Proteins are the macromolecules responsible for the biological processes in the cell. They consist at their most basic level of a chain of amino acids, determined by the sequence of nucleotides in a gene. Depending on the amino acid sequence (different amino acids have different biochemical properties) and interactions with their environment, proteins fold into a three-dimensional structure, which allows them to interact with other proteins and molecules and perform their function
Digestion and absorption of lipids ppt
what is lipid ppt
digestion of lipid ppt
phase of digestion and absorption ppt
phases of lipids ppt
digestion in mouth and stomach ppt
digestion in small intestine ppt
secretion of lipids ppt
enzyme involved in lipid digestion ppt
transportation phases of lipids ppt
principles of lipid digestion ppt
Proteins are the macromolecules responsible for the biological processes in the cell. They consist at their most basic level of a chain of amino acids, determined by the sequence of nucleotides in a gene. Depending on the amino acid sequence (different amino acids have different biochemical properties) and interactions with their environment, proteins fold into a three-dimensional structure, which allows them to interact with other proteins and molecules and perform their function
Digestion and absorption of lipids ppt
what is lipid ppt
digestion of lipid ppt
phase of digestion and absorption ppt
phases of lipids ppt
digestion in mouth and stomach ppt
digestion in small intestine ppt
secretion of lipids ppt
enzyme involved in lipid digestion ppt
transportation phases of lipids ppt
principles of lipid digestion ppt
Lipoprotein introduction, their general characteristics, exogenous and endogenous metabolism focusing on chylomicron and vldl metabolism, ldl metabolism and HDL metabolism , reverse cholesterol transport.
Introduction
General structure of lipoprotein
Apo lipoprotein
Classification of lipoprotein
Chylomicron
LDL- low density lipoprotein
HDL- high density lipoprotein
VLDL- very low density lipoprotein
IDL- intermediate density lipoprotein
Clinical disorders
Preventive measures
Lipoprotein analysis
Diet , cholesterol and lipoprotein
A complete cholesterol test — also called a lipid panel or lipid profile — is a blood test that can measure the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood
Lipids are insoluble in water, the problem of transportation in the aqueous plasma is solved by associating nonpolar lipids (triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters) with amphipathic lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol) and proteins to make water-miscible lipoproteins.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. • A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly whose purpose is to
transport hydrophobic lipid(a.k.a. fat) molecules in water,
as in blood or extracellular fluid.
• They have a single-layer phospholipid and cholesterol outer
shell, with the hydrophilic portions oriented outward toward
the surrounding water and lipophilic portions of each
molecule oriented inwards toward the lipids molecules
within the particles.
3. • Apolipoproteins are embedded in the membrane, both stabilising the
complex and giving it functional identity determining its fate
• Thus the complex serves to emulsify the fats.
• Many enzymes, transporters, structural proteins, antigens, adhesions, and
toxins are lipoproteins. Examples include the plasma lipoprotein particles
classified as HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL and ULDL (a.k.a. chylomicrons)
lipoproteins, according to density / size (an inverse relationship), compared
with the surrounding plasma water.
4. • These complex protein capsules enable fats to be carried in all
extracellular water, including the blood stream (an example of
emulsification), subgroups of which are primary drivers / modulators
of atherosclerosis,[1] the transmembrane proteins of mitochondrion,
chloroplast, and bacterial lipoproteins.
• Proteolipids are a different kind of protein-lipid combination that are
insoluble in water.
• Proteolipids are abundant in brain tissue, and are also present in many
other animal and plant tissues.[3]
5. Function
• The handling of lipoprotein particles in the body is referred to as lipoprotein particle
metabolism. It is divided into two pathways, exogenous and endogenous, depending
in large part on whether the lipoprotein particles in question are composed chiefly
of dietary (exogenous) lipids or whether they originated in the liver (endogenous),
through de novo synthesis of triacylglycerols.
• The hepatocytes are the main platform for the handling of triacylglycerols and
cholesterol; the liver can also store certain amounts of glycogen and
triacylglycerols.
• While adipocytes are the main storage cells for triacylglycerols, they do not
produce any lipoproteins.
6. TYPES OF LIPOPROTEIN
1. LDL :- Low density lipoprotein ,highest in cholesterol esters as % of weight.
2. HDL:- High density lipoprotein ,highest in density due to high protein
/protein ratio .
3. CHYLOMICRON :- Largest ,lowest in density due to high lipid/protein
ratio: highest in triacylglycerols as % of weight.
4. VLDL:- Very low density lipoprotein : 2nd highest in triacylglycerols as % of
weight .
5. IDL:- Intermediate density lipoprotein.
10. METABOLISM OF LDL
• About 40 to 60% of all LDL are cleared by the liver in a
process mediated by apo B and hepatic LDL receptors.
• The rest are taken up by either hepatic LDL or non-hepatic
non-LDL (scavenger) receptor.
11. FUNCTION OF LDL
• These particles are remodeled at the liver and transformed into LDL.
• The function of LDL is to deliver cholesterol to cells ,where it is used
in membranes ,or for the synthesis of steroid hormones(blue
pathway).
• Cells take up cholesterol by receptor mediated endocytosis .
12. • Are theprinciple cholesterol and for transfer in human blood that
carries cholesterol from the liver to the body tissues and cells.
• Appopriate levels of LDL cholesterol can positively impact health in
many ways.
• Raised plasma levels of LDL are linked to an increased risk for
disease.
14. • Hdl type is the smallest of the lipoprotein particles.
• It is the densest because it contain the highest proportion of protein to
lipid .
• Its most abundant apolipoproteins.
15. FUNCTION OF HDL :
• High density lipoprotein (HDL) particles are
protective particles that have functions in the body .
• Play a key role in protecting against heart disease via
their role in reverse cholesterol transport , or the
transport of excess cholesterol out of the body.
16. Metabolism of HDL :
• HDL are synthesized in the liver and the small intestine .
• They are the lipoprotein with the higher protein content (it can reach around 50%
of the particle total weight).
• When secreted they contain little cholesterol and no cholesteryl esters.
• HDL are formed by different apolipoproteins ,including apo A1, apoe and apo C-II.
• In fact ,they act as transporters of apoe and apo C-II from their synthesizing organ
to the plasma, making availablae these apoproteins to other lipoproteins.
17. • Apo A-1 is the main protein in HDL ,and activates LCAT , enzyme
associated to HDL.
• Phopholipids are the main lipidic content of HDL (35% of the total weight )
and the enzyme lecithin cholesterol acyl transsferase (LCAT) catalyze the
transfer to acyl groups (fatty acids esterifies to lecithin ) from lecithin to
cholesterol scavenged from cell member of extrahepatic tissues, and from
IDL and chylomicron remnants , producing cholesterol esters ,that are
dissolve in the HDL core ,so these lipoprotein become the cholesterol rich
HDL2 and HDL3.
21. METABOLISM OF CHYLOMICRON
• The enzyme lipoprotein lipase with apolipoprotein
(apo) C-II as a co-factor ,hydrolyzes chylomicron
triglyceride allowing the deliver of free fatty acids to
muscle and adipose tissue.
22. • As a result ,a new particle called a chylomicron remnant is formed.
• This particle is enriched in cholesteryl ester fat-soluble vitamins and contains
apoB-48 and apoE.
• It is rapidly removed from the circulation by the liver .
• ApoE is the moiety required for rapid hepatic removal.
• Its activity is inhibited by C apolipoproteins , especially apoC-I
24. FUNCTION OF VLDL
• Vldl transports endogenous triglycerides ,phospholipids ,cholesterol
and cholestrylesters.
• It functions as the body’s internal transport mechanism for lipids .
• In addition it serves for long range transport of hydrophobic
intercellular messengers ,like the morphogen .
32. LIPOPROTEIN INTERPRETATION
• Levels higher than 10 mg/dl are associated with an increase in
cardiovascular risk .
• The apolipoproteins have a primary responsibility for the transports of
lipids and cholesterol .
• Apolipoprotein B is a nonexchangeable lipoprotein that exists in two
forms in humens ,apoB-100 and apo-48 .
33. Estimation of lipoprotein
Polyanion precipitation :
• Lipoprotein are precipited with polyanions ( heparin sulphate , dextran
sulphate and phosphotungstate )
• Reaction should be in the presence of divalent cations Mg,Ca, and Mn.
• Most commonly for HDL and is reasonably specific.
34. LIPOPROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS
• Used to identify rare familial disorder
• Indication :-
• Serum TG>300 mg/dl
• Fasting serum is lipemic.
• Significant hyperglycemia , impaired glucose intolerance .
• Serum uric acid >8.5 mg/dl.
• Clinical evidence of CHD or atherosclerosis in patient <40 years of age.