Concentrated Solar Power Technology Power Tower Systems Parabolic Trough Systems Solar Dish Systems  Compact Linear Fresnel Types, working, pros &cons Scope in INDIA Using Photo-Voltaic cells -Working of PV Cells -Considering different PV materials -Efficiency, Comparing modules manufactured by different companies -MPPT - algorithms -A view of different inverter topologies used pyrheliometer

1. SOLAR POWER GENERATION
DONE BY,
S.Deepak arumugam-15E108
M.Keerthivasan -15E120
X.Nithyanandhdavid -15E133
S.Praveenkumar -15E137
A.Sivashankar-15E150
R.Ganesh-16E405
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2. OVERVIEW:
• Concentrated Solar Power Technology
– Types, working, pros &cons
– Scope in INDIA
• Using Photo-Voltaic cells
-Working of PV Cells
-Considering different PV materials
-Efficiency, Comparing modules manufactured by different
companies
-MPPT
-A view of different inverter topologies used
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3. CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER
TECHNOLOGY
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4. CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER
• Concentrated solar power plants uses lenses and tracking
systems to focus large area of sunlight to a small beam.
Electricity is generated when the
concentrated light heats the HTF,
Which inturn generates steam and runs the
turbine
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5. CSP-DETECTING POSITION OF SUN
– A pyrheliometer is an instrument for measurement of direct
beam solar irradiance.
– Sunlight enters the instrument through a window and is directed onto
a thermopile which converts heat to an electrical signal that can be
recorded.
– It is used with a solar tracking system to keep the instrument aimed at
the sun.
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6. TYPES OS CSP
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7. POWER TOWER SYSTEMS
• This technology utilizes many large, flat concave mirrors to
focus sunlight on a receiver at the top of a tower.
• A heat transfer fluid heated in the receiver is used to generate
steam, which, in turn, is used in a conventional turbine-
generator to produce electricity.
• Heat transfer fluid-pressurized CO2
• Storage element-Molten nitrate salt(60 %NaNO3+40 %KNO3)
• Better storage capacity allowing system to generate power at
cloudy days or evening
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8. • Temp – 600 to 800 0C
• Point focusing
• Suitable for large capacity
• High efficiency
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9. 9

10. PARABOLIC TROUGH SYSTEMS
• The sun’s energy is concentrated by curved, trough-shaped
reflectors onto a receiver pipe running along the inside of the
curved surface.
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11. • Temp – 400 c
• Line focusing
• Tracking only in single axis
• provides best land use
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12. SOLAR DISH SYSTEMS
• Parabolic dish systems consist of a parabolic-shaped point
focus concentrator in the form of a dish that reflects solar
radiation onto a receiver mounted at the focal point.
• The collected heat is typically utilized directly by a heat
engine mounted on the receiver moving with the dish
structure. Stirling cycle engines are currently favored for
power conversion.
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13. • Temp- 700 to 800 0C
• Dish concentrator
• Point focusing
• Dual axis tracking
• Dry cooling
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14. COMPACT LINEAR FRESNEL
• Uses Fresnel reflectors
• Fresnel reflectors are made of many thin, flat mirror strips to
concentrate sunlight onto tubes through which working fluid
is pumped.
Flat mirrors allow more reflective surface in the
same amount of space than a parabolic reflector,
thus capturing more of the available sunlight,
and they are much cheaper than parabolic
reflectors.
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15. • Temp-400 0C
• Line focusing
• Flat concave mirrors
• Linear receiver
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16. ADVANTAGES
• Resembles traditional power plants generation based on steam and is large
scale
• Can achieve high steam operating temperatures, can be built in small
sizes and added to as needed
allowing more efficient power generation
• capable of combined heat and power generation
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17. • Incorporates storage
• cost effective if energy sold at peak hours
• allows generation to match utility load profile
• can be hybridized with intermittent renewables
• Non-carbon emitting power generation
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18. DISADVANTAGES
• High capital costs for concentrators and storage
• Require large surface areas for placement of concentrators
• Require unscattered “direct normal” solar radiation, desert areas are best (but also arid)
• Require cooling, as with any steam power plant, creating a requirement for water or air
cooling
• Wildlife gets affected.
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19. CSP IN INDIA
• First CSP plant was commissioned at Bikaner (2.5 MW)
• 52.5 MW in operation
• 7 project that aggregate to 470 MW were planned under
Jawaharlal Nehru Solar Mission
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20. GUJARAT SOLAR ONE
• Technology: Parabolic trough
• Region: Gujarat
• Status: Under construction
• Solar-Field Aperture Area:326,800 m²
• No of Solar Collector Assemblies (SCAs):400
• Capacity -75MW
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21. TECHNOLOGY
• Heat-Transfer Fluid Type: Diphynyl
• Solar-Field Outlet Temp:393°C
• Storage Type:2-tank indirect
• Storage Capacity: 9 hours
• Thermal Storage: Molten Salt
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22. 22

23. PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
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24. CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OF A SOLAR PV CELL
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25. WORKING OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL:
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26. • A single solar cell produces a voltage of .5V .
• Typically solar panels producing 12V are used .
• They contain a number of solar cells in series.
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27. DIFFERENT PV MATERIAL EFFICIENCIES
While all other materials offer only around 15%
efficiency, Multijunction GaAs provides 30%
efficiency.
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28. – Copper Indium Diselinide,Cadmium Telluride are also
being investigated as materials for Solar PV’s .Solar PV’s based on these
materials are typically called Thin Film Solar PV’s
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29. TYPES OF PV CELLS
Silicon Crystalline Technology
-Mono Crystalline PV Cells
-Multi or Poly Crystalline PV Cells
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30. NEED FOR AN ANTI-REFLECTION COATING:
• The reflection of a bare silicon solar cells is over 30%.
• Hence if we use a solar cell without a antireflection coating it
will absorb only 70% of the light falling on it.
• Since most solar PV materials have only 14-15% efficiency,
the total power would be only 9% of the incident power if we
don’t use a anti-reflection coating.
• Generally the materials used for anti-reflection coating are
silicon nitride, titranium oxide . When these materials are
used the reflection would reduce to 2 to 3%
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31. • The percentage of solar energy that a panel converts into
electricity.
• Most solar panels convert around 15% of the sun's energy into
electricity.
• More experimental photovoltaic panels, can convert 40% of
incident solar energy into electricity.
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32. • More power with efficient utilization of space
• There is lesser need for Solar panels
• More savings.
• Sustainable – use of lesser materials which is good for the
environment.
• Worth of cost.
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33. • Panel design and construction.
• Irradiance and Shading.
• Location/Orientation.
• Time and day of solar irradiance.
• Heat.
• Pitch of roof.
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34. • Solar Soiling refers to the things that may fall on the solar
panels that reduces its efficiency.
• Solar Soiling can decrease efficiency of the Solar panels by
6% over the year.
• PID is an undesirable property of the solar modules caused
stray currents.
• Voltage, heat and humidity are the factors that enable PID.
• VIDGU,SMA Solar Technology, iLumen, Padcon, Pidbull –
a device to reverse PID effect
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35. • Solar panel efficiency testing is
carried out in order to prevent
quality solar panels from being
sold in the market.
• To determine efficiency, panels are
tested for Standard Test
Conditions.
• STC specifies a temperature of
25°C and an irradiance of 1,000
W/m2.
• Apart from STC, solar panels are
tested for performance in
conditions.
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36. • The percentage of sunlight that hits the
panel that is converted into energy
• Refers to the efficiency of the single
panel.
• The higher the efficiency rating, the less
number of panels needed.
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37. • If the Sun dumps 100 Watts of energy onto the module and the
module spits out 15 Watts, the module is said to have 15%
module efficiency.
• Modular efficiency is a good indicator of overall panel
efficiency.
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38. • Cell Efficiency is measured the same way as module
efficiency, but only with a single cell.
• This number is generally not useful for the average
• Overall panel efficiency is always lower than cell efficiency.
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39. • Area Efficiency measures how much usable energy a module
produces in a given area. It’s Watts per square foot.
• So the more Watts, the more energy will get from a specific
area.
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40. MAXIMUM POWER POINT
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41. WHERE IS MPPT IMPLEMENTED?
MPPT
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42. DIFFERENT ALGORITHMS AVAILABLE
• Particle swarm Optimization
• Perturb and observe
• Fuzzy logic control
• Firefly algorithm
• Incremental conductance
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43. PERTURB AND OBSERVE
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44. EXAMPLE CASE:
• let DELV=5V
• V(K)=25V
• V(K-1)=20V
• P(K)=175
• P(K-1)=140
• Algorithms runs
in such a way makes V(K)=30V
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45. EXAMPLE CASE:
• let DELV=5V
• V(K)=30V
• V(K-1)=25V
• P(K)=210
• P(K-1)=175
• Algorithms runs
in such a way that makes V(K)=35V
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46. EXAMPLE CASE:
• let DELV=5V
• V(K)=35V
• V(K-1)=30V
• P(K)=175
• P(K-1)=210
• Algorithms runs in such a way that
makes V(K)=35V
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47. • Now with Del-V as 5V that the operating point would move
between 25V,30V,35V.With a smaller value of Del-V these
oscillations will be lower
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48. PROBLEMS WITH THE ABOVE ALGORITHM:
• The above algorithm would fail under drastic atmospheric
conditions .If the irradiance increases and shifts the power
curve from P1 to P2 within one sampling period the
operating point moves from A to C.
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49. EXAMPLE CASE:
• let DELV=5V
• V(K)=35V
• V(K-1)=30V
• P(K)=280(due to irradiance
Change)
• P(K-1)=210
• Algorithms runs
and makes V(K)=40V
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50. SOLAR INVERTERS
• Solar inverters, also called grid-tied inverters, convert the direct current (DC)
electricity produced by the solar PV panels to alternating current (AC)
electricity.
• It is a critical balance of system(BOS) component in a photovoltaic system
,allowing the use of ordinary AC powered equipment.
• To maximize electricity production by constantly varying its resistance (load).
• Solar inverters are very efficient, usually 93% - 96% depending on the make and
model. Never 100% because they use some of the input DC power to run,
generally around 10-25W.
• Efficiency of the solar inverters can be improved by the technique previously
known as Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT).
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51. TYPES OF SOLAR INVERTERS
Stand-alone inverters:
• It used in isolated systems where the inverter draws its DC energy from batteries
charged by photovoltaic arrays.
• Normally these do not interface in any way with the utility grid, and as such, are
not required to have anti-islanding protection.
• It suits for solar home system,rural electrification in remote area where the utility
grid is not available.
• Storage of power can be implemented in battery banks,but in other conditions
fuel cells are used.
• It may be also used in conjunction with diesel generators, wind turbines or
batteries.
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52. BATTERY BACKUP INVERTERS
• These are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from a
battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger, and export
excess energy to the utility grid.
• These inverters are capable of supplying AC energy to selected loads
during a utility outage, and are required to have anti-islanding
protection.
• These type of battery backup inverters are widely operating at the
temperature range of 0 to 500C.
• The main advantage of battery backup inverters are ,its will help to
supply the power when the grid tie system is failed to supply the power
in case of any problem occurred in it.
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53. MICRO INVERTERS
• Solar micro-inverter is an inverter designed to operate with a single
PV module.
• The micro-inverter converts the direct current output from each
panel into alternating current.
• Its design allows parallel connection of multiple, independent units
in a modular way.
• In micro inverters the performance of each individual panel can be
monitored.
• Installation of micro-inverters is cheaper and safer to install. Easier
to increase system size by adding new panels.
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54. STRING INVERTERS
• It is a device for converting DC to AC power and which is designed
for high voltage DC inputs.
• These type of inverters is commonly used in home and commercial
solar power systems.
• It is a large box that is often situated some distance from the solar
panel.
• String inverters are designed to wired to a single series string of 8-
15 solar modules and are currently the most widely used inverter
type.
• Life time of string inverters are upto 10 years and it can be
extended upto 20 years on proper maintenance.
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55. THANK YOU!!
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