHING.
• FARMER-MANAGED NATURAL REGENERATION.
• MANAGED GRAZING.
14. REFORESTATION
•Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of existing
forests and woodlands that have been depleted, usually through
deforestation.Reforestation can be used to improve the quality of
human life by soaking up pollution and dust from the air, rebuild
natural habitats and ecosystems, mitigate global warming since
forests facilitate biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide,
and harvest for resources.
•The term reforestation is similar to afforestation, the process of
restoring and recreating areas of woodlands or forests that may
have existed long ago but were deforested or otherwise removed
at some point in the past
15. •Reforestation of large areas can be done through the use of
measuring rope (for accurate plant spacing) and dibbers, (or
wheeled augers for planting the larger trees) for making the hole
in which a seedling or plant can be inserted. Indigenous
soil inoculants (e.g., Laccaria bicolor) can optionally be used to
increase survival rates in hardy environments
16. FIXATION OF SOIL
•Fixating the soil is often done through the use of
shelter belts, woodlots and windbreaks. Windbreaks are
made from trees and bushes and are used to reduce
soil erosion and evapotranspiration.
•Some soils (for example, clay), due to lack of water can
become consolidated rather than porous (as in the case of
sandy soils). Some techniques as tillage are then used to
still allow the planting of crops .
•Enriching of the soil and restoration of its fertility is often
done by plants. The Leguminous plants which extract
nitrogen from the air and fixes it in the soil, and food
crops/trees as grains, barley, beans and dates are the
most important. Sand fences can also be used to control
drifting of soil and sand erosion
18. CONTOUR TRENCHING
•Contour trenching is an agricultural technique that can be
easily applied in arid subareas to allow for water and soil
conservation and to increase agricultural production.
•This involves the digging of 150m long, 1m deep trenches in
the soil. The trenches are made parallel to the height lines of
the landscape, preventing the water from flowing within the
trenches and causing erosion. Stone walls are placed around the
trenches to prevent the trenches from closing up again.
19. FARMER-MANAGED NATURAL
REGENERATION
• Technique that has produced successful results for desert
reclamation.
• Its a simple and low-cost method has enabled farmers to
regenerate some 30,000 square kilometers. The process
involves enabling native sprouting tree growth through
selective pruning of shrub shoots.
•The residue from pruned trees can be used to provide
mulching for fields thus increasing soil water retention and
reducing evaporation.
20. MANAGED GRAZING
•A method proposed to restore grasslands by using fences
with many small paddocks and moving herds from one
paddock to another after a day or two in order to mimick
natural grazers and allowing the grass to grow optimally.
21. RESEARCH PAPERS RELATED TO
DESERTIFICATION
*Why Large-Scale Afforestation Efforts in China
Have Failed To Solve the Desertification problem.
Shixiong Cao ,China Agricultural University
* The African Sahel 25 years after the great drought: assessing
progress and moving towards new agendas and approaches.
Simon Batterbury ,Andrew Warren
Development Studies Institute, London School of Economics, Houghton Street,
London, UK
Department of Geography, University College London, 26, Bedford Way,
London, UK
22. * The African Sahel 25 years after the great drought:
assessing progress and moving towards new agendas
and approaches.
The Sahel is a semi-arid to arid area of scrubland and desert
stretching mainly across the countries of Ethiopia, Eritrea,
Djibouti, Northern Nigeria and Somalia. Desertification in the
Sahel is progressing at a disturbing rate affecting 2,500
hectares each year.
.
23. The reasons for desertification in the Sahel are:
• Human - Large population increases in recent years – has lead to
overgrazing of the land to meet higher food requirement. The
increased energy requirements have lead to deforestation as more
firewood has been needed.
Environmentally unsound policies that do not forbid or actively
encourage activities that may lead to desertification.
Lack of education in agricultural policies and techniques has lead to
stripping the land of minerals and humus which has not been
replaced.
24. Poor irrigation practices raise salinity, and sometimes dry
the rivers that feed large lakes: the Aral Sea and Lake Chad
have shrunk dramatically in this way.
•Environmental or physical factors - Long periods of
drought and short periods of torrential rain experienced by
the Sahel region, and some climatic change
25. APPROACHES FOLLWED BY THEM:
*Contour stone bunds trap organic material such as
leaves, whilst allowing water to trickle through. This
distributes water evenly over fields when it rains, and the
trapped organic material can be raked across the fields,
eventually turning to humus and so improving the quality
of the soil. 10,000 people in more than 500 villages in
Mali have been taught this technique, in these villages,
collectively, contour stone bunds have been used on
more than 10,000 hectares of land.
26. UNDP United Nations Dry lands Project -
Sahel
Education
Barriers to
stop wind
erosion of soil
Sustainable planting and irrigation techniques
27. *Digues Filtrantes
Permeable rock dams (digues filtrantes). The structures are
typically long, low dams of loose stone constructed in
gullies and across valleys. Because they lack a spillway,
the dams force flood water to spread over their length,
which strongly reduces its erosive force. They also force
water to infiltrate: this results in large quantities of
sediment being deposited, often filling up gullies within
two years – which in turn creates favourable conditions for
growing crops where nothing could be grown before.
28. *GREAT GREEN WALL
The Great Green Wall is a project developed by the African
Union to face desertification in South Sahara.
It is the largest environmental transformation in Africa and the
green belt of trees expands out 7,775km long and 15km thick.
The trees' shade and bulk help offer crops relief from the
overwhelming heat and gusting winds.
Spans out across 11 countries of Africa.
29. *Why Large-Scale Afforestation Efforts in
China Have Failed To Solve the Desertification
problem.
The main areas of desertification in China are currently located in
northwestern parts of the country, including the Inner Mongolia
and Ningxia autonomous regions, Shaanxi, Qinghai, and Xinjian
provinces, and other nearby areas.
The climate of northwestern China appears to be unsuitable
for afforestation owing to the low rainfall. Historically, the
forested areas of China have been distributed to the east of the
500 mm precipitation isoline, which comprises China’s humid or
semihumid regions.
In contrast, northwestern China has a semiarid or arid
climate, with only 50-500 mm of annual precipitation as a
result, the natural vegetation is grassland or desert.
30. Previous attempts to solve the desertification problem by
means of afforestation have failed several times in
northwestern China.
At the beginning of the 1980s, large-scale afforestation carried
out in northwestern China by the central government failed
completely. Simultaneously, an FAO afforestation project
implemented in Hai-Yuan county Qinghai Province and
China’s government’s afforestation project implemented in
Inner Mongolia autonomous regions, where the annual
precipitation averages less than 400 mm also failed.
.
31. Although it is likely that some afforestation in northwestern
China has been successful in areas with access to more water
than the regional average, there seems to be little evidence that
trees are capable of surviving in areas with less than 500 mm
of precipitation; there is no historical evidence that trees were
ever capable of surviving under these conditions
Although the area of
afforestation is increasing
rapidly, the area of
degraded land has
continued to expand and
the severity of
desertification has
continued to intensify
throughout the country