This ppt deals with Digital meters,the digital components used in them,principle behind the working of Digital Voltmeter(DC) Digital Voltmeter(AC) and mechanism of Measurement of Current and Measurement of Resistance. Finally A complete DMM also the Measurement of hfe. A small project on constructing digital voltmeter and ohmmeter using Arduino.
This course is electronics based course dealing with measurements and instrumentation designed for students in Physics Electronics, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and allied disciplines. It is a theory course based on the use of electrical and electronics instruments for measurements. The course deals with topics such as Principle of measurements, Errors, Accuracy, Units of measurements and electrical standards, , introduction to the design of electronic equipment’s for temperature, pressure, level, flow measurement, speed etc
This course is electronics based course dealing with measurements and instrumentation designed for students in Physics Electronics, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and allied disciplines. It is a theory course based on the use of electrical and electronics instruments for measurements. The course deals with topics such as Principle of measurements, Errors, Accuracy, Units of measurements and electrical standards, , introduction to the design of electronic equipment’s for temperature, pressure, level, flow measurement, speed etc
Here in this presentation we will discussing about Inductive Transducer and its working principle, a brief classification of Inductive Transducer and derivation of transducer applications
Transistor DC voltmeter circuits, Emitter follower DC voltmeter, Op-Amp voltage follower DC Voltmeter, Amplifier based DC voltmeter for low voltage measurement, Op-Amp amplifier DC Voltmeter
Types of Transducers
Analog and Digital Transducer
Characteristic of Transducer
Selection factor of Transducer
Measurement of Displacement
LVDT and RVDT
Different types of strain Gauges
Manometers
Pressure Measuring Elements
Hall Effect
Thermocouple
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
Here in this presentation we will discussing about Inductive Transducer and its working principle, a brief classification of Inductive Transducer and derivation of transducer applications
Transistor DC voltmeter circuits, Emitter follower DC voltmeter, Op-Amp voltage follower DC Voltmeter, Amplifier based DC voltmeter for low voltage measurement, Op-Amp amplifier DC Voltmeter
Types of Transducers
Analog and Digital Transducer
Characteristic of Transducer
Selection factor of Transducer
Measurement of Displacement
LVDT and RVDT
Different types of strain Gauges
Manometers
Pressure Measuring Elements
Hall Effect
Thermocouple
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
Basics covering analog signals, PLC analog input modules, transducers/transmitters and the wiring of input transducers/transmitters to the PLC analog input module. Single ended and differential wiring are also discussed.
Series op-amp regulator – IC voltage regulator – Switching regulator – Digital to analog converters–specifications–weighted resistor type– R-2R ladder type-Analog to digital converter –specifications–counter ramp, flash, successive approximation, dual slope types-Voltage to frequency converter–Frequency to voltage converter– Analog multiplier
Level sensitive scan design(LSSD) and Boundry scan(BS)Praveen Kumar
This presentation contains,
Introduction,design for testability, scan chain, operation, scan structure, test vectors, Boundry scan, test logic, operation, BS cell, states of TAP controller, Boundry scan instructions.
This ppt describes about,
introduction of fuses, construction, Important terms, advantages and disadvantages, desirable characteristics of fuse element, Current time characteristics, Fuse types - Low voltages fuses and High voltage fuses, Semi enclosed rewirable fuse, HRC cartridge fuses - parts, operation, pros and cons, High voltage fuses and its types, selection of fuses, discrimination
Introduction of SCADA, Architecture of SCADA, Software and hardware architecture, Components of a SCADA system, Functions of SCADA, Alarms and events, alarm logging, comparision between scada and DCS
SPICE LEVEL I/LEVEL II/LEVEL III AND BSIM MODELSPraveen Kumar
SPICE LEVEL I/LEVEL II/LEVEL III AND BSIM MODELS
SPICE introduction
working
adaptions
detailed discussion on each models
SPICE Modeling in BSIM
features
bulk voltage on large signal model
velocity saturation
weak inversion operation
impact ionization
Finite word length of IIR filters Limit cycles due to product round-off error...Praveen Kumar
Finite word length of IIR filters Limit cycles due to product round-off errors and other non-linear characteristics
Limit cycles due to round-off errors
infinite precision
round off
truncation
An Example
MATLAB Codes
Inference
Other non-linear Characteristics
Jump Phenomenon
Subharmonic Response
Effects of product round-off errors
SOLAR POWER generation using solar PV and Concentrated solar power technologyPraveen Kumar
Concentrated Solar Power Technology
Power Tower Systems
Parabolic Trough Systems
Solar Dish Systems
Compact Linear Fresnel
Types, working, pros &cons
Scope in INDIA
Using Photo-Voltaic cells
-Working of PV Cells
-Considering different PV materials
-Efficiency, Comparing modules manufactured by different companies
-MPPT
- algorithms
-A view of different inverter topologies used
pyrheliometer
SELECTION OF DRIVES AND CONTROL SCHEMES FOR MACHINE TOOLS Praveen Kumar
SELECTION OF DRIVES AND CONTROL SCHEMES FOR MACHINE TOOLS
Machine tools and drives
Horse power requirement for driving the machine tools
MOTOR REQUIREMENTS FOR MACHINE TOOLS.
SELECTION OF MOTORS
Speed control of Drill press
Application of Motors to Planers, Shapers
Reversible motor drive quick return mechanism
GRINDING MACHINES
VFD
Sorting
Performance parameters
Insertion Sort
Technique
Algorithm
Performance with examples
Applications
Example Program
Shell Sort
Technique
Algorithm
Performance with examples
Applications
Example Program
Vehicle safety system
it covers
hydraulic brakes
working of drum ,disk brakes
abs
airbags
ESP/ESC(electronic stability programme)
future trends in safety systems
cruise control
ACC
introduction, types & structure of MOSET ,turn ON and OFF of device, working, I-V characteristics of MOSFET,Different regions of operations,applications, adv & disadvantages
Interfacing GPS with 8051 and displaying the output data in NMEA format from the gps module to 8051 microcontroller and finally displaying the latitude and longitude information also the date and time in a LCD display.
REVERSE POWER RELAY for solar PV systemsPraveen Kumar
this presentation gives an idea about designing a device using microcontroller that detects the reverse power flow from solar pannels to the grid when the load is less.
NO MICROCONTROLLER is used in making of these autonomous robot, we have just used only the operational amplifier as a controller and achieved the bot.we have made 2 bots Line follower and light follower with simulations in proteus and hardware implementation of these bots. Also made a wireless light controlled bot using the same concepts.Hope this presentation will be much helpful for your mini projects. Do leave some comments. Thank u.
Ventilating systems for electrical machinesPraveen Kumar
this presentation is about types of ventilation given to the electrical machines,an analysis for the best type,future improvements,and their importance in electrical machines
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Digital Voltmeter, Digital Ammeter and Digital Multimeter
1. Digital Voltmeter, Digital
Ammeter and Digital Multimeter
Done by,
C. Balaji 15E105
S. Deepak Arumugam 15E108
J. Karthickraja 15E117
S. Praveenkumar 15E137
Y. Elangovan 16E501
1
2. Contents
Advantages of Digital meters
Digital Components
Digital Voltmeter(DC)
Digital Voltmeter(AC)
Measurement of Current
Measurement of Resistance
A complete DMM
Measurement of hfe
A digital voltmeter and ohmmeter using
Arduino.
2
3. Advantages of Digital meters
Very high accuracy (5 to 0.05%)
Has very input impedance (2MΩ)
which ensures less loading effect on
the input.
The numeric display of digital meters
provide zero parallax error.
3
5. Crystal Oscillator
A piezoelectric crystal is used.
Generally, a1MHz crystal is used
which produce a clock pulse of 1MHz.
Used to provide the clock pulses.
5
9. Digital Voltmeter(DC)
The voltage is first attenuated and
then converted into a digital word
which is displayed.
9
10. Role of ADC
The lines supplied by the ADC to the
display consists of
◦ The digital word
◦ A latch
◦ Start bit
◦ Polarity information
◦ Floating point information
10
11. Features
Polarity detection
Auto ranging
Auto zeroing
Polarity detection:
The information is given by the ADC.
When the voltage is +ve, the characteristic
curve of the converter is in first quadrant.
The characteristic curve will be in the fourth
quadrant, if the voltage is –ve.
11
12. Auto Ranging
Two comparators are used.
The typical ranges are,
◦ 0 to 100 mV
◦ 100 mV to 1 V
◦ 1 V to 100 V
◦ 100 V to 1000V
12
13. Auto Zeroing
Zero is displayed during the start of
conversion.
This is achieved by discharging the
capacitance to the ground properly.
13
14. DVM (AC)
The AC is processed first i.e., phase
compensated attenuation with
rectification and filtering is done.
The dc voltage obtained is converted
into a digital word, which is displayed.
For high frequencies, a precision
diode with small reverse recovery time
is required.
14
16. DVM(Low voltage AC)
For measurement of voltages in the
range between 1 nV and 10 nV, the
voltage is converted into a frequency
signal by a voltage-frequency
converter or phase locked loop.
The frequency is measured by proper
networks.
This reduces the effect of noise
through ADC.
16
19. Measurement of current by DMM
Typical ranges
◦ 0 to 10 mA
◦ 10 mA to 100 mA
◦ 100 mA to 1 A
◦ 1 A to 10 A
Auto ranging is available.
Auto zeroing is also available.
19
20. Two ways of measurement
◦ Measuring the voltage drop across a
resistance.
◦ Current frequency converter.
In the first method, current is passed
through a constant resistance. The
voltage drop across it is measured
using a DVM.
20
21. In the second method, a current-
frequency converter is used.
The output of comparator is a
frequency which is proportional to the
current.
21
22. Measurement of Resistance using DMM
A constant current is passed through
the unknown resistance and the drop
across it is measured by a DVM.
22
23. Complete circuit of a DMM
The switches are coupled to each other.
The display is generally 3 digits (-1999 to 1999)
23
31. Challenges
If you use a small value of known
resistance to measure a large value of
resistance the value gives up an error,
So use known resistance which is
some what closer to the measuring
resistance to give an output with
greater accuracy.
31
32. References
Sawhney A K, “A Course in Electrical and
Electronic Measurement and Insrtumentation”,
Dhanapat Rai & Sons, New Delhi, 2011.
32