1) Lipids are digested in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine by lingual lipase, gastric lipase, and pancreatic lipase respectively.
2) In the small intestine, bile salts emulsify lipids and pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoacylglycerols.
3) The products of lipid digestion including fatty acids, monoacylglycerols, and cholesterol form mixed micelles that ferry the lipids to the intestinal mucosa where they are absorbed.
Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells.
It involves the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.
In animals, these fats are obtained from food or synthesized by the liver.
Digestion and absorption of lipids ppt
what is lipid ppt
digestion of lipid ppt
phase of digestion and absorption ppt
phases of lipids ppt
digestion in mouth and stomach ppt
digestion in small intestine ppt
secretion of lipids ppt
enzyme involved in lipid digestion ppt
transportation phases of lipids ppt
principles of lipid digestion ppt
Glycogenolysis, process by which glycogen, the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells of animals, is broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting. These slides will provide you detail explanation of Glycogenolysis.
Subject : Nutrition, Unit- VI
This topic provides brief knowledge about lipid metabolism and it is prepared according to INC syllabus for first year BSc Nursing Students.
Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells.
It involves the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.
In animals, these fats are obtained from food or synthesized by the liver.
Digestion and absorption of lipids ppt
what is lipid ppt
digestion of lipid ppt
phase of digestion and absorption ppt
phases of lipids ppt
digestion in mouth and stomach ppt
digestion in small intestine ppt
secretion of lipids ppt
enzyme involved in lipid digestion ppt
transportation phases of lipids ppt
principles of lipid digestion ppt
Glycogenolysis, process by which glycogen, the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells of animals, is broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting. These slides will provide you detail explanation of Glycogenolysis.
Subject : Nutrition, Unit- VI
This topic provides brief knowledge about lipid metabolism and it is prepared according to INC syllabus for first year BSc Nursing Students.
The classical GI hormones are secreted by epithelial cells lining the lumen of the stomach and small intestine. These hormone-secreting cells - endocrinocytes - are interspersed among a much larger number of epithelial cells that secrete their products (acid, mucus, etc.) into the lumen or take up nutrients from the lumen. GI hormones are secreted into blood, and hence circulate systemically, where they affect function of other parts of the digestive tube, liver, pancreas, brain and a variety of other targets.
Introduction to protein , Structure of Amino acid, Asymmetric carbon, Nomenclature of amino acid, Classification of amino acid, Properties & functions of amino acids, Definition of protein, Peptide bond
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
3. DIETARY LIPIDS
Average adult intake: 60-150
gm/Day
90% is TAG
Remainder consists primarily of
free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester,
PL & FFA
4. DIETARY SOURCES OF LIPIDS
Animal source: Dairy products
(milk, butter, ghee, etc), meat, fish,
eggs.
Vegetable source: Cooking oils
(sunflower/mustard oil, etc), fats
from other vegetable sources
5. PHYSIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT
LIPASES
Enzyme Source Substrate Product
Lingual lipase Lingual
glands
Dietary TAG Diglyceride +
FFA
Gastric lipase Stomach Dietary TAG Diglyceride +
FFA
Pancreatic
lipase
Pancreas Dietary and
other TAG &
DAG
2-MG + FFA
Hepatic lipase Hepatocyte TAG of IDL,
LDL & HDL
Glycerol
+FFA
6. CONTD
Enzyme Source Substrate Product
Acid lipase Most tissues TAG of LP in
phagocytes
Glycerol
+FFA
HSL Adipocytes TAG stored in
adipose cell
Glycerol+ FFA
LPL Extra
hepatic
tissues
TAG of CM &
VLDL
Glycerol+ FFA
Cholesterol
esterase
Pancreas Cholesterol
ester
Cholesterol
+FA
Phospholipase
A2
Pancreas PL LysoPL+FA
7. A) DIGESTION IN MOUTH
No digestion of fat occurs here.
Lingual lipase can’t start lipid
digestion in mouth due to shorter
stay of food in mouth and
differences in optimum pH for the
enzyme function (pH of saliva 7.0
but its opt pH is 4.0-4.5)
8. B) DIGESTION IN STOMACH
Lipid digestion begins in stomach
by acid stable lingual lipase
As gastric lipase is active only at
near neutral pH (which is true
only in neonates in infants), it is of
little use in adult.
9. CONTD
Lingual lipase:
Secreted by dorsal surface of tongue
Active at low pH
Optimum pH: 4.0-4.5
Ideal substrate: TAG with short chain
FA (e.g. milk fat)
Rate of digestion is slow because fat is
not yet emulsified
Short chain FAs are released as end
products of digestion, which are
absorbed directly from stomach wall and
enters portal vein.
10. CONTD
Gastric lipase:
Secreted in small quantity
Effective at alkaline pH
Optimum pH: 7.8
Less effective in stomach due to
acidic pH except when intestinal
contents are regurgitated in to gastric
lumen.
Substrate: TAG with short chain FA
( e.g. milk fat)
11. CONTD
In spite of limitations, lingual
lipase and gastric lipase account
for about 30% of total fat digestion.
Play important role in lipid
digestion in neonates as milk is the
main source of their energy.
These lipases are esp. important
for fat digestion in patients with
pancreatic insufficiency (e.g. cystic
fibrosis) with near /complete
absence of pancreatic lipases.
12. C) DIGESTION IN SMALL
INTESTINE
Major site of fat digestion
Effective digestion due to presence
of bile salts (via emulsification)
and pancreatic lipase
Bile salts act as effective
emulsifying agents for fat.
13. I)EMULSIFICATION OF LIPIDS IN
DUODENUM
The breaking up of fat globules in to
much smaller emulsion droplets.
This process increases the surface
area of fat/oil, so that digestive
enzymes can act effectively.
2 mechanisms:
I. Reduction of surface tension of fat
droplets by detergent action of bile
salts & lecithin
II.Mechanical mixing by gut peristalsis
14.
15.
16. II) ACTION OF PANCREATIC
LIPASE
Secretion of pancreatic juice is
stimulated by:
Passage of acidic gastric contents
in to the duodenum
By secretion of secretin & CCK
17. CONTD
Pancreatic lipase with the help of
colipase digests TAG further.
It removes FA from C1 & C3 of
glycerol and produces 2-MAG (2-
monoglyceride) & 2 FFA (major
end product of TGL digestion)
18. CONTD
Primary end product: 2-MAG &
glycerol
2-MAG represent 70% of total end
product
FA & glycerol together represent
30% of total end product.
19. CONTD
Bile salts are required for proper
functioning of pancreatic lipase
enzyme
Bile salts help in combination of
lipase with 2 molecules of small
protein called as colipase . This
combination enhances the lipase
activity
20. CONTD
An isomerase shift the ester bond
from position 2 to 1
In other words, isomerization of
some of the 2-MAG occurs to
produce 1-MAG
1-MAG is then hydrolyzed to
glycerol & FFA (action of
pancreatic lipase)
21.
22. CONTD
10-15% of total dietary cholesterol
is in ester form which is digested
by pancreatic cholesterol esterase
to form cholesterol & FA.
Bile salt enhance the activity of
cholesterol esterase
23.
24. CONTD
Dietary PL is digested by
pancreatic phospholipase A2.
Phospholipase A2 removes FA
from C2 of glycerol moiety and
produce lysoPL.
Bile salt enhance the activity of
phospholipase A2 enzyme.
25.
26. END PRODUCT OF LIPID
DIGESTION
FA
Glycerol
2-MAG
Cholesterol
LysoPL
All these are of amphipathic nature
having hydrophilic and
hydrophobic group
27. ABSORPTION OF LIPID
Short & medium chain FA (chain
length less than 14) and glycerol
are directly absorbed from the
intestinal lumen in to the portal
vein & taken to liver for further
utilization.
Long chain FA, cholesterol, 2-MAG
& lysoPL together interact with
bile salts & form micelle.
28. I) MICELLE FORMATION
Disk shaped clusters of
amphipathic lipids that coalesce
with their hydrophobic groups on
the inside and their hydrophilic
groups on the outside of clusters
29. CONTD
Mixed micelles are soluble in the
aqueous environment of the
intestinal lumen.
Micelle approach the brush border
membrane of the enterocytes
Micelles continuous break down
and reform
It is the monoglycerides & FA that
are free in solution , are absorbed
by diffusion. Micelles ferry them to
the intestinal mucosa
30. II) EVENTS INSIDE ENTEROCYTES
Fatty acids and monoglycerides
are converted back into
triglycerides . TG aggregates with
the cholesterol, protein & PL to
form chylomicrons
Chylomicrons move in to a lymph
capillary which transports them to
the rest of the body