this presentation is about types of ventilation given to the electrical machines,an analysis for the best type,future improvements,and their importance in electrical machines
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
Functions and Performance Requirements
Elements of an Excitation System
Types of Excitation Systems
Control and Protection Functions
Modeling of Excitation Systems
The functions of an excitation system are
to provide direct current to the synchronous generator field winding, and
to perform control and protective functions essential to the satisfactory operation of the power system
The performance requirements of the excitation system are determined by
Generator considerations:
supply and adjust field current as the generator output varies within its continuous capability
respond to transient disturbances with field forcing consistent with the generator short term capabilities:
rotor insulation failure due to high field voltage
rotor heating due to high field current
stator heating due to high VAR loading
heating due to excess flux (volts/Hz)
Power system considerations:
contribute to effective control of system voltage and improvement of system stability
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
Functions and Performance Requirements
Elements of an Excitation System
Types of Excitation Systems
Control and Protection Functions
Modeling of Excitation Systems
The functions of an excitation system are
to provide direct current to the synchronous generator field winding, and
to perform control and protective functions essential to the satisfactory operation of the power system
The performance requirements of the excitation system are determined by
Generator considerations:
supply and adjust field current as the generator output varies within its continuous capability
respond to transient disturbances with field forcing consistent with the generator short term capabilities:
rotor insulation failure due to high field voltage
rotor heating due to high field current
stator heating due to high VAR loading
heating due to excess flux (volts/Hz)
Power system considerations:
contribute to effective control of system voltage and improvement of system stability
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
STEAM JET COOLING SYSTEM
Steam jet cooling system is a cooling technique which involves usage of steam and water for cooling purposes. In steam jet refrigeration systems, water can be used as the refrigerant. Like air, it is perfectly safe. These systems were applied successfully to refrigeration.
•Temperatures attained using water as a refrigerant are in the range which may satisfy air conditioning, cooling, or chilling requirements.
•Mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•This system are the utilization of mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•Not used when temperatures below 5°C are required.
Enhancement of Specific Power Output of a Gas Turbine Using Filtered Chilled AirIOSR Journals
Conventionally the specific power output of the gas turbine can be increased using reheating and
intercooling. The thermal efficiency can be improved by adding a regenerating at lower pressure ratios. In the
present work the emphasis is given to enhance the specific power output by other means like reduction in the air
temperature at the inlet duct. The power output of the gas turbine has been estimated by allowing air at reduced
temperatures, step wise. The experiment is conducted till STP conditions are attained. The chiller coils are used
for inlet air cooling. The variation of power output with respect to temperature is also studied.
Similar to Ventilating systems for electrical machines (20)
Level sensitive scan design(LSSD) and Boundry scan(BS)Praveen Kumar
This presentation contains,
Introduction,design for testability, scan chain, operation, scan structure, test vectors, Boundry scan, test logic, operation, BS cell, states of TAP controller, Boundry scan instructions.
This ppt describes about,
introduction of fuses, construction, Important terms, advantages and disadvantages, desirable characteristics of fuse element, Current time characteristics, Fuse types - Low voltages fuses and High voltage fuses, Semi enclosed rewirable fuse, HRC cartridge fuses - parts, operation, pros and cons, High voltage fuses and its types, selection of fuses, discrimination
Introduction of SCADA, Architecture of SCADA, Software and hardware architecture, Components of a SCADA system, Functions of SCADA, Alarms and events, alarm logging, comparision between scada and DCS
SPICE LEVEL I/LEVEL II/LEVEL III AND BSIM MODELSPraveen Kumar
SPICE LEVEL I/LEVEL II/LEVEL III AND BSIM MODELS
SPICE introduction
working
adaptions
detailed discussion on each models
SPICE Modeling in BSIM
features
bulk voltage on large signal model
velocity saturation
weak inversion operation
impact ionization
Finite word length of IIR filters Limit cycles due to product round-off error...Praveen Kumar
Finite word length of IIR filters Limit cycles due to product round-off errors and other non-linear characteristics
Limit cycles due to round-off errors
infinite precision
round off
truncation
An Example
MATLAB Codes
Inference
Other non-linear Characteristics
Jump Phenomenon
Subharmonic Response
Effects of product round-off errors
SOLAR POWER generation using solar PV and Concentrated solar power technologyPraveen Kumar
Concentrated Solar Power Technology
Power Tower Systems
Parabolic Trough Systems
Solar Dish Systems
Compact Linear Fresnel
Types, working, pros &cons
Scope in INDIA
Using Photo-Voltaic cells
-Working of PV Cells
-Considering different PV materials
-Efficiency, Comparing modules manufactured by different companies
-MPPT
- algorithms
-A view of different inverter topologies used
pyrheliometer
SELECTION OF DRIVES AND CONTROL SCHEMES FOR MACHINE TOOLS Praveen Kumar
SELECTION OF DRIVES AND CONTROL SCHEMES FOR MACHINE TOOLS
Machine tools and drives
Horse power requirement for driving the machine tools
MOTOR REQUIREMENTS FOR MACHINE TOOLS.
SELECTION OF MOTORS
Speed control of Drill press
Application of Motors to Planers, Shapers
Reversible motor drive quick return mechanism
GRINDING MACHINES
VFD
Sorting
Performance parameters
Insertion Sort
Technique
Algorithm
Performance with examples
Applications
Example Program
Shell Sort
Technique
Algorithm
Performance with examples
Applications
Example Program
Vehicle safety system
it covers
hydraulic brakes
working of drum ,disk brakes
abs
airbags
ESP/ESC(electronic stability programme)
future trends in safety systems
cruise control
ACC
introduction, types & structure of MOSET ,turn ON and OFF of device, working, I-V characteristics of MOSFET,Different regions of operations,applications, adv & disadvantages
Interfacing GPS with 8051 and displaying the output data in NMEA format from the gps module to 8051 microcontroller and finally displaying the latitude and longitude information also the date and time in a LCD display.
REVERSE POWER RELAY for solar PV systemsPraveen Kumar
this presentation gives an idea about designing a device using microcontroller that detects the reverse power flow from solar pannels to the grid when the load is less.
Digital Voltmeter, Digital Ammeter and Digital MultimeterPraveen Kumar
This ppt deals with Digital meters,the digital components used in them,principle behind the working of Digital Voltmeter(DC) Digital Voltmeter(AC) and mechanism of Measurement of Current and Measurement of Resistance. Finally A complete DMM also the Measurement of hfe. A small project on constructing digital voltmeter and ohmmeter using Arduino.
NO MICROCONTROLLER is used in making of these autonomous robot, we have just used only the operational amplifier as a controller and achieved the bot.we have made 2 bots Line follower and light follower with simulations in proteus and hardware implementation of these bots. Also made a wireless light controlled bot using the same concepts.Hope this presentation will be much helpful for your mini projects. Do leave some comments. Thank u.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. What is cooling ?
Process by which heat resulting from losses
occurring in a machine is given upto a primary
coolant by increasing its temperature
Heated primary coolant may be replaced by a
new coolant at lower temperature or may be
cooled by a secondary coolant in some form
of heat exchanger
2
3. Cooling and Ventilation
In most cases cooling of electrical machines is
done by air streams and this cooling is called as
Ventilation .
Depending upon the origin of the cooling,
cooling can be classified into
Cooling system
Natural cooling
Separate cooling
3
4. COOLING SYSTEM
CLASSIFICATION
Based on manner of cooling:
Open circuit ventilation
Surface ventilation
Closed circuit ventilation
Liquid cooling
Inner cooling of windings
4
6. Induced and forced
ventilation
Both self ventilation and separate ventilation
can be subdivided into two categories
1) Induced ventilation (with internal fan /
external fan)
2) Forced ventilation (with internal fan / external
fan)
6
7. INDUCED VENTILATION WITH
INTERNAL & EXTERNAL FAN
Internal fan’s rotation
creates an decreased
pressure inside the
machines causing the
air to be sucked inside
the machine as air
flows from high
pressure to low
pressure
Then the air is pushed
out by the fan into
atmosphere
7
9. Radial and Axial Ventilation
The ventilating systems can be classified
into three types depending upon how the air
passes over the heated machine parts are
Radial
Axial
Combined radial and axial
9
10. Radial ventilating system
This system is most commonly
employed because the movement of
rotor induces a natural centrifugal
movement of air which may be
augmented by provisions of fans if
required
This method is suitable for machines
about 20kW
For, larger machines , the core is
normally divided to provide radial
ventilating ducts
10
11. Working
Air flowing up the radial ducts only a layer
3mm wide in contact with the core walls is
effective in cooling
The middle 4mm wide band contributes
very little to cooling of the core
11
12. Advantages
Minimum energy
losses for ventilation
Sufficiently uniform
temperature rise of
machines in the axial
direction
Disadvantages
It makes the
machine lengths
larger as space for
ventilating ducts has
to be provided along
the core length
It may become
unstable in respect
to quantity of cooling
air flowing
12
13. Axial ventilating system
It is suitable for induction machines of
medium output and high speed machines.
Axial ducts are provided and two types of
axial system
1. Simple axial system
2. Double axial system
13
14. WHY WE USED IN HIGH
SPEED MACHINES ?
By use of a solid rotor and reduced core
length and in order to avoid centrifugal stresses,
axial ventilation is preferred.
To increase the cooling surface holes are
punched where heat dissipation is more
14
15. Advantages & Disadvantages
It improves cooling but requires a large core
diameter for the increased core depth.
Non uniform heat transfer.
Increased Iron loss.
In large number of cases this loss is more
than compensated by improved cooling.
15
16. Combined Axial and Radial
ventilating system
This method is usually employed for large motors
and small turbo alternators.
Since the area of ducts to carry cooling air
becomes large.
So to minimise losses this type is preferred
16
17. The air is drawn into the machines from one
end is encouraged to pass through the ducts
by and finally the rotor mounted fans forces
out the air
17
18. Cooling of totally enclosed
machines
They are used in applications where the use
of open and protected machines is
inadmissible
In a totally enclosed machine, there is no air
connection with outside and all heat
developed inside should be dissipated into the
surroundings from the external surface of the
frame
It is quite uneconomical
18
20. 1.Ventilated Frame machines
A fan is mounted on
the shaft outside the
working parts of the
machine and it blows
the air over the
carcass through the
space between main
housing and thin cover
plate
Suitable for power
outputs upto 25kw
20
21. For larger rating , it is
necessary to provide in
addition , circulation of air
inside the machine to
improve heat dissipation.
This is done by providing a
fan inside the machine which
may circulate air in the inner
portion
Air inside the machine acts
as primary coolant
Air outside the machine
acts as Secondary
coolant
21
22. 2.Ventilated radiator machines
In such machines , internal
fan circulates air inside the
machine.
At higher ratings the
outside air may be cooled
by water if there is a
convenient source of water
22