Digestion and absorption of lipids ppt
what is lipid ppt
digestion of lipid ppt
phase of digestion and absorption ppt
phases of lipids ppt
digestion in mouth and stomach ppt
digestion in small intestine ppt
secretion of lipids ppt
enzyme involved in lipid digestion ppt
transportation phases of lipids ppt
principles of lipid digestion ppt
Absorption of proteins ppt
composition of protein ppt
digestion of protein ppt
Absorption of protein ppt
absorption of amino acid ppt
function of protein ppt
amino acid ppt
role enzyme ppt
Absorption of proteins ppt
composition of protein ppt
digestion of protein ppt
Absorption of protein ppt
absorption of amino acid ppt
function of protein ppt
amino acid ppt
role enzyme ppt
Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells.
It involves the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.
In animals, these fats are obtained from food or synthesized by the liver.
structure of proteins
definition of Digestion
sources of Proteins --> EXOGENEOUS SOURCES 50-100g/day and ENDOGENEOUS SOURCES 30-100g/day
Proteins DEGRADED BY --> HYDROLASES specifically PEPTIDASES(ENDOPEPTIDASES & EXOPEPTIDASES)
1. Gastric Digestion of Proteins
2. Pancreatic Digestion of Proteins
3. Digestion of Proteins by Small Intestine Enzymes
Absorption of Amino ACids by Na+Dependent, Na+ Independent, Meister Cycle or gama-glutamyl cycle
Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells.
It involves the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.
In animals, these fats are obtained from food or synthesized by the liver.
structure of proteins
definition of Digestion
sources of Proteins --> EXOGENEOUS SOURCES 50-100g/day and ENDOGENEOUS SOURCES 30-100g/day
Proteins DEGRADED BY --> HYDROLASES specifically PEPTIDASES(ENDOPEPTIDASES & EXOPEPTIDASES)
1. Gastric Digestion of Proteins
2. Pancreatic Digestion of Proteins
3. Digestion of Proteins by Small Intestine Enzymes
Absorption of Amino ACids by Na+Dependent, Na+ Independent, Meister Cycle or gama-glutamyl cycle
Nanobiotechnology
process of self assembly and self organization
organization of bacterial s-layer
self organization of virus
self organization of phospholipid membrane
carbon nanotubes key building block for future nanotechnological application
graphene
the inorganic nanomaterial
quantum dots
introduction to Nanobiotechnology
what is nanotechnology
bionanotechnology
classical biotechnology industrial production using biological system
modern biotechnology from industrial processes to noval therapeutics
modern biotechnology immunological enzymatic and neucleic acid based technology
Dna based technology
self assembly and supramolecular chemistry
formation of ordered structure at nano scale
definition of Mitochondrial gene expression
structure of mitochondrial dna
requirment for transcriptional activity
transcription elongation and termination
post transcriptional modification
translation of mitochondrial transcripts
Dna methylation ppt
definition of Dna methylation ppt
discovery of Dna methylation ppt
types of Dna methylation ppt
history of Dna methylation ppt
process of Dna methylation ppt
mechanism of Dna methylation ppt
methylation in cancer
cytosine methylation
genomic imprinting
Control of microorganism ppt
physical method Control of microbes
chemical method Control of microbes
types of Control of microbes
pasteurization Control of microbes
sterilization
disinfection
sanitization
Carbon cycle ppt
definition of Carbon cycle ppt
types of Carbon cycle ppt
discovery of Carbon cycle ppt
importance of Carbon cycle ppt
steps of Carbon cycle ppt
carbon cycle in water
harmful effect of Carbon cycle ppt
Applications of genomics and proteomics pptIbad khan
Applications of genomics and proteomics ppt
genomics and proteomics ppt
in the field of health genomics and proteomics ppt
oncology ppt
biomedical application of genomics and proteomics ppt
agriculture application of genomics and proteomics ppt
proteomics in agriculture ppt
diagnosis of infectious disease ppt
personalized medicine ppt
Action on xenobiotics ppt
biodegradation enhance biodegradation
definition of xenobiotic compounds
hazards of xenobiotics
biodegradation ppt
biodegradation of xenobiotics
discovery of xenobiotics
process of xenobiotics
aerobic biodegradation and much more
Control of gene expression ppt
definition of gene expression
inducible gene expression
repressible gene expression
control of gene expression in eukaryotics .all the in information about this topic is include .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
2. Organic substances relatively insoluble in water, soluble in
organic solvents ( alcohol, ether etc), actually or potentially
related to fatty acids and utilized by the living cells
They are not polymer unlike proteins and nucleic acid
They are mostly small molecules
A class of compounds distinguished by their insolubility in
water and solubility in non-polar solvent.
3. • Triglyceride is the simplest lipid.
• consist of one glycerol and three fatty acid.
H2C------OH
HC-------OH + 3 R----COOH
H2C------OH
4. A short view of lipids in biological system is that, they help in;
Providing mechanical barrier by formation of cell membrane.
Several essential vitamins are lipids.
Provide energy for life.
Also form essential hormone like testosterone, steroid, etc.
Building block
5. Like carbohydrate and protein lipids are also broken into small
component for absorption.
Poses a special problem because of the insolubility of fats in
water and because of lipolytic enzyme (these are a number of
enzyme present in the pancreatic juice).
6. These are solved in the gut by emulsification
(a process of dispersion of lipid into small droplet by reducing
surface tension.) , particularly by bile salt present in bile and
pancreatic lipase.
With the emulsification the rate of digestion is proportionally
increase.
7. The whole process of digestion of dietary lipids and its
subsequent absorption may be arbitrarily divided into three
phases;
1. Preparatory phase
2. Transport phase
3. Transportation phase
8. During the preparatory phase , the overall digestive system of
body prepare to digest and absorb the lipid in the body.
Its digestion is divided on the basis of different parts of the
body
i. Digestion in mouth and stomach
ii. Digestion in small intestine
9. It was believed that little or no fat digestion take place in the
mouth, but recently a lipase has been detected called lingual
lipase which is secreted by the dorsal surface of the tongue (
Ebner’s gland)
10. Its pH is 2.0-7.5
Its activity is continued in stomach, and also where the pH
value is low. Due to retention of food bolus for 2-3 hours,
about 30% dietary TG( Triacyl glycerol)
More active on TG and more specific for ester linkage at
position-3 rather than position-1.
Milk fat contain short and medium fatty acid . So milk fat
appears to be the best substrate for this enzyme.
11. More soluble, this short fatty acid and can be absorbed directly
from the stomach wall and enter the portal vein.
After the action of lingual lipase it pass to the stomach and the
action of gastric lipase start.
12. There is evidence of presence of small amount of gastric lipase
in gastric secretion.
The overall digestion of fats , brought about by gastric lipase
is negligible because;
No emulsification occur.
Small quantity of enzyme.
It need ca++.
pH (not conductive which is highly acidic)
13. Liquid substance released by lever from gall bladder to main
pancreatic duct and then goes to duodenum.
It contain bile salt.
Store in the gall bladder and when necessary move to the
duodenum.
The bile salt break down the large lipid molecule into smaller
through emulsification process.
14. They are not enzymes but there are some special compounds
which helps in digestion and absorption of lipid.
Phasphoglycerolipids (emulsification).
Bile acid (colic acid) which help to prevent the enzymatic
activity (reverse) and form micelles.
15. Some fatty acid which are not absorbed into the cell freely,
aggregate with bile salt, cholesterol and lipid soluble
substances to create a substance called micelles.
16. Small intestine is the major site of fat digestion. Its due to the
presence of;
Lipase ( Steapsin).
Bile salts.
These two inter the intestine through pancreatic and bile ducts
to duodenum.
17. For the stimulation of pancreatic juice
secretion is
Passage of an acid gastric contents (acid chyme) into
duodenum.
By secretion of GI hormones, secretin and CCK_PZ.
18. The function of secretion in the small intestine is to increase
the secretion of electrolytes and fluid component of pancreatic
juice.
HEPATOCRININ:
Function of Hepatocrinin is to released by the intestinal
mucosa stimulates more bile formation which is relatively
poor in the bile salt content.
19. To stimulate the secretion of pancreatic enzyme.
cholecystokinin of CCK-PZ:
To cause contraction of the gallbladder and discharge of bile is
also stimulated by secretin and bile salt themselves.
the above sequence of events prepares the small intestine
for the digestion of fats.
20. These are a number of enzyme present in the pancreatic juice.
Pancreatic lipase
Phospholipase A2
Cholesterol esterase.
Pancreatic lipase is most important which hydrolyze TG containing
short and long chain fatty acid.
21. TG hydrolyze through lipase to remove one fatty acid at the
one terminal to form α,β-diglyceride.
At the other step the other fatty acid is removed and α,β-
diglycerid is converted to β-diglycerid.
the middle fatty acid is not easily removable so first it will
convert into 1 or 3 position through isomarase and then
remove to form glycerol and fatty acid.
22. The product of preparatory phase ( fatty acid and
monoglyceride) enter the microvilli( enterosytes cell )and
apical pole of absorptive epithelial cells by “simple diffusion”
through cell membrane.
in this phase short , medium and unsaturated fatty acid are
more absorbed than the long chain fatty acid.
The product of fat digestion next appear to be taken up by the
SER and resynthesised into TG again by enzymatic action.
.
23. The rapid removal of product and their synthesis into TG in
intestinal epithelial cell, maintains a sharp gradient of
concentration with in the mucosal cell that favors the
continued rapid diffusion into the cell from intestinal lumen.
24. • Sequence of events that occur inside the intestinal mucosal
cell are; with in the intestinal cell, α-monoglycerid are further
hydrolyzed by intestinal lipase to produce free fatty acid and
glycerol.
• Intestinal lipase: A lipase distinct from that of the pancreatic
lipase is present in intestinal mucosal cell.
25. • Fatty acid absorbed from intestinal lumen
and fatty acid formed from hydrolysis of
α-monoglycerid are activated to “Acyl-CoA”. An
ATP-dependent thiokinase .
26. Pancreatic juice contain a type of enzyme called phaspholipase
A2( Lecithinase ).
It is an esterase, and secreted as in inactive zymogene
proenzyme, which is changed to active form, by hydrolysis of
peptide molecule with the help of trypsin.
27. In the presence of bile salt and Ca++, the active phaspholipase
A2 hydrolyses the ester linkage between fatty acid and
secondary alcohol group of position-2 of glycerol in
phospholipids molecule so that free fatty acid and
lysophospholipid are formed and are absorbed.
28. Pancreatic juice contain an enzyme cholesterol esterase, which
may either catalyze the estrification of free cholesterol with
fatty acid or it may catalyze opposite reaction.
The cholesterol appears to be absorbed from the intestine
almost entirely in free form.
29. Nevertheless , 85 to 90% of cholesterol in the lymph is found
to be in estrified form, indicating that estrification of
cholesterol must take place with in the mucosal cell of
intestine.
Absorption of cholesterol has been reported to be facilitated
by presence of unsaturated fatty acid and bile are necessary
for absorption of cholesterol.
Certain plant sterol like sitosterol and stigmasterol are not
absorbed, rather their presence can inhibit cholesterol
absorption.