Introduction to Proteus Interface
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Presented in EEE'10 class (CUET) under Electrical Service Design Sessional Course in 2013.
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Happy Learning :)
Voltage multipliers are AC-to-DC power conversion devices, comprised of diodes and capacitors, that produce a high potential DC voltage from a lower voltage AC source. Multipliers are made up of multiple stages. Each stage is comprised of one diode and one capacitor.
A voltage amplifier circuit is a circuit that amplifies the input voltage to a higher voltage. So, for example, if we input 1V into the circuit, we can get 10V as output if we set the circuit for a gain of 10. Voltage amplifiers, many times, are built with op amp circuits.
The performance obtainable from a single-stage amplifier is often insufficient for many applications, hence several stages may be combined forming a multistage amplifier. These stages are connected in cascade, i.e. output of the first stage is connected to form input of second stage, whose output becomes input of third stage, and so on.
thank u
Hansraj MEENA
Simple description about the analog and digital signals
and a description about analog to digital conversion &
digital to analog conversion..............
Introduction to Proteus Interface
----------------------------------------------
Presented in EEE'10 class (CUET) under Electrical Service Design Sessional Course in 2013.
-----------------------------------------------
Happy Learning :)
Voltage multipliers are AC-to-DC power conversion devices, comprised of diodes and capacitors, that produce a high potential DC voltage from a lower voltage AC source. Multipliers are made up of multiple stages. Each stage is comprised of one diode and one capacitor.
A voltage amplifier circuit is a circuit that amplifies the input voltage to a higher voltage. So, for example, if we input 1V into the circuit, we can get 10V as output if we set the circuit for a gain of 10. Voltage amplifiers, many times, are built with op amp circuits.
The performance obtainable from a single-stage amplifier is often insufficient for many applications, hence several stages may be combined forming a multistage amplifier. These stages are connected in cascade, i.e. output of the first stage is connected to form input of second stage, whose output becomes input of third stage, and so on.
thank u
Hansraj MEENA
Simple description about the analog and digital signals
and a description about analog to digital conversion &
digital to analog conversion..............
This is one of a type of Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).
Through this presentation, you will have a clear view of how an ADC works. This one specifies one of the types of Analog to Digital Convertor.
ADC stands for analog to digital converter,it is use to convert analog signal to digital.In Embedded system this is very important because various device give analog input but micro-controller is process only digital input.
in Engineer’s language scale means the proportion or ratio between the dimensions adopted for the drawing and the corresponding dimensions of the object.
Head gestures reveal the way we see things and how we feel about them. As the sensory center of our body, the head turns towards the things we like, and away from the things we want to avoid.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Sine
Wave
Random-
Periodic
Analog :-
An analog signal is a continuous signal that contains time-
varying quantities, such as temperature or speed, with infinite
possible values in between
An analog signal can be used to measure changes in some
physical phenomena such as light, sound, pressure, or
temperature.
3. Digital -:
A Digital signal is a type of signal that can take on a set
of discrete values (a quantized signal)
Digital signals can represent a discrete set of values using any
discrete set of waveforms .. And we can represent it like (0 or
1) ,( on or off )….. etc
4. Example:
A digital thermostat in a
room displays a temperature
of 72. An analog
thermometer measures the
room temperature at
72.482. The analog value is
continuous and more
accurate, but the digital
value is more than adequate
for the application and
significantly easier to process
electronically.
Digital Signals
Discrete
Finite range of values
Not as exact as analog,
but easier to work with
Analog Signals
Continuous
Infinite range of values
More exact values, but
more difficult to work
with
5. D to A Converters (DAC)
• The circuit symbol and
input-output
characteristics of a DAC
is shown.
• There are four digital
inputs and one analog
output. “d0” is the most
significant bit MSB and
“d3” is the least
significant bit LSB.
• The 3-bit digital word
will have eight different
possible combinations
from 000 to 111.
6. D to A Converters (DAC)
Input – Output Equation
• If the input to a DAC block is an “n” bit
digital word and analog output voltage
V0 then the expression for the analog
output voltage V0 is given by,
• V0 = VFS [d1 2-1 + d2 2-2 + … + dn 2-n ]
• We can substitute VFS by VR .i.e. the
reference voltage to write
• V0 = KVR [d1 2-1 + d2 2-2 + … + dn 2-n ]
• If we substitute ,
D = [d1 2-1 + d2 2-2 + … + dn 2-n ] then
V0 = K VR D
• The input and output equation is
applicable to all types of DACs.
• Where,
VFS = Full Scale
output voltage.
d1 = MSB
dn = LSB
K = scaling factor
D = fractional binary
value
7. D to A Converters (DAC)
Types of D to A Converters
• Depending on the type of resistive network used, we have
different types of D to A converter circuits.
• Some of them are:
1. Binary weighted resistor DAC
2. R – 2R ladder type DAC
8. D to A Converters (DAC)
Binary Weighted Resistor DAC
• This DAC circuit uses weighted values
of resistor like 2R, 4R, 6R, 8R and so on
depending on the digital inputs
available therefore such type of
network is known as weighted resistor
DAC.
• This circuit consists of a transistor
switch which turns on the switch when
the digital input is ‘1’ and if digital input
becomes ‘0’ it will open the switch.
When transistor switch gets closed,
current flows through the weighted
resistor due to the reference voltage.
• When all such currents from different
weighted resistors get added at
summing point of the operational
amplifier it will produce a proportional
voltage as its output.
• V0 = VR [d1 2-1 + d2 2-2 + ….. + dn 2-n ]
9. D to A Converters (DAC)
R-2R Ladder DAC
• The problem of using a wide
range of resistor values can be
solved by using R-2R ladder
type DAC.
• The circuit diagram for a 2-bit
R-2R ladder type DAC is shown.
• This method is therefore
suitable for the integrated
circuit realization.
• The value of R can be
anywhere between 2.5 kΩ to
10 kΩ.
10. D to A Converters (DAC)
Applications of D/A converters
• In any digital processing system to convert digital
command signal into analog one.(e.g. Motor speed
control).
• In the A to D converters. Such as counter ADC or
successive approximation type ADC.
• For displaying information on CRT or XY plotter.
• In computers as an output device signals from computers
into analog signals.
• In the electronic equipments such as curve tracers.
12. An ideal A/D converter takes an input analog voltage and converts it to a
perfectly linear digital representation of the analog signal
If you are using an 8-bit converter, the binary representation is 8-bit binary
number which can take on 28 or 256 different values. If your voltage range
were 0 - 5 volts, then
0 VOLTS 0000 0000
5 VOLTS 1111 1111
13. A to D Converters (ADC)
Types of A to D Converters
1. Successive Approximation ADC (SA – ADC)
2. Dual Slope Integrator ADC
3. Counter Type ADC (Staircase Ramp)
14. A to D Converters (ADC)
Successive Approximation ADC
(SA – ADC)
• A successive approximation ADC is a type
of A/D converter that converts a continuous
analog waveform into a discrete digital
representation via a binary search through
all possible quantization levels before finally
converging upon a digital output for each
conversion.
• The successive approximation register is
initialized so that the most significant
bit (MSB) is equal to a digital 1. This code is
fed into the DAC, which then supplies the
analog equivalent of this digital code into
the comparator circuit for comparison with
the sampled input voltage.
• If this analog voltage exceeds Vin the
comparator causes the SAR to reset this bit;
otherwise, the bit is left a 1. Then the next
bit is set to 1 and the same test is done,
continuing this binary search until every bit
in the SAR has been tested.
15. A to D Converters (ADC)
Successive Approximation ADC
(SA – ADC)
16. A to D Converters (ADC)
Dual Slope Integrator ADC
• In dual slope type ADC, the
integrator generates two
different ramps, one with the
known analog input voltage VA
and another with a known
reference voltage –Vref.
• Hence it is called a s dual slope
A to D converter.
17. A to D Converters (ADC)
Dual Slope Integrator ADC
• The binary counter is initially reset to
0000; the output of integrator reset
to 0V and the input to the ramp
generator or integrator is switched to
the unknown analog input voltage VA.
• The analog input voltage VA is
integrated by the inverting integrator
and generates a negative ramp
output.
• The output of comparator is positive
and the clock is passed through the
AND gate. This results in counting up
of the binary counter.
• The negative ramp continues for a
fixed time period t1, which is
determined by a count detector for
the time period t1.
• At the end of the fixed time period t1,
the ramp output of integrator is given
by
∴VS=-VA/RC×t1
• When the counter reaches the
fixed count at time period t1, the
binary counter resets to 0000 and
switches the integrator input to a
negative reference voltage –Vref.
• Now the ramp generator starts
with the initial value –Vs and
increases in positive direction until
it reaches 0V and the counter gets
advanced.
• When Vs reaches 0V, comparator
output becomes negative (i.e. logic
0) and the AND gate is deactivated.
Hence no further clock is applied
through AND gate.
• Now, the conversion cycle is said to
be completed and the positive
ramp voltage is given by
∴VS=Vref/RC×t2
Where Vref & RC are constants and
time period t2 is variable.
18. A to D Converters (ADC)
Counter Type ADC (Staircase
Ramp)
• The Counter type ADC is
the basic type of ADC
which is also called as
digital ramp type ADC or
stair case approximation
ADC.
• This circuit consists of N
bit counter, DAC and Op-
amp comparator as
shown in the figure.
19. A to D Converters (ADC)
Counter Type ADC (Staircase
Ramp)
• The N bit counter generates an n bit
digital output which is applied as an
input to the DAC. The analog output
corresponding to the digital input from
DAC is compared with the input analog
voltage using an op-amp comparator.
The op-amp compares the two voltages
and if the generated DAC voltage is less,
it generates a high pulse to the N bit
counter as a clock pulse to increment
the counter. The same process will be
repeated until the DAC output equals to
the input analog voltage.
• If the DAC output voltage is
equal to the input analog
voltage, then it generates low
clock pulse and it also
generates a clear signal to the
counter and load signal to the
storage resistor to store the
corresponding digital bits.
These digital values are closely
matched with the input analog
values with small quantization
error.