Introduction to Ecology Concept of Ecology Branches of Ecology Scope of Ecology Laws of Ecology @ Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, JKKNIU Presented by: EFFAT, SHUMI, SHUCHE, TAMANNA, TANHA, NAYON. PPT PDF DOCX.

1. Introduction to
Ecology

2. Presented by
TANHASHUCHE
EFFAT
NAYON
TAMANNA
SUMI

3. Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, JKKNIU

4. TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Concept of Ecology02
Branches of Ecology
Scope of Ecology
03
04
Laws of Ecology05
Introduction01

5. Welcome to Ecology

6. What is Ecology?
The branch of biology dealing with the relations
and interactions between organisms and their
environment, including other organisms.
Ecology comes from Greek word, οἶκος means
"house", or "environment“ and –λογία means
"study of“. The word "ecology" ("Ökologie") was
coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst
Haeckel.

7. Concept of
Ecology

8. Structural Concepts
The different types of organisms living in a particular
environment are not only independent and mutually
reactive but also react with the environment. Though
organisms of a species maintain uniformity in their
structure and functions through having a common
gene pool, they have sufficient plasticity to modify
themselves according to changing environment by
modifications in somatic characters (ecads) or
genetic characters (ecotypes).

9. Functional Concepts
The biological community consists of a number of organisms
and/or populations. Each population occupies a specific
volume of the habitat circumscribed by the interaction of
various environmental factors and trophic level of the
organisms.
It is called ecological niche. The degree of success of a
particular population in an area is determined by the
parameters of both abiotic factors as well as interaction
with other types of populations. The interactions amongst
the populations can be positive, negative or neutral.

10. Ecology symbol
The Ecology Flag is a cultural symbol
used primarily in the 1970s by
American environmentalists. It is
commonly thought of as a symbol of
people's commitment to clean up the
environment. Ron Cobb created an
ecology symbol which he published on
October 25, 1969, in the Los Angeles
Free Press and then placed it in the
public domain.

11. Branches of
Ecology

13. Ecology is divided mainly in two
branches, which are…
Autecology
Synecology
&

14. Autecology (Community Ecology):
Autecology studies such
characteristics of living
organisms as adaptation to
temperature, humidity, salinity
and other environmental
factors.

15. Synecology (Population Ecology):
It deals with the study of the
manner of growth, structure and
regulation of population of
organisms. Actually it is the
relationship of different
communities (grouping of
populations) to their environment.

16. Other
Branches

17. Habitat ecology
It deals with ecological study of different habitats on planet
earth and their effects on the organisms living there.
According to the kind of habitat, ecology is subdivided into
2 parts. These are-
• Aquatic Ecology
• Terrestrial Ecology

18. Aquatic Ecology
Aquatic ecology focuses on the
interactions among living organisms in a
particular aquatic habitat which can
directly affect various factors in the
ecosystem. Such factors include
competition for food and predation,
temperature, nutrient concentration and
oxygen demand. It is subdivided into –
• Marine Ecology (Oceanography)
• Estuarine Ecology
• Fresh Water Ecology (Limnology)

19. Terrestrial Ecology
Terrestrial ecology is a branch of
ecology that deals with the study of
land organisms and how they interact
with each other and adapt to their
environment. The terrestrial ecology in
its turn is classified into-
• Forest ecology
• Cropland ecology
• Grassland ecology
• Desert ecology

20. Human Ecology
It involves population ecology or
man and man’s relation to the
environment, especially man’s
effects on the biosphere and
the implication of these effects
for man.

21. Production Ecology
It deals with the gross and net pro-
duction of different ecosystems like
fresh water, sea water, agriculture,
horticulture, etc., and tries to do proper
management of these ecosystems so
that maximum yield can be get from
them.

22. Applied Ecology
It deals with the application of ecological concepts to human
needs and thus, it includes following applications of ecology:
• Wildlife Management
• Range Management
• Forestry Conservation
• Insect Control
• Epidemiology
• Animal Husbandry
• Aquaculture
• Agriculture
• Horticulture
• Land Use

23. Ecosystem Dynamics
Ecological Energetic
It deals with the ecological study of
the processes of soil formation,
nutrient cycline energy flow, and
productivity.
It deals with energy conservation
and its flow in the organisms within
the ecosystem. In it thermodynamics
has its significant contribution.

24. Production Ecology
It deals with the gross and net pro-
duction of different ecosystems like
fresh water, sea water, agriculture,
horticulture, etc., and tries to do
proper management of the sea eco-
systems so that maximum yield can
be get from them

25. Some other
Branches

26. Microbial Ecology
Microbial Ecology or Environmental
Microbiology is the ecology of
microorganisms: their relationship
with one another and with their
environment. It concerns the three
major domains of life Eukaryota,
Archaea, and Bacteria as well as
viruses.

27. Geographic Ecology
It concentrates on the study of
geographical distribution of
animals (zoogeography) and
plants (phytogeography), and
also of paleoecology and
biomes.

28. Chemical Ecology
Chemical Ecology is the study
integrating chemistry and biology to
examine the chemical interactions
among organisms and their
environment.
It includes signaling processes and
communication between individuals,
for instance in hormone responses.

29. Landscape Ecology
Landscape ecology is the science of
studying and improving relationships
between ecological processes in the
environment and particular
ecosystems.
This is done within a variety
of landscape scales, development
spatial patterns, and organizational
levels of research and policy.

30. Paleoecology
It is the study of environmental
conditions, and life of the past
ages, to which palynology,
palaeontology, and radioactive
dating methods have made
significant contribution.

31. Space Ecology
It is a modern subdivision of
ecology which is concerned
with the development of
partially or completely regene-
rating ecosystems for supporting
life of man during long space
flights or during extended
exploration of extra-terrestrial
environments.

32. Pedology
It is a branch of terrestrial
ecology and it deals with the
study of soils, in particular
their acidity, alkalinity, humus
contents, mineral contents,
soil-types, etc., and their
influence on the organisms.

33. Organismal Ecology
Organismal Ecology studies how
an organism’s structure,
physiology and behavior meet
with environmental challenges.
Organismal Ecology includes
physiological evolutionary and
behavioral ecology.

34. Scope of
Ecology

35. Scope Of Ecology
The scopes of ecology, very specific elements
which can be distinguished from branches,
these are:
• Biotic
• Quantitative
• Climatic (both physical and chemical)
• Taxonomic
• Genetic and evolutionary.

36. Biotic
Biotic factors are the direct outcome
of the various types of activities
amongst the animals. A competition
for food and shelter always exists
amongst the members of a
community. This competition demands
various types of activity amongst the
animals.

37. Quantitative
Quantitative study includes an assessment of the
population density in a given area and also an estimation
of the number of members present in different
communities.
Information of this kind is of immense value in solving
many problems like food availability and movement within
a particular colony.

38. Climatic
Climatic factors include both physical and chemical
conditions present in a habitat. These factors are ever
changing in nature.
Physical factors include mainly temperature, light and
humidity. Chemical factors include acidity or salinity that
are specially present in aquatic habitat. Some animals are
so sensitive that a minute climatic change becomes fatal
to them. Climatic factors play an important role in the
distribution of animals.

39. Taxonomic Ecology
It is concerned with the ecology of different taxonomic
groups of living organisms and Eventually includes
following divisions of ecology: microbial ecology,
mammalian ecology, avian ecology, insect ecology,
parasitological, human ecology and so on.

40. Genetic and Evolutionary
The genetic and evolutionary aspects have taken a rightful
place in ecological problems. In recent years the knowledge
of heredity and the mechanism of the operation of Natural
Selection have increased to a considerable extent.
Evolution is no longer regarded as a thing of the past and it
has been proved that evolution is a dynamic process though
the progress is very slow. In certain circumstances it has
become possible to detect and to measure the rate of
evolution in wild population.

41. Laws of
Ecology

42. In the early 1970s, ecologist Barry Commoner wrote
the closing circle, in which he discussed the rapid
growth of industry and technology and their persistent
effect on all forms of life. He suggested that we can
reduce the negative effects on all forms of life. He
suggested that we can reduce the negative effects
by sensitizing, in forming and educating ourselves
about our connection to the natural world. Here are
five law of ecology…

43. Law-1: Everything is Connected to Everything Else
“When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched
to everything else in the universe.” — John Muir.
The basic message behind this law is that all things are
connected to each other, sometimes in very obvious ways,
and sometimes in very complex, indirect ways. To help
illustrate this law, we will discuss food chains and webs,
competition within communities, and the relationship
between predators and their prey.

44. Law-2: Everything Has to Go Somewhere or
There is No Such Place as away
This is one law that has become increasingly clear as we
attempt to find ways to deal with the waste that we produce
each day. The garbage truck takes our trash “away,” but
where is that? Humans are not the only creatures who
produce waste. Natural systems must deal with animals
that have died and the leaves that fall each autumn, as well
as waste products, such as feces. We are learning about
recycling, but nature has been doing it for a long time.

45. Law-3: Everything is Always Changing
The species of plant and animals that are found
in a community do not remain the same forever.

46. Law-4 : There is No Such As a Free Lunch
“We abuse land because we regard it as a
commodity belonging to us. When we see land
as a community to which we belong, We may
begin to use it with love and respect.

47. Law-5: Everything Has Limits
For many years, it was believed that there was no end to
what we could take from the Earth. There were always more
fish in the sea, more trees to be cut, more ore to be mined,
more earth to be tilled and more places to dump our trash.
We now realize that this is not true. Some resources, called
renewable resources, can be replaced if conditions are
suitable and there is enough time, energy and nutrients
available. Renewable resources include trees, wildlife and
agricultural crops. They will continue to be available only if
they are replaced faster than we use them.

48. THANKS!
Any Question?