Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
Measurements of morbidity and mortality
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
List the basic measurements in epidemiology
Select an appropriate tools of measurement
Measure morbidity & mortality
Perform standardization of rates
Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
Measurements of morbidity and mortality
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
List the basic measurements in epidemiology
Select an appropriate tools of measurement
Measure morbidity & mortality
Perform standardization of rates
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
Observingthedistributionofdiseaseorhealth related events in human population.
• Identify the characteristics with which the disease is associated.
• Basically 3 questions are asked who, when and where.
• Who means the person affected, where means the place and when is the time distribution.
An overview of a key statistical technique in epidemiology – standardization - is introduced. The process and application of both direct and indirect standardization in improving the validity of comparisons between populations are described.
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
Demography addresses human populations as population per se, that is, their sizes and structures.
It is the scientific study of human population.
Demographic processes :
1. fertility 4. migration &
2. mortality 5. social mobility
3. marriage
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
Observingthedistributionofdiseaseorhealth related events in human population.
• Identify the characteristics with which the disease is associated.
• Basically 3 questions are asked who, when and where.
• Who means the person affected, where means the place and when is the time distribution.
An overview of a key statistical technique in epidemiology – standardization - is introduced. The process and application of both direct and indirect standardization in improving the validity of comparisons between populations are described.
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
Demography addresses human populations as population per se, that is, their sizes and structures.
It is the scientific study of human population.
Demographic processes :
1. fertility 4. migration &
2. mortality 5. social mobility
3. marriage
The Demographic Transition Model, developed by Warren Thompson (1929), posits a shift from an agricultural, rural economy to an industrialized, urban society. A characteristic of this shift is an intermediate period of rapid population growth during which slowly declining fertility rates lag behind rapidly declining mortality rates. This presentation will explore the four stages of the Demographic Transition Model, the relationship between economic development and population growth, as well as the potential issues and shortfalls when applying this classic model to today’s developing countries.
An Insight into the demographic trends of India using various demographic indicators ( Sex Ratio,Dependency Ratio, Urbanization, Family Size, Literacy Rate and Life Expectancy).
There is also brief introduction of basics of demography along with the demographic cycle.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION STRUCTURE. Types of population structure. Population pyramids. Demographic transition model. Case studies: UK (MEDC) and MOZAMBIQUE (LEDC).
demography
Pakistan demographic profile 2023
population dynamics, size, distribution , composition, structure, changes (spatial and temporal) etc
fecundity and fertility
rate and ratio
mortality and morbidity
migration
population pyramid
population transition
population trap
population momentum
urbanization
migration
growth rate
census
vital index
mid census year population measurement
population doubling time
carrying capacity
dependency ratio
census
life table
indecis
sex ratio
uses of demography
income, occupation, education, gender, race, employment, languages etc
Topic of Sociology, Population, Population Structure, Movements and Concentration, Population Change, Sources of population change, Birth Rate, Death Rate, Migration Rate and its types, Population Structures, Population Pyramids, Birth rate, Crude Birth rate, Age specific fertility rates, Mortality, Crude death rate, Age specific mortality rate, Events that impact death rate, War, Genocide, How to reduce death rate, Migration, Immigration, Emigration
Demographic transition in India and its effectsSarinkumar P S
Population expansion around the world has shown a pattern of rapid increase, again stabilization and very small increase or decline after that. This trend is conceptualized as demographic transition. In the following presentation we will look at:
1. PopulationDynamics
2. Demographictransitiontheory
3. PatternofDemographictransitionacrosstheworld
4. DemographictransitioninIndia
5. EffectsofdemographictransitioninIndia
The world’s population is more than three times larger than it was in the mid-twentieth century. The global human population reached 8.0 billion in mid-November 2022 from an estimated 2.5 billion people in 1950, adding 1 billion people since 2010 and 2 billion since 1998. The world’s population is expected to increase by nearly 2 billion persons in the next 30 years, from the current 8 billion to 9.7 billion in 2050 and could peak at nearly 10.4 billion in the mid-2080s.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. DEMOGRAPY
DEMOGRAPHY-- is scientific study of human population.
-- is statistical study of human population with regard to their size
& structure , their composition by age, sex, marital status &
ethnic origin & the changes to these population like changes in
their birth rate ,death rate & migration.
POPULATION is the number of person occupying a certain geographic area
drawing substance from their habitat and interacting with one another.
HABITAT is natural home.(natural environment of an organism.)
DEMOGRAPHER commonly define population as a collective group of
individual occupying a particular place at a given time.
. Three key word are involved in definition of population
• group
• Place
• Time
3. DEMOGRAPHY
It focus on
(a) change in population size (growth or decline)
(b) composition of population(age,sex,etc)
(c) distribution of population
It deals with`5’ “demographic processes”
(a) fertility or natality
(b) mortality
(c) marriage
(d) migration
(e) social mobility
scientific study of human population
4. Source of demographic data
In India main source of demographic data are
Population census
National sample surveys
Registration of vital events
Adhoc demographic studies.
Importance of demography & demographic data
Demographic data provide a basis for predicting future trends & making decisions.
It is also important for formulation, implementation & evaluation of plan ,policies &
programs.
It guide to policy makers to make policies that can fulfill the needs of various sector
of society such as young ,adult, & aged, unemployed, poor & various cultural group.
5. THEORIES ON POPULATION GROWTH AND DECLINE
MALTHUSIAN THEORY (THOMAS MALTHUS 1766-1834 )
“An assay n the principle of population” theorized that population was
uncontrollable & that it would.
Argued that human population are inescapably caught in conflict between their
“need for food” and “passion between sexes”. population he maintained increases
geometrically (2,4,8,16,…) while food supplies increases only arithmetically
(2,3,4,5…..)
MARXIAN THEORY(CARL MARX)
Marx believed that problem was not primarily one of population but one of the
ownership of the means of production and inequitable distribution of societies
wealth.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY ( WARREN THOMPSON )
in 1929 the American demographer Warren Thompson observed changes in
birth and death rates in industrialized societies over past 200 years or so and
then formulated a model called demographic transition , that describes
population change over time (demographic cycle).
6. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
it has 5 stages through which each country passes during course of time.
STAGE 4:LOW
STATIONARY
STAGE
5:DECLINING
STAGE 1:HIGH
STATIONARY
STAGE 2:EARLY
EXPANDING
STAGE 3:LATE
EXPANDING
7. STAGE 1 2 3 4 5
K/a HIGH
STATIONA
RY
EARLY
EXPANDING
LATE
EXPANDING
LOW
STATIONA
RY
DECLININ
G
B R high unchanged
(remains high)
tends to fall Low Lower than
DR
DR high Begin to fall Falls further Low Low
(higher
than BR)
DG
(demographi
c gap)
Narrow Increasing Increased/start
decreasing
Narrow Reversal
population Stationary Growing
(Increasing
rate)
Growing
(decreasing
rate)
Stationary declining
Population
composition
young young young mixed ageing
DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
Characteristic & examples of different stages of demographic cycle
9. 9
Components of population change
FERTILITY (BIRTHS) :
Birth rate :“number of live birth per 1000 estimated mid year population in a given
year”
birth rate is the simplest indicator of fertility.
birth rate (BR) =
number of live birth during a year
------------------------------------------- x1000
Estimated mid year population
MORTALITY ( DEATH ) :
Death rate : “ number of death per 1000 of total mid year population in a
particular place at a specified time”
Death rate(DR) =-----------------------------------x1000
Number of death
Mid year population
MIGRATION
Migration is movement of people from one place to another ( within country or
specified territory ) for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi
permanent residence, usually across a political boundary.
10. 10
Birth and death rates in India
Declining birth rates –
Changes in government attitude
towards growth
spread of education
increased availability of contraception
family planning programs
change in marriage patterns
Declining death rate-
improvement in maternal and child health
services
improved immunization
diarrhoeal and respiratory disease control
programs
reduction in infant and child mortality
11. GROWTH RATE
“Change in number of individual in a population pr unit time”
When crude death rate subtracted to crude birth rate, the net residual is
current annual growth rate, exclusive of migration.
Annual growth rate = crude birth rate – crude death rate
Annual growth rate Population rating Population doubling time
0 stationary
<0.5% slow growth >139 year
0.5-1% moderate growth >70 year (139 -70)
1-1.5% rapid growth appox.50 year (70 -47)
1.5-2% Very rapid growth appox.40 year (47-35)
>2% Explosive growth < 35 year
On the basis of annual growth rate, population rating & its doubling time
Modified from ,Source : principles of demography john Wiley
(1969)
12. Annual growth rate(AGR)
Annual growth rate = crude birth rate – crude death rate
look the example :
Crude birth rate of India = 21.6 /1000 population
Crude death rate of India = 7 /1000 population
So
Annual growth rate of India = 21.6 – 7 =14.6 /1000 population
Or
=1.46 %
*Note that this is exclusive of migration , as India has very little net migration rate (-0.005%).
**annual growth rate of India (census 2011)…..1.64 %
But if we consider migration than…….
Decadal growth rate(DGR): Change in population over a decade
**decadal growth rate of India (census 2011)….17.64 %
**decadal growth rate in Uttar Pradesh………20.1%
13. Migrant is a person who at the time of census is residing at a different
place than his/her place of birth.
Marriage being the most common reason for females and
employment for males .
Census 2001 total no of migrants 314 million in India
Immigration: People moving in to another country
Emigration: People moving away from their home country.
*If you were to move to England, you would be emigrating from India
and immigrating into England.*
Migration is movement of people from one place to another for
the purpose of taking up permanent or semi permanent
residence, usually across a political boundary
MIGRATION
14. ROLE OF MIGRATION IN POPULATION GROWTH
Push-Pull Factor
there are two things that affect population: Fertility/Mortality rate ,
:Migration rate .
Population Growth rate = Rate of natural increase + net migration rate
Rate of natural increase = Birth rate – Death rate
Doubling Time: The amount of time it takes for a country’s population to
double
- Generally known as the Rule of 70:
70 / Population Growth Rate = doubling time
Net migration rate(India)
−0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
15. Country Population
(Millions)
Birth Rate per
1000
Death Rate per
1000
Natural Increase
per 1000
% Natural
Increase
India 1,214,464,000
(1.214 billion)
23.0 8.5 14.5 1.45%
Rate of Natural Increase (%)
How to calculate: look the example
Exercise:
Country Population
(Millions)
Birth Rate per
1000
Death Rate per
1000
Natural Increase
per 1000
% Natural
Increase
Russia 140,367,000 10.8 15.1
Country Rate of natural
increase (%)
net migration
rate(%)
Population Growth
rate (%)
India 1.45 -0.005 1.45-0.005=1.44
Population growth rate including migration:
*net migration rate of indiça:−0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007
est.)
16. Country Rate of natural
increase (per 1000)
net migration
rate(per 1000)
Population Growth
rate( per 1000)
India 14.5 -0.05 14.45
*** population growth per 1000 is 14.45
Hence,
population growth per individual =14.45/1000
So,
population growth in %=14.45x100/1000
=1.445 %
17. GROWTH TREND OF INDIA
Population
growth of
India
slower 1921 rapid
k/a
Great
divide
1991 Slight fall 2001
Further
fall
2011
**
**better nutrition & improved health care declined death rate more steeply than birth rate. This
result in net gain in birth over death leading to rapid growth.
***recent data suggest decline in India population growth rate, India's population currently
increasing at a rate of 16 million each year.
*slower growth prior to 1921 in India is due to natural checks (eg. Famines & epidemics ).
*Famines ,
epidemics
18. Important definitions in demography
Crude birth rate(CBR): annual no. of live birth per 1000 mid year population.
Crude death rate(CDR): annual no. of death per 1000 mid year population.
General fertility rate(GFR):Annual no. of live birth per 1000 women of
childbearing age (15-44 or 49 year old )mid year population.
General marital fertility rate (GMFR): number of live births per 1000 women
in reproductive age group(15-44 or 49) in a given year.
Age specific fertility rate (ASFR):number of live births in a year to 1000
women in any specified age group.
Total fertility rate (TFR):number of children a woman would have if she were
to pass through her reproductive years bearing children at the same rates as
the women now in each group. (it give approx magnitude of “completed
family size”).
Net reproduction rate (NRR): number of daughters a newborn girl will bear
during her lifetime assuming fixed age specific fertility and mortality rates.(it is
a demographic indicator.NRR 1 is equivalent to attaining approx 2 child norm.)
19. India is the second most populous country in the
world, with over 1.277 billion people (2015), more
than a sixth of the world's population.
Already containing 17.5% of the world's population,
India is projected to be the world's most populous
country by 2022, surpassing China, its population
reaching 1.6 billion by 2050. (source:
"India's
population 'to be biggest' in the planet". BBC News. 18 August 2004. Retrieved 2011-
09-24. .
: US Census Bureau, Demographic Internet Staff. "United States Census
Bureau - International Data Base (IDB)". Census.gov. Retrieved 2011-09-24.)
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN INDIA
20. India occupies 2.4% of the world’s land area but
supports over 17.5% of the world’s population.
At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population lived
in villages and the remaining 27.8% lived in towns
and urban areas.
Uttar Pradesh is most populous state in India followed
by Maharashtra and Bihar with 16.46% of total population
of India(2011) Maharashtra 9.29 % and Bihar 8.58%
WORLD INDIA
POPULATION 7238 Million (2014) 1210 million (2011)
CBR 19.9/1000 Population (2012) 21.4 (2014)
CDR 8.37 (2011) 7.0 (2014)
GROWTH RATE 1.17% (2014) 1.64% (2011)
LITERACY RATE 82% (2007) 74.4% (2011)
World vs. India
21. Demographic trends in India
Demographic indicator
Age & sex composition
Sex ratio
Dependency ratio
Density of population
Urbanization
Family size
Literacy & education
Life expectancy
Demographic indicator
These indicator help in - identification of that area which need policy or
programmed intervention.
-setting near & far term goals & deciding priorities.
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATOR
POPULATION STATISTIC VITAL STATISTIC
Population size
Sex ratio
Population density
Dependency ratio
Birth rate
Life expectancy at birth
Mortality rate
Fertility rate
22. AGE &SEX COMPOSITION
0–14 years: (30.8% ); male: 188,208,196, female:171,356,024 (Male > female)
15–64 years: (64.3%); male: 386,432,921, female:364,215,759
65+ years: (4.9%); male: 27,258,259, female: 30,031,289 (female >male)
Médian âge
25.1 years
Proportion of population below 14 showing decline whereas population of elderly
increasing
AGE PYRAMIDS
A population pyramid tells us what portion of a population are within a
given age cohort.
70-80
60-70
50-60
40-50
30-40
20-30
10-20
0-10
male female
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
23. Population pyramids can also tell us what stage of development a country is at.
Early Expanding
•Wide base (lots of young children)
and a very narrow top (few old
people).
•Very high birth rate and death rate
(short life expectancy).
•Reasons could include poor health
care, lack of family planning, need
for children as workers.
• Corresponds to stage 1 – 2 of DTM
Expanding
•Slightly narrower base than early expanding and a little wider in the middle
and older ages.
•Birth rate still high but decreasing slightly and death rate decreasing.
•Reasons for the change from early expanding could include better medical
care, improved diet and better hygiene.
•Roughly corresponds with stage 3 of the demographic transition model.
24. Stable:
•Bottom part of pyramid is close to a vertical line.
•Birth rate falls while death rate also falls and they are in balance
•Reasons could include better health care, improved family planning, better
economic conditions.
•Roughly corresponds with stage 4 of the demographic transition model
Contracting:
•Bottom part of pyramid narrower than the middle and continually getting
narrower.
•Birth rate continues to fall while the death rate continues to decrease.
•Reasons could include more women working, high cost of child rearing,
small families encouraged by the state.
•Examples: Germany/ Japan.
•Roughly corresponds with stage 5 of the demographic transition model.
25. Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941
through 2011.(source:“Sex Composition of the Population”, Office of Registrar General and Census
Commissioner of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (2013). )
SEX RATIO
“Number of females per 1000 males”
26. Natural sex ratio at birth =950 (estimated)
( it can be effected by sex selection at birth )
SEX RATIO
‘number of female per 1000 male’
Sex ratio in India (census 2011)…. 940
rural……………………947
urban………………….926
Child sex ratio (0-6 year ) : no. of female child per 1000 male child (in 0-6years age)
: CSR in India (2011)…..914 (highly unfavorable)
sex ratio in India adverse to women & also declining
female deficit syndrome has social implications
*highest sex ratio Kerala (1084) lowest Haryana ( 877)
Sex ratio in Uttar Pradesh = 908. (rural 914 ,urban 883 ).
Low sex ratio indicate strong male child preference & its consequence is gender
inequality ,female infanticide / feticide & neglect of child girl.
27. DEPENDANCY RATIO
Dependent age group ---- >65 & <15 year
Economic productive group ---- 15-64 year
the proportion of persons above 65 yrs of age and children below 15 yrs of age are
considered to be dependent on economically productive age group (15-64 years)
Total dependency ratio* = -------------------------------------------------------------x 100
Children ( 0-14 years) + population >65 years
Population 15 -64 years
* Also k/a societal dependency ratio.
Demographic bonus
Period when the dependency ratio in a population declines because of decline in fertility,
Until it starts to rise again because of increasing longitivity.
It gives push to development.
Demographic burden
The increase in total dependency ratio during any period of time .
Mostly Caused by increased old age dependency ratio.
This is unavoidable consequence of demographic transition, country has to face
problem sooner or later.
28. 28
Population density
“number of person , living per sq. kilometer” (census of India)
Current trends in population density in India ---- RISE
Census 2011 …….total population in India :1,210 million
rural :833.1 million (68.84 %)
urban :377.1 million (31.80 %)
Population density…..382 (person per sq. km.) (census 2011)
Number of states/union territories---35
Numbers of distt.------640
Number of villages----6.41 lacs
* highest population : Uttar Pradesh (199 million);with population density(828).
:highest population density Delhi(11,297)
Urbanization
urban population : number of persons residing in urban localities.
“TOWNS”--- Places with municipal corp. , municipal area committee , town
committee , notified area or cantonment board.
“all places having 5000 or more inhabitants ,a density of not less than 1000
persons per sq. mile or 390 per sq. km. , pronounced urban characteristics and at
least ¾ of adult male population employed in pursuits other than agriculture.”
29. 29
Rise in urban population
is due to natural growth
(birth) & migration from
village because of
employment , better
living conditions,
education ,health facility ,
transport ,entertainment
etc.
In India : major
population is rural and
their main occupation is
agriculture.
30. 30
FAMILY SIZE
In general family size represent : total number of person in a family.
Demographically: total number of children a woman has born at a point of time
completed family size :total number of children borne by a woman during her child
bearing age (15 – 45 years)*
Total fertility rate gives approx. magnitude of completed family size.
Long term demographic goal is net reproduction rate (NRR) = 1 ,**
which means “ 2 child family norm”.
NET REPRODUCTION RATE (NRR) : “no of daughters a newborn girl
will bear during her lifetime , assuming fixed age specific fertility and
mortality rates”
Family size depends on duration of marriage‐
‐ education of couple
‐ no. of live births and living children
‐ preference of male children
‐ desired family size.
*child bearing age gen. assumed in between 15 and 45 years.
**NRR=1 each woman will reproduce exactly 1 girl.
31. Literacy and education
education is crucial element of economic and social development
Literacy is generally associated with modernization‐
‐ urbanization
‐ industrialization
‐ communication and
‐ commerce
literate the one above 7 years of age and can read and write‐
with understanding in any Indian language
there is major improvement in literacy status in India.•
government of India has made education compulsory up to the age of
14 years in the country.
Literacy rate(India)
74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)
81.4% (total population, age 15-25, in 2006)
82% male ,65% female
Maximum Kerala 92% , least Bihar 64%
Uttar Pradesh 69.72 (male 79.24 ,female 59.26)
32.
33. LIFE EXPECTANCY
is the “average number of years which a person may expect to live”
Age specific life expectancy : life expectancy at a given age is average number of
years which a person of that age may expect to live.
It is one of the best indicator for a country to measure it development
&health status of its population.
Life expectancy :Female >male
*in India life expectancy of female is almost same male.
Life expectancy at birth in India
Total population : 65.8 years (source: UN Human Development Report ,2013 )
34. Few key findings (demographic) of NFHS-3
(INDIA-2005-2006)
TFR=2.68.
Literacy rate: male 83% , female 59%
Population composition-
0-14 years-----34.9%
15-49years----49.5
50-59years ---7.1%
60 or more ---8.5%
Findings of SRS bulletin (2013)
Crude birth rate =21.6/ 1000 mid year population
Crude death rate =7/ 1000 mid year population
natural growth rate =14.5/ 1000 mid year population
Infant mortality rate =42/1000 live birth
Net reproduction rate =1.14
35. FERTILITY / NATALITY
Fertility means actual bearing of children
A woman reproductive period is roughly from 15 -45 years .( 30 years)
Fertility depend upon
1. Age at marriage :
if age at marriage is <18-----more children.
>18 (20-21)----no. of birth decreases by 20 – 30 %
Sarada act (1929) was enacted forbidding the child marriage.
child marriage restraint act----- it raises legal age for marriage from 15 to 18 for girls
(1978) 18 to 21 for boys
2. Duration of married life:
With in 1-5 years of marriage ……. 10 – 20 % of all birth
5-15 years ……. 50-55 %
After 25 years …….. Very few
*family planning effort at initial few period of marriage can achieve desired result
3. Spacing in children : postponement of birth by 1 year decline fertility
accordingly
4. Education : fertility is in inverse association to education .
:Education provides knowledge , increased exposure to information
and Media , build skill, increase power in décision making.
36. 5.Economic status :
fertility is inversely proportional to economic status .
6. Cast & religion :
fertility in Muslim (TFR 3.09) > Hindu (2.65) > Christians (2.35)
Among Hindus lower caste have higher fertility than upper caste
7. Nutrition ‐
well fed societies have low fertility‐
8. Family planning‐
key factor in declining fertility
9. others‐
no. of physical, biological, social and cultural factors play role
37. "India set to overtake China as world's most populated country after
adding 180m people in a decade". Daily Mail (London). 31 March 2011.
"India's population 'to be biggest' in the planet". BBC News. 18
August 2004. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
THANK YOU