An energy meter measures the amount of electrical energy consumed over time using kilowatt-hours. There are two main types: electro-mechanical and electronic. Electro-mechanical meters use a rotating disc to measure usage, but have errors, while electronic meters use digital circuits for more accurate and tamper-resistant readings. Future meters will have remote reading capabilities and allow time-of-day pricing to encourage off-peak usage. Meters are tested using specialized equipment and procedures to check for accuracy and compliance. Tampering methods can be detected by modern meters' sensors and digital components.

2. WHAT IS ENERGY METER?
TYPES OF ENEGY METER.
FUTURE OF ENERGY METER.
TESTING OF ENERGY METER .
TAMPERING OF ENERGY METER.

3. ENERGY METER is a device that measures the amount of
electrical energy consumed by residence or commercial unit over
a period of time.
Energy=Power X Time
The most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter
is the kilowatt hour, which is equal to the amount of energy used
by a load of one kilowatt over a period of one hour, or
36,00,000joules.

4. TYPES OF ENERGY
METERS
The energy meter fall into two basic categories :-
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL.
ENERGY METER
ELECTRONIC
ENERGY METER
PAST
CURRENT

5. ELECTRO-MECHANICAL ENERGY METER
The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the
revolutions of an aluminum disc which is made to rotate at a speed
proportional to the power
The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy
usage.
It consumes a small amount of power, typically around 2watts.
Theft detection is poor

6. ERRORS IN ELECTRO-
MECHANICAL ENERGY
METER
Friction error: -produced in roter
bearing and gearing system causes
slower the meter speed, and shows
incorrect energy measurements.
Creeping error: - Moving of disc
without passing current through
current coil at no load due to
excitation of potential coil.
Temperature error: - In this type
Temperature change the resistance of
instruments in the discwhich reduces
driving torque and causes the wrong
reading.

7. Speed error: - This error is produced due to
wrong adjustment of breaking magnet, so causes
low or high speed of meter.
Calibration error: - Newly made meters are
calibrated by comparison with a completely
accurate meter so if there is any error in later
the whole calibration will go wrong.
Miscellaneous errors: - Wear and tear,
mishandling and installing of meter without
proper angle also affect the mechanical working
of meter and thus produces multiple errors

8. ELECTRONIC ENERGY
METER
Electronic meters operates on semiconductor or digital circuit on a P.C.B which
registers the power consumed on L.C.D
.
In addition to measuring energy used, electronic meters can also record other
parameters of the load and supply such as:-
Maximum demand
Power factor
Remote meter reading
 Advanced billing
Can measure power
less than 1 watt
Easily calibrated
Accurate reading
Anti-tampering

9. FUTURE ENERGY
METERS
AMR (Automatic Meter Reading and RMR (Remote
Meter Reading) describe various systems that allow meters to be
checked without the need to send a meter reader out
An electronic meter can transmit its readings by telephone line
or radio to a central billing office.
Automatic meter reading can be done with GSM (Global System
for Mobile Communications) modems, one is attached to each
meter and the other is placed at the central utility office.

10. How AMR works ?
Remotely reads customer meters and then transfers the data into the
billing system
• Reduce the need for meter readers to manually gather utility meter
readings each month.

11.  Ability to detect tamper events and outage occurrences.
 Remotely Connect/ Disconnect power supply through meter.
 Calculate transformer loading and sizing from interval data
 15 minute interval data gives accurate load information for supply
scheduling, switching operations, planning etc
 Monitor voltage at each premise to know conditions when to
operate capacitor switches or regulators
 Consistent and granular data for improved accuracy
Critical Benefits from AMRS

12. SMART METER OR PREPAID
ENERGY METERS
Smart meters go a step further than simple AMR (automatic
meter reading).
They offer additional functionality:-
Real-time or near real-time reads
 Power outage notification
 Power quality monitoring.
 They allow price setting
agencies to introduce
different prices for
consumption based
on the time of day
and the season.

13. APPRATUS REQUIRED FOR
TESTING OF ENERGY METER:-
1.TESTING BENCH
2.COMPUTER CONTROLED
SOFTWARE(CCS) SYSTEM
3.PHANTOM LOAD
4. HIGH-FREQUENCY
STANDARD METER

14. TESTING OF ENERGY METER

15. TESTS TO BE
PERFORMED ON METERS
 NO LOAD(CREEP) TEST
STARTING TEST
REPATIBILTY ERROR TEST
EARTH (GROUND )TEST
DIAL TEST
ROUTINE TEST
1.AT 5% OF MARKED CURRENT WITH UNITY POWER
FACTOR
2.AT 100% OR 200% OF MARKED CURRENT UNITY POWER
FACTOR
3.AT MARKED CURRENT AND 0.5LAGGING POWER
FACTOR

16. TAMPERING OF ENERGY METER
AND THEIR REMEDIES
1. A common method of tampering on older meters is to
attach magnets to the outside of the meter. These
magnetically saturate the coils or current transformers,
preventing the alternating current from forming eddy
currents in the rotor, or inducing voltages in the current
transformer.
But modern electronic energy meter have sensor that
can report magnetic anomalies.
2. Rectified DC loads cause mechanical rotating coils of
meters to under-register.
But electronic meter does not have a rotating part so it
measures the accurate reading

17. 3. Connecting the neutral terminal from source to load inside
the meter, make the meter to stop for taking the readings.
However, modern tamper-resistant meters can detect it
and bill it at standard rate
4. Now electronics energy meter can also be tampered by
placing a 35KV EHT inside the meter thus reducting the
speed of rotation of the disc.
But model digital meter immediately record this type of
tampering by senors placed inside the modern digital meter
5. Due to digital circuitry, digital meter has the flexibility
of change. To add new functions, all that has to be
done is to change the software or interface new digital
hardware