The document summarizes the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth where salivary amylase breaks down starches. Digestion pauses in the stomach but continues in the small intestine where pancreatic amylase and intestinal enzymes break carbohydrates down into monosaccharides like glucose and fructose. These monosaccharides are then absorbed into the bloodstream via facilitated diffusion or active transport using glucose transporters. Undigested carbohydrates like cellulose provide fiber in the diet. Lactose intolerance and sucrase deficiency can occur if enzymes that break down lactose or sucrose are deficient.
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These are major source of energy for living organisms.
Supplying a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions.
The structural elements in cell coat or connective tissues.
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Digestion & absorption of carbohydrates rohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on digestion & absorption of carbohydrates. presentation includes presentation for definition of digestion ,sources of polysaccharides,,action of salivary &pancreatic amylase on starch,role of facilitated ,passive & active transport in carbohydrate absorption,,,sodium & glucose symport across intestinal luminal cells,,need of sodium pump in glucose absorption ,galactose absorption,various glucose transporters in different tissues ,,role of dextriminase in starch digestion,,interlinks of liver ,muscle,adipose tissue in carbohydrate metabolism,abnormalities of carbohydrate digestion including lactose in tolerance,biochemistry of flatulence ,sucrase deficiency, ,advantages &disadvantages of dietary fibres .
These are major source of energy for living organisms.
Supplying a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions.
The structural elements in cell coat or connective tissues.
Absorption of proteins ppt
composition of protein ppt
digestion of protein ppt
Absorption of protein ppt
absorption of amino acid ppt
function of protein ppt
amino acid ppt
role enzyme ppt
Digestion & absorption of carbohydrates rohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on digestion & absorption of carbohydrates. presentation includes presentation for definition of digestion ,sources of polysaccharides,,action of salivary &pancreatic amylase on starch,role of facilitated ,passive & active transport in carbohydrate absorption,,,sodium & glucose symport across intestinal luminal cells,,need of sodium pump in glucose absorption ,galactose absorption,various glucose transporters in different tissues ,,role of dextriminase in starch digestion,,interlinks of liver ,muscle,adipose tissue in carbohydrate metabolism,abnormalities of carbohydrate digestion including lactose in tolerance,biochemistry of flatulence ,sucrase deficiency, ,advantages &disadvantages of dietary fibres .
Food is necessary to normal life, and provides the body with energy
for its physiological functions. The oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids
and proteins leads to the generation of high energy bonds in ATP
(adenosine tri phosphate), the energy currency of the cell. In addition
some of these oxidative products are used to generate the
carbohydrates, lipids and proteins of which the body is composed.
Adequate diet
* It is the diet which is essential for normal growth ,
maintenance of life and reproduction.
* It must supply essential nutrients as vitamins, essential amino
acids and essential fatty acids.
* It must contain :-
1- Carbohydrates 2- Lipids
3- Proteins 4- Vitamins
5- Minerals 6- Water
Energy Requirements
The energy requirement for a 70-kg adult male is 2300- 3100 Kcal,
while it is 1600- 2400 kcal for a female
Class 1 digestion and absorption of carbohydrateDhiraj Trivedi
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INTRODUCTION
“Carbohydrates” When people hear this word
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Carbohydrates are the chief source of energy
Provide 40- 85% of food energy in different population
Used for oxidation of fates
Also for the synthesis of certain non-essential amino acid
OCCURRENCE
Carbohydrates get synthesized by plant through the process of photosynthesis .Each plant is a complex food factory that takes water from soil,carbon dioxide from the air and energy from the sun to make glucose, a simple sugar that later convert into starch.In animals it is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
Starch and glycogen are stored in the form of polysaccharide. Carbohydrates also have a structural role ,particularly in cell membrane as a component of glycoprotien and glycolipids.
Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis, enter into the Krebs's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP
This lecture talking about; Digestion hydrolysis of large and complex organic molecules of foodstuffs into smaller and preferably water-soluble molecules which can be easily absorbed by the GIT.
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2. Ashok Katta
The major source of carbohydrate is found
in plants.
Dietary carbohydrate principally consist
of…
Polysaccharides :- Starch, glycogen & cellulose.
Disaccharides :- Sucrose and Maltose.
Monosaccharides :- glucose and fructose.
Monosaccharides does not need digestion.
Digestion of Carbohydrates
3. Ashok Katta
Salivary gland:
Salivary juice
Stomach :
Gastric juice
Intestine:
Intestinal juice
Liver:
Hepatic juice
Pancreas:
Pancreatic juice Intestine:
Absorption
Ashok Katta
5. Ashok Katta
Digestion of carbohydrate starts at the mouth.
In mouth, food undergoes mastication.
During mastication, food comes in contact with
saliva(secreted by salivary gland).
Saliva contain salivary amylase (ptyalin).
Action of salivary amylase-
It requires Cl- ion for activation and PH 6.7.
The enzyme hydrolyzes α-(1-4) glycosidic bonds at
random deep inside polysaccharide (starch, glycogen).
Producing dextrins, maltose, maltotriose, glucose.
Digestion in Mouth
7. Ashok Katta
Digestion of carbohydrate temporarily stops in
the stomach.
The action of salivary amylase stops in stomah
because of high acidity of stomach.
No carbohydrate splitting enzymes available in
gastric juice.
Digestion in Stomach
8. Ashok Katta
Further digestion of carbohydrate occurs in small
intestine by pancreatic enzymes.
Food bolus reaches the small intestine from
stomach where it meets the pancreatic juice.
Pancreatic juice contain enzyme called pancreatic
amylase(amylopsin) similar to S. amylase.
There are two phase of intestinal digestion….
Digestion due to pancreatic amylase
Digestion due to intestinal brush border enzyme.
Digestion in Intestine
9. Ashok Katta
Action of pancreatic amylase-
It hydrolyzes the dextrins to mixture of maltose,
isomaltose, limit dextrin.
Dextrin
(oligosaccharide)
Maltotriose Maltose Isomaltose
α-Amylase
Limit dextrin
10. Ashok Katta
Action of intestinal brush border enzyme-
These enzymes are responsible for final digestion
of carbohydrate.
The enzymes & their reactions are as follows……
Maltose
Maltase
Glucose Glucose
Isomaltose
Isomaltase
Glucose Glucose
Sucrose
Sucrase
Glucose Fructose
Lactase
Lactase
Glucose Galactose
Limit dextrin
Dextrinase
Glucose Maltose Maltotriose
12. Ashok Katta
Why cellulose is not digested by humans?
Cellulose is polysaccharide found in plants.
It contain β- (1-4) glycosidic bond in its
structure.
Humans cannot synthesize the enzyme which
can break β glycosidic bond.
So, cellulose is not digested by humans.
But, although is not digested it is one of the
imp component in the diet.
Because, undigested cellulose provide bulk os
fibre in the diet.
Fibre helps in intestinal motility & as a stool
softer.
13. Ashok Katta
ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
The end product of carbohydrate digestion are…
Glucose
Fructose
galactose
These are readily absorbed through the
intestinal mucosal cells into the blood stream.
Two mechanism are responsible for the
absorption of these sugars….
Facilitated transport, with conc gradient..
Active transport, against conc. gradient.
14. Ashok Katta
Facilitated transport.
This is depends on the conc. of sugar across the
intestinal lumen and mucosal cells.
All the monosaccharide are absorbed o some
extent by facilitated diffusion.
15. Ashok Katta
Active Transport.
The transport of glucose and Galactose across
the brush boarder of mucosal cells occur by
active transport.
It is an energy requiring process that requires
transport protein and presence of sodium ions.
A sodium dependent glucose transporter (SGLT-
1) binds both glucose and sodium at separate
sites and transports them into the cell.
The sodium transport down conc. gradient &
glucose transported against conc. gradient.
This process is called cotransport or symport.
The energy for this reaction is provided by ATP
linked to sodium pump.
16. ATP
ADP + Pi
Na+ - K+
Pump
Sodium -
Potassium -
Monosaccharides
Intestinal
epithelium
Brush
Border
To
capillaries
Absorption of Carbohydrates
Ashok Katta
17. Ashok Katta
Glucose Transporters
Several glucose transporter (GLUT-1 to 7) have
been identified in various tissues.
GLUT- 1 Brain, Kidney, placenta, RBC Uptake of glucose
GLUT- 2
Liver, pancreatic β- cell, small
intestine, Kidney
Rapid uptake & release
of glucose
GLUT- 3 Brain, Kidney, placenta Uptake of glucose
GLUT- 4
Heart, skeletal muscle, adipose
tissue
Insulin stimulated
uptake of glucose
GLUT- 5 Small intestine Absorption of glucose
SGLT-1 Small intestine and kidney
Active uptake &
reabsorption of glucose
18. Lactose intolerance
This is condition, in which there is deficiency of the
enzyme Lactase.
The enzyme which hydrolyse lactose to glucose and
galactose.
Due this, lactose gets accumulates in the gut where it
is a substrate for bacterial fermentation in the large
intestine with production of H2 & CO2 gases and low
molecular weight acids, like acetic acid, propionic acid
& butyric acids which are osmotically active.
Abdominal cramps & flatulence results from the
accumulation of gases and osmotically active products
draw water from intestinal cells into lumen resulting in
diarrhea and dehydration.
Disorders of
Digestion & Absorption of Carbohydrates
19. Sucrase deficiency
This is condition,
There is inherited deficiency of the enzyme Sucrase.
The enzyme which hydrolyse Sucrose to glucose and
fructose.
Symptoms occur in early childhood
These symptoms are same as lactose intolerance.